Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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4 <ha^_ckl\b_ GZdhg_pgZwlZi_q_eh\_dbkiulu\Z_lihl_gpbZevgh_

\ha^_ckl\b_nZdlhjZ

<^_ckl\bl_evghklbebg_cgucoZjZdl_jijhp_kkZhldheu[_eb^h

fh]beuij_^klZ\e_ggucgZwlhcfh^_ebg_^Z_liheghcdZjlbgu

ihlhfmqlhijhp_kkfh`_lbf_lvpbdebq_kdbcoZjZdl_j^eyfgh]bo

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bijh^mdpbbijbboijhba\h^kl\_kf_rb\Zgbb

i_j_jZ[hldbbkihevah\Zgbyk[jhkZb\hkklZgh\e_gbyZlZd`_ihlhfmqlh

\ha^_ckl\b_fh`_lijhbahclbgZ\k_owlZiZo

2.2.2

<hagbdgh\_gb_b\ha^_ckl\b_nZdlhjh\kj_^u

GZjbkmgd_ij_^klZ\e_gZh[sZyfh^_evijbf_gy_fZy\h[eZklb

a^jZ\hhojZg_gbybhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

IJBJH>GU?KJ?>U

K?DLHJ:

I?J<BQGU?

BKLHQGBDB

IJH>MDPBYB

HLOH>U

<HA>?CKL<B?G:Q?EH<?D:

Jbkmghd2.1 Dhgp_ilmZevgZyfh^_evi_j_ghkZb\ha^_ckl\bywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\

Klj_edbihdZau\ZxlgZijZ\e_gb_jZkijhkljZg_gbywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\

Hl\_lkl\_gghklvaZ\hagbdgh\_gb_wdheh]bq_kdh]hnZdlhjZe_`blgZ

i_j\bqguobklhqgbdZo\jZaebqguok_dlhjZoWdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhj

ihklmiZ_lg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\dZdmxeb[hbaijbjh^guokj_^beb\gZqZe_

i_j_ghkblky\ijh^mdpbbbhloh^ZobaZl_f\uk\h[h`^Z_lky\

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mNZdlhjfh`_l[ulvg_baf_ggufbklZ[bevguf\h

\k_okj_^ZomdZaZgghckbkl_fu\dhlhjuogZoh^blkybeb`_fh`_l

ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvkyb\dhg_qghfblh]_^_]jZ^bjh\Zlv

<ha^_ckl\b_wdheh]bq_kdh]hnZdlhjZgZq_eh\_dZfh`_lijhbahclb\

ex[hff_klhgZoh`^_gby\jZaebqguok_dlhjZoijbkhijbdhkgh\_gbbk

ijh^mdpb_cbhloh^Zfbbebq_j_aaZ]jyag_ggu_ijbjh^gu_kj_^u

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<ha^_ckl\b_[m^_lnmgdpb_chlf_klhgZoh`^_gbyb\_ebqbgunZdlhjZZ

lZd`_f_klhgZoh`^_gbybih\_^_gbyq_eh\_dZ\h\j_f_gbbijhkljZgkl\_

J_]mebjh\Zgb_wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\fh`_lhkms_kl\eylvky\ex[uo

ijyfhm]hevgbdZokfjbkmghd\ur_bi_j_k_dZlv\k_gZijZ\e_gby

h[hagZq_ggu_klj_edZfbHq_\b^ghqlhbkihevah\Zgb_`_kldbobeb

dhfie_dkguobgkljmf_glh\j_]mebjh\Zgbyg_ihkj_^kl\_gghmbklhqgbdZ

\hagbdgh\_gbynZdlhjZijb\_^_ldemqr_fmj_amevlZlmihkhdjZs_gbx

ihke_^kl\bc\ha^_ckl\by.

Ijbf_jijbf_g_gbyih^oh^Z

<dZq_kl\_ijbf_jZfh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguihebZjhfZlbq_kdb_

m]e_\h^hjh^uI:MhlljZgkihjlZ\u[jhkuljZgkihjlhf

ihebZjhfZlbq_kdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\\hc^ml\k_dlhjljZgkihjlb

i_j\bqgucbklhqgbd^\b]Zl_eb\gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgbyh[s_ckbkl_fu

RZ]ijh^mdpbybhloh^ufh`_l[ulv\wlhfkemqZ_ijhims_gld

\u[jhkuhkms_kl\eyxlkyg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\Zlfhkn_jguc\ha^mo

<ha^mojZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdijbjh^gZykj_^ZZ\ha^mo\]hjh^kdhcq_jl_

±dZdlhqdZijbeh`_gbyj_]mebjmxs_]h^_ckl\byI:Mij_^klZ\eyxl

kh[hcwdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhjdhlhjuci_j_ghkblkyl\_j^ufbqZklbpZfb

<lZ[ebp_ijb\h^ylkyijbf_juj_]mebjmxsbo^_ckl\bc

gZijZ\e_gguogZjZaebqgu_mqZkldbkbkl_fu

LZ[ebpZ2.1 Ijbf_juj_]mebjmxsbo^_ckl\bcgZijZ\e_gguogZjZaebqgu_mqZkldb

kbkl_fu

LhqdZijbeh`_gby

j_]mebjmxs_]h^_ckl\by

Ijbf_jj_]mebjmxs_]h^_ckl\by

K_dlhjI_j\bqgu_

bklhqgbdb

Dhgljhev\u[jhkh\aZij_s_gb_bebaZf_s_gb_obfbq_kdbo

\_s_kl\ijbjh^hhojZggu_ghjfu^eyijhba\h^kl\_gguo

mkeh\bc

Ijh^mdpbybhloh^u FZjdbjh\dZaZij_s_gb_bebaZf_s_gb_j_]mebjh\Zgb_

h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfbbklhqgufb\h^Zfb

Ijbjh^gZykj_^Z Ij_^_evgu_agZq_gbyklZg^ZjludZq_kl\Zijh]jZffu

baf_j_gby

Ih\_^_gb_q_eh\_dZ IjZ\beZdmiZgbydhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ex^_cijh`b\ZxsbogZ

aZ]jyag_gguol_jjblhjbyo

2.2.3

Dhfihg_glu

Gb`_ijb\h^ylkyhij_^_e_gbynZdlhjh\bklhqgbdh\ijbjh^guokj_^b

li

Wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhjnZdlhjhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

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<^Zgghfdhgl_dkl_wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhjnZdlhjhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

hij_^_ey_lkydZdex[hcnbabq_kdbcobfbq_kdbcbeb[bheh]bq_kdbc

dhfihg_gl\g_rg_ckj_^ubeb\g_cdhlhjucfh`_lhdZau\Zlv

\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_b[eZ]hihemqb_q_eh\_dZG_dhlhjufb

ijbf_jZfbnZdlhjZhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uy\eyxlkyfbdjhhj]Zgbafurmf

iuev\\ha^mo_i_klbpb^uf_lZeeubjZ^bZpby

<kemqZyodh]^Z^_ckl\bl_evgucnZdlhjklj_kkhjg_fh`_l[ulvlhqgh

hij_^_e_gbebdh]^Zg_kdhevdhnZdlhjh\^_ckl\mxlh^gh\j_f_gghfh`_l

hdZaZlvky\_kvfZihe_aguf\u[hjbg^bdZlhjZnZdlhjZh\kj_^u^ey

p_e_c_]hj_]mebjh\Zgby<dZq_kl\_ijbf_jZfh`gh]h\hjblvhlhfqlh\

hlghr_gbbaZ]jyag_gby\ha^moZij_^_evgh_agZq_gb_^eyl\_j^uoqZklbp

\ujZ`_ggh_\_^bgbpZofZkkuh[t_fZl\_j^uoqZklbp\\ha^mo_fh`_l

[ulvbg^bdZlhjhf^eyl_of_evqZcrboqZklbpdhfihg_glh\dhlhju_\

[hevr_ckl_i_gbk\yaZgukijhy\e_gb_fg_]Zlb\guoihke_^kl\bc

Ih^h[gufh[jZahfqbkehiZehq_ddhebE.coliy\ey_lkylhevdh

ihdZaZl_e_fn_dZevgh]haZ]jyag_gby\h^^eydmiZgby\lh\j_fdZd

iZlh]_ggu_ijhy\e_gbyk\yaZguk^jm]bfbfbdjhhj]ZgbafZfbkfjZa^_e

2.3).

K_dlhjZi_j\bqgu_bklhqgbdb

Ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hch[t_dlbebkljmdlmjmdhlhjZyhl\_lkl\_ggZaZ

\hagbdgh\_gb_nZdlhjZhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uHij_^_e_gb_i_j\bqguo

bklhqgbdh\bk_dlhjh\^he`ghihgbfZlvky\rbjhdhfkfuke_b\dexqZlv

\k_[y\k_bklhqgbdb\u[jhkh\k[jhkh\bh[jZah\Zgbyhloh^h\D

i_j\bqgufbklhqgbdZfhlghkylkylZdb_h[t_dludhlhju_nZdlbq_kdb

hkms_kl\eyxl\u[jhkuwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\wlhgZijbf_jaZ\h^

n_jfZLWPbliZk_dlhjZfbfh]ml[ulvijhfure_gghklvk_evkdh_

ohayckl\hh[jZs_gb_khloh^ZfbbliG_dhlhju_i_j\bqgu_bklhqgbdb

gZijbf_jiheb]hgubeb^jm]b_f_klZjZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\aZiheg_gu

hljZ[hlZggufbihlj_[bl_evkdbfblh\ZjZfb[u\rbfb\mihlj_[e_gbb

dhlhju_dh]^Zlh[uebgh\ufbb\lh\j_fyboi_j\bqgucbklhqgbd[ue

^jm]bf<ijhq_fklhqdbaj_gby\k_]hijhp_kkZbklhqgbdb\u[jhkh\

k[jhkh\bh[jZah\Zgbyhloh^h\\jZ\ghckl_i_gbkqblZxlkybklhqgbdZfb

\g_aZ\bkbfhklbhl©\hajZklZªkujv_\uofZl_jbZeh\

Ijh^mdpbybhloh^u

Ijh^mdpbybhloh^uy\eyxlkyghkbl_eyfbwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\

Hij_^_e_gb_wlhckj_^ugZoh`^_gbywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\[ueZ

g_h[oh^bfZbaaZgZebqbyg_dhlhjuokihjguoijh[e_fihjZa^_e_gbx

nZdlhjh\hl[he__bebf_g__m`_ohjhrhhij_^_e_gguodhg]ehf_jZlh\

]jmiinZdlhjh\hlghkysbokydZddijbjh^gufkj_^ZflZdbk_dlhjZf

NZdlhjufh]ml[ulvkdjulufbbebkms_kl\h\Zlv\_^bghfp_ehf

gZijbf_j\gmljbkljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeh\bebobfbq_kdhc

ijh^mdpbb>eybohl^_e_gbyhlnZdlbq_kdbok_dlhjh\bkj_^lZdb_

kj_^kl\Zi_j_ghkZhkms_kl\eyxsb_ljZgkihjlkjZamfgh]bonZdlhjh\

gZau\Zxlkyh[sbfl_jfbghfIjh^mdpbybhloh^u>eyp_e_c^Zggh]h

^hdmf_glZg_ijbgpbibZevghiml_r_kl\mxlebwdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju

\ijh^mdpbbbeb\hloh^Zodhgp_ilmZevghhgbfh]ml[ulv

k]jmiibjh\Zgu\f_kl_

Ijbjh^gu_kj_^u

Wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjuij_[u\Zxl\lZdboijbjh^guokj_^ZodZd

\ha^moihq\Zb\h^Z>eylhqghklbbhp_gdbbo\ha^_ckl\byhgbfh]ml

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hkZ^dbhj]Zgbafu`b\msb_jZklmsb_\ihf_s_gbbijh^mdlZo

iblZgbybebgZ[he__f_edb_ih^dZl_]hjbbmdZaZgguodZl_]hjbc<

hlghr_gbbijbjh^guokj_^hkms_kl\ey_lkyp_eucjy^j_]mebjmxsbo

hojZgguo^_ckl\bcb\hfgh]bokemqZyogZijbf_jdZq_kl\h\ha^moZ

hgbjZkkfZljb\Zxlkykl_o`_ihabpbcqlhba^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ>ey

p_e_cj_]mebjh\Zgbyijbjh^gu_kj_^uqZklhih^jZa^_eyxlkyGZijbf_j

\h^gZykj_^Z^_eblkygZiblv_\mx\h^mih\_joghklgu_\h^ub\h^m^ey

dmiZgby^eydhlhjuoijbf_gyxlkyjZaebqgu_ghjfZlb\gu_ijZ\beZ

Q_eh\_d

>eyiheghluhibkZgbyq_eh\_dbgZk_e_gb_\dexq_gu\dhgp_ilmZevgmx

fh^_evohlyhq_\b^ghqlhhgbg_y\eyxlkyij_^gZf_j_ggufb

fbr_gyfbwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\<ijhq_fijb\hagbdgh\_gbb

kblmZpbb\ha^_ckl\bydhlhjh_fh`_lijb\_klbdhljbpZl_evguf

ihke_^kl\byf^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ\^_ckl\bl_evghklbijbkmlkl\mxl

h[_klhjhgudZdwdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhjlZdbq_eh\_d

J_]mebjmxsb_^_ckl\by

P_evj_]mebjmxsbo^_ckl\bcih\ebylvgZkl_i_gv\ha^_ckl\bygZ

q_eh\_dZl_h[_ki_qblvkgb`_gb_bebmkljZgblv\_jhylghklv

h^gh\j_f_ggh]hijbkmlkl\byq_eh\_dZbnZdlhjZ\h\aZbfhk\yab

©q_eh\_dhdjm`ZxsZykj_^ZªJ_]mebjmxsb_^_ckl\byfh]ml\dexqZlv\

k_[yjZaebqgu_aZij_luklZg^ZjludZq_kl\Zijh]jZffuaZf_s_gby

\_s_kl\bjy^^jm]bobgkljmf_glh\ijbf_gy_fuo\ex[hcqZklbkbkl_fu

kfjbkmghd

NZdlhjuhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ufh]ml\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

gh\hfgh]bokemqZyokl_i_gvwlh]h\ha^_ckl\byljm^ghijh\_jblv?keb

j_]mebjh\Zgb_[m^_l[Zabjh\ZlvkygZwib^_fbheh]bq_kdhfih^oh^_wlh

fh`_lijb\_klbdlhfmqlhj_]mebjmxsb_^_ckl\by[m^mlke_^h\ZlvaZ

h[gZjm`_gb_fihke_^kl\bcl_aZiZa^u\Zlv<k\yabkwlbffgh]h_

^_eZ_lky^eylh]hqlh[uihemqZlvbgnhjfZpbxbijbf_gylv

j_]mebjh\Zgb_g_gZhkgh\_j_ljhki_dlb\guoagZgbcZgZhkgh\_

ijh]ghabjh\ZgbyjbkdZkp_evxij_^hl\jZs_gby\ha^_ckl\byHp_gdZ

jbkdZijh\h^blkygZijbf_jkihfhsvxijh]ghabjh\Zgbyihke_^kl\bc

^eyq_eh\_dZhkgh\Zggh]hgZbf_xs_fkyhiul_j_amevlZlZobkiulZgbc

gZjZaebqguohj]ZgbafZobagZgbbnbabdhobfbq_kdbooZjZdl_jbklbd

ihl_gpbZevgh]hnZdlhjZ

2.3

Wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjuhdZau\Zxsb_\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

Iheguci_j_q_gvwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\khklZ\blvg_\hafh`ghld\

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_kms_kl\mxlfgh]hqbke_ggu_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zb

iZlh]_ggu_fbdjhhj]Zgbafuh^gZdhg_\k_hgb\uau\ZxlhljbpZl_evgu_

ihke_^kl\by^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZb_keb\uihegblvg_dhlhjh_

h[h[s_gb_fh`ghihemqblvke_^mxsbckibkhd]jmiinZdlhjh\

•

Fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjugZijbf_jiZlh]_ggu_

fbdjhhj]Zgbafu

•

Nbabq_kdb_nZdlhjugZijbf_jrmfmevljZnbhe_lh\h_baemq_gb_

jZ^bhZdlb\ghklv



•

Obfbq_kdb_nZdlhjug_hj]Zgbq_kdb_bhj]Zgbq_kdb_obfbq_kdb_

\_s_kl\Z

•

<_s_kl\Zijbjh^gh]hijhbkoh`^_gby

•

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zkha^Zggu_q_eh\_dhfbebZgljhih]_ggu_

LZ[ebpZ

2.2

Ijbf_juwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\bodZl_]hjbbbhkgh\gu_jbkdb

Wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhj Hkgh\gu_dZl_]hjbb Hkgh\ghcjbkd^eyq_eh\_dZ

Fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdbc

IZlh]_ggu_

fbdjhhj]Zgbafu

Bgn_dpbbbaZ[he_\Zgby

Nbabq_kdbc

Rmf Ih\ur_ggucnZdlhjklj_kkZ

JZ^bhZdlb\ghklv

MevljZnbhe_lh\h_

baemq_gb_

M\_ebq_gb_aZ[he_\Z_fhklb

jZdhf

JZddh`b

Obfbq_kdbc

Bkdmkkl\_ggu_beb

ijbjh^gu_\_s_kl\Z

JZaebqgu_\b^ubglhdkbdZpbb

\ke_^kl\b_\ha^_ckl\byhiZkguo

\_s_kl\

2.3.1

Fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju

IZlh]_ggu_Z]_glu

<h^Zijh^mdluiblZgbybhj]Zgbq_kdb_fZl_jbZeufh]mlkh^_j`Zlv

iZlh]_guh[uqgh[Zdl_jbbohjhrhba\_klghbh[bheh]bq_kdhf

aZ]jyag_gbbi_j_ghkbfhf\ha^mrgufiml_fBgn_dpbb\uau\Z_fu_

lZdbfb[Zdl_jbyfb\klj_qZxsbfbky\ijh^mdlZoiblZgby dZd

gZijbf_j

dZfibeh[Zdl_jbb

b

kZevfhg_eeZ

fh]mllZd`_g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh

h[jZah\u\Zlvky\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_

kZevfhg_eeZ

±\iheg_h[uqgZ^ey

gZ\haZZ

dZfibeh[Zdl_jbb

\klj_qZxlky\ih\_joghklguo\h^ZoL_fg_

f_g__qZs_\k_]h\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZijhbkoh^blq_j_aijb_fibsb

biblvybj_`_±wlh\ha^_ckl\b_hdjm`Zxs_cq_eh\_dZkj_^ugZijbf_j

ijbihiZ^Zgbb\h^u\hj]Zguibs_\Zj_gbyijbdmiZgbbbebieZ\Zgbb

Fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdb_Z]_glu

<p_ehffbdjhhj]ZgbafukhklZ\eyxlh]jhfgh_pZjkl\hjZaghh[jZaguo

[Zdl_jbc\bjmkh\]jb[dh\ijhkl_crboieZgdlhgZb^jm]booZjZdl_jguo

\b^h\Ohjhrhba\_klgufijbf_jhffbdjh[bheh]bq_kdh]hnZdlhjZ

\ebyxs_]hgZa^hjh\v_y\ey_lkyp\_l_gb_kbg_a_e_guo\h^hjhke_c

\u^_eyxsbo\hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mlhdkbqgu_kh_^bg_gby

<ihke_^gb_]h^u\g_dhlhjuokljZgZo[uehjZaj_r_ghbkihevah\Zlv\

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_]_g_lbq_kdbfh^bnbpbjh\Zggu_hj]Zgbafu=FHb

jbkdbk\yaZggu_k=FHfh]mllZd`_deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlvky\^Zgghc

dZl_]hjbbIeZafbgub^jm]b_we_f_glukm[de_lhqgh]hmjh\gylZd`_

fh]mljZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZdwdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjuihl_gpbZevgh

hdZau\Zxsb_g_]Zlb\gh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mbbeb

a^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZohlyh[t_fagZgbc\wlhch[eZklb\gZklhys__\j_fy

h]jZgbq_g



2.3.2

Nbabq_kdb_nZdlhju

Rmfbbaemq_gb_hlebqZxlkyhl[hevrbgkl\Z^jm]bowdheh]bq_kdbo

nZdlhjh\l_fqlhhgbbf_xl\hegh\h_jZkijhkljZg_gb_bkdhj__

nbabq_kdmxijbjh^mg_`_ebobfbq_kdmxbeb[bheh]bq_kdmx

Rmf

Rmf^he`_gjZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZdh^bgbagZb[he__\Z`guonbabq_kdbo

nZdlhjh\kj_^ubwlhg_ihlhfmqlhhghdZau\Z_lkZfh_[hevrh_

\ha^_ckl\b_Zihlhfmqlhq_eh\_d\hkijbgbfZ_lrmfk_jv_agh

g_^hhp_gb\Zy\hafh`gu_^haurmfZdhlhju_fh]mlbf_lvk_jv_agu_

ihke_^kl\by^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZRmffh`_lkem`blvbklhqgbdhf

jZa^jZ`_gby\rbjhdboij_^_eZomjh\gyk\h_]h\ha^_ckl\byZlZd`_

fh`_l\uau\ZlvblZdb_hljbpZl_evgu_ihke_^kl\by^eya^hjh\vydZd

gZjmr_gb_ihdhybkgZklj_kkih\ur_ggh_djh\ygh_^Z\e_gb_b

br_fbq_kdmx[he_agvk_j^pZ

Baemq_gb_

Baemq_gbyij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hc^jm]b_nZdlhjulZd`_bf_xsb_

\hegh\h_jZkijhkljZg_gb_Baemq_gbyg_fh]ml\hkijbgbfZlvky

g_ihkj_^kl\_gghhj]ZgZfbqm\kl\q_eh\_dZbihwlhfmbgh]^Zfh]ml

\ua\Zlv[he__k_jv_agu_ihke_^kl\byldbog_aZf_qZxl^hl_oihjihdZ

kblmZpbyg_aZreZkebrdhf^Ze_dhWlbnZdlhju\dexqZxl\k_[y

baemq_gb_jZ^bhZdlb\guokh_^bg_gbcbfZl_jbZeh\ijh^mdpbx

bkimkdZxsmxjZ^bhqZklhlubebmevljZnbhe_lh\h_baemq_gb_MN

<ha^_ckl\b_MNk\_lZfh`_l[ulvdhk\_gghk\yaZghkbkihevah\Zgb_fb

\u[jhkZfbobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\oehjnlhjm]e_jh^h\±ONMdhlhju_

y\eyxlkydZlZebaZlhjZfbjZajmr_gbyhahggh]hkehy\kljZlhkn_j_

dhlhjuch[uqghih]ehsZ_lMNbaemq_gb_khegpZbaZsbsZ_lgZkhl

hljbpZl_evguoihke_^kl\bc_]h\ha^_ckl\by

L\_j^u_qZklbpu

?s_h^gbfqZklhj_]mebjm_fufnZdlhjhfdhlhjuclh`_fh`ghhlg_klb

dnbabq_kdbf\lhfkfuke_qlhhgij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcfZl_jbZevguc

h[t_dly\ey_lkydhgp_gljZpbyqZklbp\\ha^mo_AgZqbl_evgu_mkbeby

hkh[_ggh\]hjh^kdhcf_klghklbijbeZ]Zxlky^eybaf_j_gbybdhgljhey

kh^_j`Zgbyl\_j^uoqZklbp\\ha^mo_<gZklhys__\j_fyg_ykghqlhm

qZklbpy\ey_lkyhkgh\gufnZdlhjhf\uau\ZxsbfhljbpZl_evgu_

ihke_^kl\by^eya^hjh\vykZfbqZklbpudZdnbabq_kdb_h[t_dlubbo

dhebq_kl\hbebboobfbq_kdbckhklZ\beb`_khq_lZgb_lh]hb^jm]h]h

2.3.3

Obfbq_kdb_nZdlhju

KqblZ_lkyqlhgZfbjh\hfjugd_kms_kl\m_lijbf_jgh

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\Hp_gdZ^eyjugdZ>ZgbbkhklZ\ey_l\_s_kl\

obfbq_kdboijh^mdlh\blh\Zjh\ijhfure_gguo

ba^_ebc

Wlhh]jhfgh_dhebq_kl\h\_s_kl\fh`_l[ulvhj]Zgbah\ZghihjZaghfm

\aZ\bkbfhklbhlg_h[oh^bfh]hmjh\gy^_lZebaZpbbbagZgbcFh`gh

ijh\_klbh[smxdeZkkbnbdZpbxwlbo\_s_kl\jZa^_eb\bogZijbjh^gu_

bijhba\_^_ggu_q_eh\_dhfZgljhih]_ggu_hj]Zgbq_kdb_b

g_hj]Zgbq_kdb_ijhba\h^bfu_\[hevrbobfZeuodhebq_kl\ZoH^gZdh

kms_kl\m_lfgh`_kl\hkihkh[h\hj]ZgbaZpbbjZkkfhlj_gbywlh]h

ij_^f_lZ<ghjfZlb\guo^hdmf_glZo\_s_kl\Zh[uqghjZkij_^_eyxlky



ihdZl_]hjbyf\khhl\_lkl\bbkhkl_i_gvxbohiZkghklbbh[eZklvx

ijbf_g_gbyH[wlhf[m^_lih^jh[ghbaeh`_gh\=eZ\_ihk\ys_gghc

obfbq_kdbf\_s_kl\Zfbij_iZjZlZf

<_s_kl\Zijbjh^gh]hijhbkoh`^_gby

Ijbjh^gu_\_s_kl\Zbkh_^bg_gbyfh]ml[ulvdZdhj]Zgbq_kdbfblZdb

g_hj]Zgbq_kdbfbLZdb_kbevgu_y^ulhdkbdZgludZdg_hj]Zgbq_kdb_

k_jh\h^hjh^bpbZgb^bebhj]Zgbq_kdb_f_lbeh\Zyjlmlvb^bhdkbgu

ihy\eyxlky\j_amevlZl_ijbjh^guoijhp_kkh\JZkl_gby`b\hlgu_b

]jb[dbfh]mlijhba\h^blv[bheh]bq_kdbZdlb\gu_\_s_kl\Zbg_dhlhju_

bagbofh]ml[ulvqj_a\uqZcghlhdkbqgufbbeb\uau\Zlv^jm]b_

djblbq_kdb_ihke_^kl\bygZijbf_jk_gkb[bebaZpbxbeb

dZgp_jh]_gghklvG_dhlhju_ijbjh^gu_y^h\blu_\_s_kl\Zbf_xl

]_hobfbq_kdh_ijhbkoh`^_gb_^jm]b_gZoh^ylkygZklud_k

[bheh]bq_kdbfbZ]_glZfbldijhba\h^ylkyhj]ZgbafZfbK

ijZ]fZlbq_kdhclhqdbaj_gbyl_dhlhju_jZkkfZljb\Zxlkyb

ih^\_j]Zxlkyfhgblhjbg]mdZd\_s_kl\Zy\eyxlkyij_^f_lhf

h[km`^_gby\ih^jZa^_e_<_s_kl\Zijbjh^gh]hijhbkoh`^_gbyZl_

dhlhju_hij_^_eyxlkydZdfZl_jbgkdb_fbdjhhj]Zgbafu

jZkkfZljb\Zxlky\l_f_Fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju

G_dhlhju_ijbjh^gu_\_s_kl\Z[bheh]bq_kdbZdlb\gubfh]ml

\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZq_eh\_dZq_j_aijh^mdluiblZgbybeb\h^mHq_\b^gh

qlhkh_^bg_gby^_ckl\mxsb_gZ]hjfhgZevgu_ijhp_kkuZlZd`_^jm]b_

kb]gZevgu_kh_^bg_gbyihl_gpbZevghkihkh[gu\uau\Zlvihke_^kl\by

h^gbfbaihke_^gboijbf_jh\y\eyxlkynblhwkljh]_gu<ijhq_fwlh

keh`guc\hijhkihlhfmqlhwkljh]_ggu_]hjfhguy\eyxlkydZd

ijbjh^gufb\_s_kl\Zfbdhlhju_\u^_eyxlfe_dhiblZxsb_lZdb

dhfihg_glhfkbgl_lbq_kdbonZjfZp_\lbq_kdboij_iZjZlh\ghbl_b

^jm]b_fh]mlijbkmlkl\h\Zlv\hnjZdpbyohloh^h\

>jm]b_ijbjh^gu_we_f_gluy\eyxlkyb\k_]^Z[uebkhklZ\ghcqZklvx

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uG_dhlhju_bagboh[eZ^Zxliheh`bl_evguf

wnn_dlhfgZijbf_jiblZl_evgu_\_s_kl\ZfbdjhiblZl_evgu_\_s_kl\Z

bdhnZdlhju^h[Z\db\jZpbhg_q_eh\_dZbbgh]^ZbogZebqb_fh`_l

[ulvhq_gvkms_kl\_ggufh^gZdhl_`_we_f_glufh]ml[ulvb

lhdkbqgufb_kebbodhgp_gljZpbybeb^hauij_\urZxlhij_^_e_gguc

mjh\_gv

<ijhfure_gghjZa\blhfh[s_kl\_dhebq_kl\hhj]Zgbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbc

bwe_f_glh\ihl_gpbZevgh\uau\Zxsbog_]Zlb\gu_ihke_^kl\by^ey

a^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ[hevr_Wlhg_lhevdhf_lZeeughbjy^kh_^bg_gbc

gZijbf_jkmevnb^upbZgb^ubebZffbZdWlb\_s_kl\Zbkh_^bg_gby

bgh]^Zbf_xlj_rZxs__agZq_gb_\ijhfure_gghfijhba\h^kl\_\

dZq_kl\_[Zah\uoobfbdZlh\wlhgZijbf_joehjZlZd`_jZaebqgu_

dbkehlubs_ehqb

Bkdmkkl\_ggu_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

Ihklbg^mkljbZevgmxwihomgZau\Zxl\_dhfobfbbldj_r_gb_

ij_^eh`_ggh_^eyfgh]boijh[e_fk\yaZghkbkihevah\Zgb_fgh\uobeb

kms_kl\mxsboobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bij_iZjZlh\bebbokhq_lZgbc

;hevrbgkl\hwlbokh_^bg_gbcijhba\h^blky^eydZdbolhdhgdj_lguo

p_e_cbkihevah\Zgb_obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\ZlZd`_ijh^mdpbbqZklvx

dhlhjhchgby\eyxlkyijhbkoh^bl\h\k_okn_jZokh\j_f_ggh]h



h[s_kl\ZG_dhlhjufbijbf_jZfblZdbokh_^bg_gbcy\eyxlky

ihebf_jgucieZklbdihebwlbe_gbebiheb\bgbeoehjb^lZdb_fhxsb_

\_s_kl\ZdZdkibjlh\u_wlhdkbeZlubebebg_cgu_kmevnhgZlu

Zedbe[_gaheZbeb^Z`_kh_^bg_gbybkihevam_fu_\i_klbpb^Zobeb

nZjfZp_\lbq_kdhcijh^mdpbb

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zfh]ml[ulvjZa^_e_gugZke_^mxsb_g_kdhevdh

dZl_]hjbc\aZ\bkbfhklbhlkn_juboijbf_g_gbyqlhlZd`_\eby_lgZbo

ihl_gpbZevgh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ

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Ijhfure_ggZyfZkkZobfbdZlh\\_s_kl\Zbijh^mdlu

•

Ijh^mdpbyZ]jhobfbbb[bhpb^u

•

Ohayckl\_ggu_lh\Zjubkj_^kl\Z]b]b_gu

•

NZjfZp_\lbdZ^eyq_eh\_dZb\_l_jbgZjbb

Ihke_^g__g_y\ey_lkyij_^f_lhf^Zggh]h^hdeZ^Zh^gZdhdwlhckn_j_

ijhy\ey_lkyjZklmsbcbgl_j_k\k\yabkmkbe_gb_f\gbfZgbyd

\_s_kl\ZfjZajmrZxsbfwg^hdjbggmxkbkl_fmZlZd`_\hafh`gufb

kemqZyfbhkh[hcmklhcqb\hklbiZlh]_gguo[Zdl_jbcdhfgh]bf\b^Zf

Zglb[bhlbdh\

<p_ehfebrvg_[hevrZy^heyZgljhih]_gguo\_s_kl\bkihevam_fuob

ijhba\h^bfuo\ijhfure_gghjZa\blhfh[s_kl\_bf_xloZjZdl_jgu_

k\hckl\Zhlghkysb_bodqj_a\uqZcghhiZkguf^eyex^_cIjh[e_fZ

aZdexqZ_lky\h]jhfguoh[t_fZo\_s_kl\b[hevrhfdhebq_kl\_jbkdh\

bo\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZ\h\j_fybo`bag_ggh]hpbdeZgZqbgZyhl

kbgl_aZb^hbo\uk\h[h`^_gbyq_j_ah[jZah\Zgb_hloh^h\beb\dZq_kl\_

khklZ\ghcqZklbijh^mdlZKjhdkem`[uijh^mdlZfh`_l[ulv

ijh^he`bl_evgufb\_s_kl\hfh`_lkms_kl\h\Zlv\q_eh\_q_kdhckj_^_

bebijbjh^_\l_q_gb_^ebl_evgh]hi_jbh^Z\j_f_gb_kebhghg_

jZkiZ^Z_lkybebjZkiZ^Z_lkyf_^e_gghIhwlhcijbqbg_hlkmlkl\b_

[bhobfbq_kdh]hjZaeh`_gbyb[bhgZdhie_gb_y\eyxlkyg_`_eZl_evgufb

k\hckl\Zfbld\_^mldkdZieb\Zgbx\_s_kl\Z\ibs_\uop_ihqdZoqlh

fh`_l\ua\Zlvojhgbq_kdb_ihke_^kl\byihke_^ebl_evgh]h\ha^_ckl\by\

fZeuo^haZo<ha^_ckl\b_gbadh]hmjh\gybkf_rZggh]hlbiZ\uau\Zxl

hkh[mxlj_\h]m\k\yabklZdbfbojhgbq_kdbfbihke_^kl\byfbdZd

bffmghlhdkbq_kdb_g_cjhlhdkbq_kdb_dZgp_jh]_ggu_b

j_ijh^mdlb\gu_

<ke_^mxs_clZ[ebp_^Z_lkyhp_gdZ\aZbfh^_ckl\byf_`^mhkgh\gufb

wdheh]bq_kdbfbnZdlhjZfbbi_j\bqgufbdhfihg_glZfbkj_^u

\ha^_ckl\byG_aZiheg_ggZyyq_cdZg_^he`gZ\hkijbgbfZlvkydZd

^hdZaZl_evkl\hlh]hqlh\ha^_ckl\b_\wlhfkhq_lZgbbg_\hafh`ghgh

lh]hqlhwlhg_y\ey_lkyhkgh\gufiml_f\ha^_ckl\by



LZ[ebpZ2.3 I_j\bqgu_wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju\hkgh\guokj_^ZoMdZaZgu

Obfbq_kdb_F

bdjh[bheh]bq_kdb_bnbabq_kdb_nZdlhjuRmfbobfbq_kdb\ugm`^_ggh_

MNBaemq_gb_

<HA>MO

IHQ

<H>:

\gmljb

ihf_s_

gbc

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ihf_s_

gbc

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iblv_

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ijhba\h^bl_eb

Ijhfure_gghklv OBRO O O0

K_evkdh_ohayckl\h O O O0 O0

Ijhba\h^kl\h

we_dljhwg_j]bb

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MklZgh\dbihhqbkld_

h[jZ[hld_mlbebaZpbb

hloh^h\h[t_dlu

jZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\

OB0 OO0

>hfZrgb_ohayckl\Z O O O

LjZgkihjl OROO

Q_eh\_d MM

Ijh^mdlu

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zb

ijh^mdlu

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Ihlj_[bl_evkdb_

lh\Zju

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Klhqgu_\h^u M* O0 O0 O0

I_j_ghkba^jm]bo

we_f_glh\kj_^u

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Baihq\u O O

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2.4

I_j\bqgu_bklhqgbdbbijhba\h^bl_eb

Bklhqgbdbbijhba\h^bl_ebij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcp_euck_dlhjbeb

hl^_evguch[t_dlbebebphhl\_qZxsb_aZ\hagbdgh\_gb_

wdheh]bq_kdh]hnZdlhjZbkh]eZkghhij_^_e_gbxk_dlhj^he`_g

ihgbfZlvky\rbjhdhfkfuke_keh\ZI_j\bqgu_bklhqgbdbb

ijhba\h^bl_ebnZdlhjh\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\klj_qZxlky\h[s_kl\_

ih\k_f_klghA^_kvfh`gh]h\hjblvhrbjhdhfdjm]_lZdbodeZkkbq_kdbo

bklhqgbdh\\u[jhkh\k[jhkh\dZdijhfure_gghklvljZgkihjlb

k_evkdh_ohayckl\hohlykx^Zfh`gh\dexqblvbjy^khhjm`_gbcih

mlbebaZpbbhloh^h\I_j\bqgufbklhqgbdhffh]ml[ulv^Z`_ex^b<

i_j_q_gvhkgh\guog_ihkj_^kl\_gguobklhqgbdh\\oh^yl



•

Ijhfure_gghklv

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K_evkdh_be_kgh_ohayckl\h

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Ijhba\h^kl\hwe_dljhwg_j]bb

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Khhjm`_gbyihmlbebaZpbbhqbkld_bh[jZ[hld_hloh^h\h[t_dlu

jZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\

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>\b]Zl_eb\gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgbyljZgkihjl

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>hfZrgb_ohayckl\Z

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Ex^bmqj_`^_gby[hevgbpu

2.4.1

Ijhfure_gghklv

H[t_dlub\b^u^_yl_evghklbgZ\_^_gb_dhlhjuolj_[m_lky

ki_pbZevgh_jZaj_r_gb_ijbjh^hhojZgguohj]Zgh\

Ijhfure_gguck_dlhj±wlhdeZkkbq_kdbcbklhqgbdaZ]jyag_gbyKZfu_

\Z`gu_ijhfure_ggu_ij_^ijbylbyklhqdbaj_gbyaZ]jyag_gby

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcaZj_]bkljbjh\Zggu_h[t_dlubeb

\b^u^_yl_evghklbkh]eZkghAZdhgmh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u^ey

\k_obadhlhjuolj_[m_lkyki_pbZevgh_wdheh]bq_kdh_jZaj_r_gb_LZdb_

\b^u^_yl_evghklbbh[t_dlu\dexqZxl\k_[yrbjhdbcdjm]jZ[hlhl

gZijbf_ji_j_jZ[hldbbh[jZ[hldbf_lZeeh\g_nl_i_j_jZ[hldbb

obfbq_kdh]hb[bheh]bq_kdh]hijhba\h^kl\Z^hh[_a\j_`b\Zgbyhloh^h\

bwdkiemZlZpbbZ\lh^jhfh\;m^mqbbklhqgbdZfbaZ]jyag_gbywlb

h[t_dlub\b^u^_yl_evghklboZjZdl_jbamxlky\ha^_ckl\b_fgZ

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mdhlhjh_g_h[oh^bfhj_]mebjh\Zlvb

j_]eZf_glbjh\Zlv_s_^hgZqZeZ^_yl_evghklbh[t_dlh\

H[t_dlub\b^u^_yl_evghklbgZ\_^_gb_dhlhjuog_lj_[m_lky

ki_pbZevgh]hjZaj_r_gbyijbjh^hhojZgguohj]Zgh\

H[t_dlZfbb\b^Zfb^_yl_evghklbg_lj_[mxsbfbkh]eZkh\Zgby

y\eyxlkyfZeu_bkj_^gb_ij_^ijbylby[hevrbgkl\hbadhlhjuo

ijhba\h^bllh`_qlhbh[t_dlugZ^_yl_evghklvdhlhjuolj_[m_lky

ijbjh^hhojZggh_jZaj_r_gb_ghlhevdh\f_gvrbofZkrlZ[ZoWlbf

ij_^ijbylbyfjZaj_r_gb_g_gm`ghghhgbh[yaZguaZy\blvhk\h_f

mqj_`^_gbbf_klguf\eZklyf^hgZqZeZk\h_c^_yl_evghklbH[jZah\Zgb_

wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\wlbfbij_^ijbylbyfbg_lZd\_ebdhdZdgZ

h[t_dlZob^ey\b^h\^_yl_evghklbih^e_`Zsboh[yaZl_evghc\u^Zq_

wdheh]bq_kdbojZaj_r_gbcgh\k_`_lZdb_h[t_dlulj_[mxl

hij_^_e_ggh]h\gbfZgby

Ijhqb_h[t_dlub\b^u^_yl_evghklb

Dijhqbfh[t_dlZfb\b^Zf^_yl_evghklbhlghkylkyj_klhjZguhnbku

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