Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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Hj]ZgbaZpbbij_^klZ\eyxsb_f_klgu_hj]ZgumijZ\e_gby

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FmgbpbiZebl_luh[t_^bgbebkv\

qZklgmxhj]ZgbaZpbxdhlhjZy

gZau\Z_lkyGZpbhgZevghcZkkhpbZpb_cf_klguohj]Zgh\mijZ\e_gby

>ZgbbFmgbpbiZebl_lugZ^_ebebwlmhj]ZgbaZpbxiheghfhqbyfb

\_klbi_j_]h\hjuqlhiheblbq_kdbbnbgZgkh\hh[yau\Z_l

fmgbpbiZebl_ld\_^_gbxi_j_]h\hjh\\lhfqbke_kFbgbkl_jkl\hf

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb:gZeh]bqgZykbkl_fZkms_kl\m_lb

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[[[HRHO

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[[[IGSGSYRGMPHO

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[[[JFVHO



^eyhdjm]h\q_j_abohj]ZgbaZpbxdhlhjZygZau\Z_lky:kkhpbZpb_c

hdjm`guokh\_lh\Wlb^\_hj]ZgbaZpbbh[eZ^ZxlagZqbl_evghc

kbehciha\heyxs_chlklZb\Zlvk\hbbgl_j_kub\ebygb_fgZ

ijbgylb_j_r_gbc\h[eZklb^_p_gljZebah\Zgghcwdheh]bq_kdhc

iheblbdb\>Zgbb

3.1.2

Hdjm`ghcmjh\_gv

Ijbgylb_iheblbq_kdboj_r_gbcgZhdjm`ghfmjh\g_hkms_kl\ey_lky

Kh\_lZfbhdjm]h\<dZ`^hfKh\_l_hdjm]Zbf__lkyjy^dhfbl_lh\H^bg

bogboh[uqghgZau\Z_lkydhfbl_lhfihl_ogbq_kdbfbwdheh]bq_kdbf

\hijhkZfbhghl\_qZ_laZmijZ\e_gb_hojZghchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\

hdjm]_Dhfbl_l\ughkblj_r_gb_ih[hevrbgkl\m^_ehlghkysbokyd

wdheh]bq_kdhckn_j_bebrv\bkdexqbl_evguokemqZyolZdb_^_eZ

\ughkylkygZih\_kldm^gykZfh]hKh\_lZhdjm]Z

<[hevrbgkl\_hdjm`guoKh\_lh\lZd`__klvdhfbl_lhl\_qZxsbcaZ

a^jZ\hhojZg_gb_[hevgbpuh^gZdhhglhevdh\hl^_evguokemqZyo

aZgbfZ_lkynZdlhjZfbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubbo\ha^_ckl\b_fgZa^hjh\v_

K^jm]hcklhjhguf_^bpbgkdb_kem`Zsb_qZklhih^^_j`b\Zxlijyfhc

^bZeh]kijbjh^hhojZggufbhj]ZgZfbLZdbfh[jZahfh[f_glhqdZfb

aj_gbybbgnhjfZpb_cqZklhhkms_kl\ey_lkygZmjh\g_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo

kem`Zsbo

Ijbjh^hhojZggh_mijZ\e_gb_gZmjh\g_hdjm]h\bf__l\k_h[t_fexsbc

oZjZdl_jld\>ZgbbmijZ\e_gb_\hijhkZfbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\

[hevrhckl_i_gb^_p_gljZebah\Zghbi_j_^Zgh\u[hjgufhdjm`gufb

fmgbpbiZevgufKh\_lZfaZdhghfhdjm]ZfbfmgbpbiZebl_lZf

ij_^hklZ\e_guagZqbl_evgu_iheghfhqbyj_rZlvwlb\hijhkuihk\h_fm

mkfhlj_gbxGZijbf_jkh]eZkghhkgh\ghfm:dlmh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uhkgh\gmxhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZj_ZebaZpbxg_kmlhdjm`gu_b

fmgbpbiZevgu_kh\_luIhwlhfm\dZ`^hfhdjm]__klvohjhrh

mdhfie_dlh\ZggucdZ^jZfbijbjh^hhojZgguc^_iZjlZf_gl

H^ghcbabohkgh\guonmgdpbcy\ey_lkyij_^hklZ\e_gb_jZaj_r_gbcb

ijh\_jdZijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcdhlhju_kqblZxlkydjmigufb

bklhqgbdZfbaZ]jyag_gbybo\k_]hijbf_jgh <u^Z\Z_fu_

ij_^ijbylbyfaZ]jyagbl_eyfjZaj_r_gbyho\Zlu\Zxl\k_kj_^u\ha^mo

\h^mh[jZs_gb_khloh^ZfbbliDjhf_nmgdpbb\u^ZqbjZaj_r_gbc\

aZ^Zqbhdjm]h\\oh^ylb^jm]b_\Z`gu_h[yaZgghklbk\yaZggu_k

we_f_glZfbkj_^uBoh[ahjijb\h^blky\ke_^mxs_clZ[ebp_

LZ[ebpZ

3.1

Nmgdpbbhdjm]h\k\yaZggu_kj_]mebjh\Zgb_fbdhgljhe_fijbjh^guo

kj_^

Kj_^Z

Nmgdpbbbh[yaZgghklbhdjm]h\bfmgbpbiZebl_lh\]]

Nj_^_jbdk[_j]bDhi_g]Z]_g



Kj_^Z Nmgdpbbbh[yaZgghklbhdjm]h\bfmgbpbiZebl_lh\]]

Nj_^_jbdk[_j]bDhi_g]Z]_g

Iblv_\Zy\h^Z Kh]eZkgh:dlmh\h^hkgZ[`_gbbhdjm]Zhl\_qZxlaZh[_ki_q_gb_

^hklZlhqgh]hh[t_fZ\h^u^himklbfh]hdZq_kl\Zbj_ZebaZpbxf_j

g_h[oh^bfuo^ey\uiheg_gbywlbolj_[h\ZgbcHdjm]Zhl\_qZxlaZ

jZkkfhlj_gb_aZy\hdgZ^h[uqm\h^uk\ur_f

]h^Hdjm]Z\h

\aZbfhihgbfZgbbkfmgbpbiZebl_lZfb^he`guijh\h^blvhp_gdm

\h^guoj_kmjkh\ZlZd`_ieZgbjh\Zgb_dZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgb_hp_gdm

mya\bfhklbbieZgbjh\Zgb_^_ckl\bcgZijZ\e_gguogZhojZgm\h^guo

j_kmjkh\

<h^u^ey

dmiZgby

Hdjm`gu_bfmgbpbiZevgu_hj]Zguhl\_qZxlaZbkiheg_gb_

aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zih\h^_^eydmiZgbybh[yaZguh[_ki_qblv\uiheg_gb_

aZ^Zqh[_ki_q_gbydZq_kl\Zlj_[m_fh]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hfb

ih^^_j`b\ZlvwlhdZq_kl\hgZ^he`ghfmjh\g_

Klhqgu_\h^u Hdjm]Zy\eyxlkyhkgh\gufhl\_lkl\_ggufaZj_]mebjh\Zgb_k[jhkh\

klhqguo\h^\ijb_fgbdb<lh`_\j_fyaZklhdbijhfure_gguo

ij_^ijbylbcblhj]h\eb^eydhlhjuolj_[m_lkyjZaj_r_gb_

ijbjh^hhojZgguohj]Zgh\fmgbpbiZebl_lh\hl\_qZxlfmgbpbiZebl_lu

Hdjm]ZlZd`_aZgbfZxlkyih^]hlh\dhcj_]bhgZevguoieZgh\hqbkldb

klhdh\

<ha^mo

Hdjm]Zhl\_qZxlaZfhgblhjbg]bhp_gdmdZq_kl\Zhdjm`Zxs_]h\ha^moZ

<khhl\_lkl\bbk:dlhfh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uhdjm]Zb

fmgbpbiZebl_lumklZgZ\eb\Zxlghjfu\u[jhkh\\_s_kl\aZ]jyagyxsbo

\ha^mobklhqgbdhfdhlhjuokem`blijhfure_gghklvbk_evkdh_

ohayckl\h

bke_^ylaZkh[ex^_gb_faZdhgZ

Ihq\Z Hdjm]Zhl\_qZxlaZij_^hklZ\e_gb_bgnhjfZpbbihaZ]jyag_gguf

l_jjblhjbyfdZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgb_b\hkklZgh\e_gb_aZ[jhr_gguo

aZ]jyag_gguomqZkldh\Djhf_wlh]hhdjm]Z\u^ZxljZaj_r_gbygZ

^h[jh\hevgmxhqbkldmbbaf_g_gb_a_fe_ihevah\ZgbyaZ]jyag_gguo

l_jjblhjbcHdjm]ZlZd`_hl\_qZxlaZhkms_kl\e_gb_dhgljheygZ^

ihl_gpbZevgufaZ]jyag_gb_fdhlhjh_bf__lf_klhijb\uiheg_gbb

dZdhceb[h^_yl_evghklbbai_j_qbke_gguo\:dl_h[hojZg_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubfh]ml\u^Z\Zlvij_^ijbylbyfaZ]jyagbl_eyf

m\_^hfe_gbyhijZ\hijbf_g_gbb

Obfbq_kdb_

\_s_kl\Zb

ij_iZjZlu

Hlk

Hloh^u

Hdjm`gu_kh\_luh[yaZgubgnhjfbjh\ZlvfmgbpbiZebl_luh

khhl\_lkl\bbfmgbpbiZevgh]hieZgZihmijZ\e_gbxhloh^ZfbkljZl_]bb

b^hims_gbyfhdjm`gh]hj_]bhgZevgh]hieZgZ. Kh]eZkgh:dlmh

ieZgbjh\ZgbbjZa\blbyhdjm]hl\_qZ_laZhj]ZgbaZpbxjZaf_s_gby

ij_^ijbylbcaZ]jyagbl_e_c\dexqZygh\u_iehsZ^db^ey

kZgdpbhgbjh\Zgguof_kljZaf_s_gbyfmkhjZfmkhjhk`b]Zl_evguo

aZ\h^h\b^jm]bokhhjm`_gbcihi_j_jZ[hld_bmlbebaZpbbhloh^h\

Rmf Wdheh]bq_kdb_jZaj_r_gby^eyZwjhihjlh\ijhfure_gghc^_yl_evghklb

klj_ev[bsbZ\lh^jhfh\±wlhkn_jZfmgbpbiZebl_lh\bebhdjm]h\

Lj_[h\ZgbyihrmfmmklZgZ\eb\Zxlky\jZaj_r_gbyo

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EPA,

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

3.1.3

FmgbpbiZevgucmjh\_gv

<ujZ[hldZiheblbdb\fmgbpbiZebl_lZohkms_kl\ey_lky\]hjh^kdbo

Kh\_lZobDhfbl_lZo]hjh^kdboKh\_lh\KljmdlmjZfmgbpbiZevguo

dhfbl_lh\\jZaguofmgbpbiZebl_lZoagZqbl_evghhlebqZ_lky^jm]hl

^jm]ZIhwlhfmkms_kl\mxlfgh]b_jZaebqgu_dhfbl_ludhlhju_

hl\_qZxlaZmijZ\e_gb_hojZghchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uH^gZdhqZs_\k_]h

wlh±kn_jZ^_yl_evghklbDhfbl_lZihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

l_ogbq_kdhfmjZa\blbxDZdb\hdjm]Zowlhldhfbl_lhl\_qZ_laZ

hi_jZlb\gh_mijZ\e_gb_blhevdh\bkdexqbl_evguokemqZyowlb

\hijhkuj_rZxlkykZfbf]hjh^kdbfKh\_lhf

MijZ\e_gb_hojZghchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ugZfmgbpbiZevghfmjh\g_

y\ey_lky\k_h[t_fexsbfDZdmdZau\Zehkv\ur_\^Zlkdhcfh^_eb

mijZ\e_gbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^hcih^q_jdb\Z_lkyjhevh[s_kl\_ggh]h

dhgljheybhl\_lkl\_gghklbgZf_klghfmjh\g_Wlhhkh[_gghhlghkblkyd

h[eZklyfmijZ\e_gbyh[jZs_gb_fkhloh^Zfbbhqbkldhcklhdh\]^_

ihegZyhl\_lkl\_gghklve_`blgZfmgbpbiZebl_lZoQZklh

fmgbpbiZebl_lukhljm^gbqZxlijb\uiheg_gbbwlboh[yaZgghkl_c

kms_kl\m_lgZijbf_jjy^f_`fmgbpbiZevguodhfiZgbcihmlbebaZpbb

hloh^h\FmgbpbiZebl_luhl\_qZxl\lhfqbke_aZijh\_jdmg_[hevrbo

ij_^ijbylbcaZ]jyagbl_e_cgZkqblu\Zxsboijhfure_gguo

dhfiZgbcbn_jfZlZd`_aZ\hijhkuk\yaZggu_kj_]mebjh\Zgb_f

k[jhkh\bkbkl_fudZgZebaZpbb

<ijb\h^bfhcgb`_lZ[ebp_mdZau\Zxlkyboh[yaZgghklbihhlghr_gbx

dwe_f_glZfkj_^ujZkkfZljb\Z_fuf\^Zgghf^hdeZ^_

LZ[ebpZ

3.1

H[yaZgghklbfmgbpbiZebl_lh\ihj_]mebjh\Zgbxk_fbdhfihg_glh\

\g_rg_ckj_^u

Kj_^Z Nmgdpbbbh[yaZgghklbfmgbpbiZebl_lh\

Iblv_\Zy\h^Z

FmgbpbiZevgu_hj]ZgumijZ\e_gbyhl\_qZxlaZ\h^hkgZ[`_gb_b

fhgblhjbg]dZq_kl\Z\h^u\fmgbpbiZebl_l_\dexqZyjZkkfhlj_gb_aZy\hd

gZ^h[uqm\h^uf_g__f]h^qZklguob]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo

aZy\bl_e_cdhgljhevgZ^ij_^ijbylbyfb\h^gh]hk_dlhjZZlZd`_

ieZgbjh\Zgb_bdhgljhevk_lb\h^hkgZ[`_gbyFmgbpbiZevguckh\_l

fh`_lij_^eh`blvhdjm`ghfmkh\_lmbebih^Zlv\g_]haZy\dmgZ

ml\_j`^_gb_kh[kl\_ggh]hieZgZ^_ckl\bcihhojZg_\h^guoj_kmjkh\_keb

h[gZjm`blqlhh[s__ieZgbjh\Zgb_ih\h^gufj_kmjkZfijhlb\hj_qbl

emqrbfbgl_j_kZffmgbpbiZebl_lZbbebfmgbpbiZevgh]h\h^hkgZ[`_gby

<h^u^ey

dmiZgbyb

ieZ\Zl_evgu_

[Zkk_cgu

FmgbpbiZevgu_hj]ZgumijZ\e_gbyhl\_qZxlaZbkiheg_gb_ghjfZlb\guo

ijZ\h\uoZdlh\gZijbf_jdhgljhebjmxsbodZq_kl\h\h^^eydmiZgbyb\

ieZ\Zl_evguo[Zkk_cgZoghjfZevgh_nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_kbkl_fb

ijhp_^mj_`_f_kyqguchl[hjijh[bijh\_^_gb_ZgZebah\i_j_^Zqm

j_amevlZlh\ZgZebah\hdjm`gufhj]ZgZfmijZ\e_gbybf_^bpbgkdhfm

kem`Zs_fmiha^jZ\hhojZg_gbxbli

Klhqgu_\h^u FmgbpbiZevgu_hj]Zguhl\_qZxlaZhqbkldmklhqguo\h^ihklmiZxsbo\

dhee_dlhj]hjh^kdhcdZgZebaZpbhgghck_lbdhgljhevijhfure_gguo

ij_^ijbylbcbk[jhkh\ZlZd`_aZih^]hlh\dmjZaj_r_gbcgZk[jhku

Djhf_wlh]hfmgbpbiZebl_lu]hlh\yl]_g_jZevgucieZgjZa\blbykbkl_fu

klhqguo\h^

<ha^mo Kh]eZkgh:dlmh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uhdjm]ZbfmgbpbiZebl_lu

hij_^_eyxllj_[h\Zgbyih\u[jhkZfaZ]jyagyxsboZlfhkn_jm\_s_kl\



Kj_^Z Nmgdpbbbh[yaZgghklbfmgbpbiZebl_lh\

bklhqgbdhfdhlhjuoy\eyxlkyijhfure_gghklvbk_evkdh_ohayckl\hb

dhgljhebjmxl\uiheg_gb_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z

Ihq\Z

FmgbpbiZebl_luhl\_qZxlaZhkms_kl\e_gb_dhgljheygZ^

ihl_gpbZevgufaZ]jyag_gb_fdhlhjh_bf__lf_klhijb\uiheg_gbb

[hevrbgkl\Z\b^h\^_yl_evghklbbai_j_qbke_gguo\:dl_h[hojZg_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubfh]ml\u^Z\Zlvij_^ijbylbyfaZ]jyagbl_eyf

m\_^hfe_gbyhijZ\hijbf_g_gbbFmgbpbiZebl_lu^Zxlbgkljmdpbbih

h[jZs_gbxkaZ]jyag_gghcihq\hc

Obfbq_kdb_

\_s_kl\Zb

ij_iZjZlu

Hlk

Hloh^u

FmgbpbiZebl_luhl\_qZxlaZmijZ\e_gb_h[jZs_gb_fkhloh^Zfbb

h[yaZguh[_ki_qblv^he`guck[hjbh[jZ[hldm\k_ohloh^h\

ijhba\_^_gguo\fmgbpbiZebl_l_:dlh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

IhklZgh\e_gb_ihhloh^Zfbf_xs__kbemaZdhgZhij_^_eyxlh[yaZgghklb

fmgbpbiZebl_lZdhlhju_\dexqZxl\k_[yih^]hlh\dmieZgh\ih

h[jZs_gbxkhloh^Zfbih^]hlh\dmih^aZdhgguoZdlh\h[_ki_q_gb_

khhl\_lkl\bydZl_]hjbyfhloh^h\ZlZd`_h[_ki_q_gb_wdheh]bq_kdb

[_ahiZkgh]hh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfbiml_fh[_a\j_`b\Zgby\uihegy_fh]h

ki_pbZevghchj]ZgbaZpb_cbebhj]ZgbaZpbbk[hjZijbf_g_gb_

gZpbhgZevgh]hbfmgbpbiZevgh]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zihh[jZs_gbxk

hloh^Zfb

Rmf

GZb[he__djmigu_fmgbpbiZebl_lub]hjh^ZkhklZ\eyxldZjlurmfZ

^hjh`gh]h^\b`_gbyqlhy\ey_lkyqZklvxfmgbpbiZevguoieZgh\

ijbjh^hhojZgguo^_ckl\bc

3.2

F_oZgbafudhhj^bgZpbb

<ij_^u^ms_fjZa^_e_[uehihdZaZghqlhj_]mebjh\Zgb_wdheh]bq_kdbo

nZdlhjh\ijbbo\ha^_ckl\bbgZa^hjh\v_ijhbkoh^blghjfZevguf

h[jZahf\gmljbh[s_ckljmdlmjughjfZlb\gh]hijZ\h\h]h

j_]mebjh\Zgby\h[eZklbhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uB\k_`_

kms_kl\m_lhq_\b^gZyg_h[oh^bfhklvdhhj^bgZpbb^_ckl\bcf_`^m

ijbjh^hhojZggufbhj]ZgZfbb^jm]bfbhj]ZgZfbmijZ\e_gbydhlhju_

aZgbfZxlkynZdlhjZfbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\bok\yabkha^hjh\v_f<

wlhfjZa^_e_ijb\h^ylkyijbf_juf_oZgbafh\hkms_kl\e_gby

\aZbfh^_ckl\bybdhhj^bgZpbbIjb\_^_ggZydZjlbgZ\aZbfh^_ckl\by

f_`^mjZaebqgufb\_^hfkl\Zfbbk\yaZgguokwlbfijh[e_fg_y\ey_lky

iheghch^gZdhij_^klZ\e_gb_hg_dhlhjuoZki_dlZowlh]hijhp_kkZ

dhhj^bgZpbb^Z_lky

3.2.1

Dhhj^bgZpbykhj]ZgZfbijh^h\hevkl\_gguoj_kmjkh\

Kms_kl\m_lbklhjbq_kdZyljZ^bpbykhljm^gbq_kl\Zf_`^m>Zlkdbf

:]_glkl\hfihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub>Zlkdhc:^fbgbkljZpb_c

\_l_jbgZjghckem`[ubijh^h\hevkl\_gguoj_kmjkh\ihke_^gyyy\ey_lky

dhgkmevlZglhf>:HHKih\hijhkZfa^jZ\hhojZg_gby

<Bgklblml_[_ahiZkghklbijh^mdlh\iblZgbyaZj_a_j\bjh\Zghijbf_jgh

q_eh\_dhe_ljZ[hq_]h\j_f_gbgZihfhsv>:HHK\bkke_^h\Zgbyob

ijh\_^_gbbhp_gdbobfbq_kdboij_iZjZlh\klhqdbaj_gbylhdkbdheh]bb



ba^jZ\hhojZg_gbyIhwlhfm\h[eZklyohlghkysbokyddeZkkbnbdZpbb

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\hp_gd_jbkdh\jZajZ[hld_djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Z

ihq\u\h^ub\ha^moZkms_kl\m_ll_kgh_khljm^gbq_kl\hWdki_jlgu_

agZgbyjZ[hlgbdh\BgklblmlZbkihevamxlkylZd`_\dhgdj_lguo

kblmZpbyodh]^Zlj_[mxlkyagZgby\h[eZklblhdkbdheh]bbgZijbf_j

ijbjZ[hl_kdmevlmjZfb\ujZsb\Z_fufb\ihq\_\^hfZrgbokZ^Zo

\lhjbqghfbkihevah\ZgbbbeZihdZq_kl\miblv_\hc\h^ubli

G_dhlhjufbijbf_jZfbihke_^gboijh_dlh\ijh\_^_gguo>:HHK

kh\f_klghk>Zlkdhc:^fbgbkljZpb_c\_l_jbgZjghckem`[ub

ijh^h\hevkl\_gguoj_kmjkh\y\eyxlky

•

:gZebakms_kl\mxs_cbgnhjfZpbbihhkh[hchiZkghklb\ha^_ckl\by

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\gZ^_l_cb[_j_f_gguo`_gsbg

•

Kha^Zgb_[he__kh\_jr_gghcgZmqghc[Zau^eyhp_gdb

dhf[bgbjh\Zgguownn_dlh\l_ihke_^kl\bcgZklmiZxsboihke_

h^gh\j_f_ggh]h\ha^_ckl\byg_kdhevdboobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\

•

Kh\j_f_ggu_jZ[hlubbkke_^h\Zgbyihk\ys_ggu_]hjfhgZevguf

ihke_^kl\byf\ha^_ckl\byobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bg_]Zlb\guf

ihke_^kl\byf^eyj_ijh^mdlb\ghcnmgdpbb

NhjfZevgh_khljm^gbq_kl\hbf__lf_klhijbhkms_kl\e_gbbijhp_^mju

ml\_j`^_gby>:HHKi_klbpb^h\>ZlkdZy:^fbgbkljZpby\_l_jbgZjghc

kem`[ubijh^h\hevkl\_gguoj_kmjkh\ijh\h^blhp_gdm^himklbfuo

kmlhqguo^habij_^_evgh^himklbfuohklZlhqguodhgp_gljZpbc

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bij_iZjZlh\klhqdbaj_gbybo\ha^_ckl\bygZ

a^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

3.2.2

Dhhj^bgZpbykhj]ZgZfba^jZ\hhojZg_gby

Dhhj^bgZpbykhj]ZgZfba^jZ\hhojZg_gbyhkms_kl\ey_lkyqZklbqghgZ

_`_^g_\ghchkgh\_dh]^Zf_`^m]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufbkem`Zsbfb

jZaebqguoZ]_glkl\ijhbkoh^yl^_eh\u_dhglZdlubh[f_gbgnhjfZpb_c

F_`fbgbkl_jkdbch[f_gfg_gbyfbbbgnhjfZpb_clZd`_ijhbkoh^bl\

jZaebqguojZ[hqbo]jmiiZobdhfbl_lZo<wlbokemqZyodZdijZ\beh

>Zlkdh_:]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uijb]eZrZ_l

ij_^klZ\bl_e_cGZpbhgZevgh]hkh\_lZiha^jZ\hhojZg_gbxijbgylv

mqZklb_\ijh_dlZodhlhju_jZkkfZljb\Zxlijh[e_fua^jZ\hhojZg_gby

LZdbfh[jZahfGZpbhgZevguckh\_liha^jZ\hhojZg_gbxbf__lk\hbo

ihklhygguoij_^klZ\bl_e_c\^\mohj]ZgbaZpbhgguodhfbl_lZo

aZgbfZxsbokyjZajZ[hldhcdjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Z\ha^moZihq\ub

iblv_\hc\h^ugZhkgh\_ihdZaZl_e_ckhklhygbya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ

Fbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbkh\f_klghk

Fbgbkl_jkl\hfa^jZ\hhojZg_gbybFbgbkl_jkl\hfijh^h\hevkl\_gguo

j_kmjkh\k_evkdh]hohayckl\Zbju[heh\kl\ZjZajZ[hlZehkh\f_klguo

^hdeZ^fbgbkl_jkl\ihaZsbl_^_l_cb[_j_f_gguo`_gsbghlhiZkguo

\_s_kl\<^hdeZ^_baeh`_guj_amevlZlub\u\h^ukh\f_klghc

h^ghbf_gghcdhgn_j_gpbbZlZd`_^_yl_evghklvdhlhjZyijh\h^blky\

h[eZklbaZsblu^_l_cb[_j_f_gguo`_gsbghl\ha^_ckl\byhiZkguo

\_s_kl\



?s_h^gbfbaihke_^gboijbf_jh\dhhj^bgZpbby\ey_lkymqZklb_

>Zlkdh]h:]_glkl\ZihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\dhfbl_l_k\yaZgghf

kbkke_^h\ZgbyfbihaZ]jyag_gbxfZl_jbgkdh]hfhehdZ

<][ueZh[jZah\ZgZkh\f_klgZy]jmiiZihj_r_gbxaZ^Zqbhp_gdb

ihke_^kl\bc^eya^hjh\vyij_^_evguo\_ebqbgkh^_j`ZgbyaZ]jyagyxsbo

\_s_kl\\Zlfhkn_j_mklZgh\e_gguo?K<khklZ\]jmiiu\oh^yl

ij_^klZ\bl_ebFbgbkl_jkl\Zhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbZlZd`_

^jm]b_wdki_jlu

3.3

>Zlkdh_wdheh]bq_kdh_ijZ\h

<>Zgbbg_kms_kl\m_llhqgh]hhij_^_e_gbyl_jfbgZ^Zlkdh_

wdheh]bq_kdh_ijZ\hB\k_`_wdheh]bq_kdh_ijZ\hhij_^_ey_lkydZd

ghjfubijZ\beZj_]eZf_glbjmxsb_\ha^_ckl\b_lhj]h\eb

ijhfure_gghklbbq_eh\_dZgZ\g_rgxxhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m

qlh

hagZqZ_l]eZ\gufh[jZahfj_]mebjh\Zgb_hojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

aZsbluijbjh^ubieZgbjh\Zgbya_fe_ihevah\Zgby

DZdmdZau\Zehkv\ur_\hijhkua^jZ\hhojZg_gbyy\eyxlkykhklZ\ghc

qZklvx^Zlkdhciheblbdb\kn_j_hojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub__

j_]mebjh\ZgbyH[eZklba^jZ\hhojZg_gbyk\yaZggu_kwdheh]bq_kdbfb

ijh[e_fZfbbkhklhygb_fhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u±wlhihe_^_yl_evghklb

Fbgbkl_jkl\Zhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbIhwlhfmgb`_fu[m^_f

kkueZlvkylhevdhgZijbjh^hhojZggh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h\dexqZy

Zki_dlua^jZ\hhojZg_gby

Ijbjh^hhojZggh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h\>Zgbbkhklhblbahq_gvkeh`ghc

kbkl_fuijZ\be\dexqZxsbo\k_[yjZaghh[jZagu_j_]eZf_glgu_ghjfu

bjZaebqgu_dhfi_l_glgu_hj]ZgumijZ\e_gby<^Zlkdhf

ijbjh^hhojZgghfaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_rbjhdhbkihevam_lkyihgylb_

jZfhqgh]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\ZJZfhqgh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hhij_^_ey_l

h[sb_p_ebbaZ^Zqbj_]mebjh\ZgbyjZkij_^_e_gb_nmgdpbcf_`^m

hj]ZgZfbmijZ\e_gbyZlZd`_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ijbgpbiubijhp_^mju

IhklZgh\e_gbybbgkljmdpbbdhlhju_]hlh\ylky\hbkiheg_gb_aZdhgZ

^_lZebabjmxlwlhj_]mebjh\Zgb_

IhklZgh\e_gbyh[yaZl_evghckbeubkihevamxlkydZdghjfu^ey

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mijZ\e_gby

3.3.1

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aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hKhh[s_kl\Zkf.U

ämer 1-07

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