Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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2.4.2

K_evkdh_be_kgh_ohayckl\h

K_evkdh_ohayckl\h

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E_kgh_ohayckl\h

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2.4.3

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2.4.4

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jZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\

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jZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\P_evxh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfby\ey_lkykhdjZs_gb_

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2.4.5

Q_eh\_d

<g_dhlhjuokemqZyoq_eh\_dlZd`_fh`_l[ulvijyfufbklhqgbdhf

wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\Bf_xlky\\b^mkblmZpbbdh]^Zh^bgq_eh\_d

fh`_laZjZablv^jm]h]hgZoh^ykv\h^ghcblhc`_\g_rg_ckj_^_

gZijbf_j\ieZ\Zl_evghf[Zkk_cg_beb\\h^_^eydmiZgbyijb

aZ]jyag_gbb\h^un_dZebyfbbebaZ]jyag_gbbihiZ\r_fkdh`gh]h

ihdjh\Z



2.5

Ijh^mdpbybhloh^u

<g_dhlhjuokemqZyoi_j\bqgucijhba\h^bl_evy\ey_lky

g_ihkj_^kl\_ggufbklhqgbdhfwdheh]bq_kdh]hnZdlhjZgZijbf_jrmfZ

bebaZ]jyag_gby\ha^moZhlljZgkihjlZghqZklhnZdlhjukj_^u

i_j_ghkylky\hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m\ijh^mdpbbbebhloh^Zo

ijhba\h^bl_eyLZdhcijh^mdpb_cfh]ml[ulvh[uqgu_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_

lh\ZjuZlZd`_fZl_jbZeubkihevam_fu_^eykljhbl_evkl\Zbeb

gZijbf_jijh^mdpbyZ]jhobfbbb[bhpb^uIZjZee_evgh\ihlhd_

hloh^h\kms_kl\mxlbwdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjuij_^klZ\eyxsb_

ihl_gpbZevgmxm]jham^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZWlbhloh^ufh]ml

\dexqZlv\k_[yhiZkgu_hloh^u[ulh\u_hloh^ubjy^[he__bebf_g__

ohjhrhhij_^_e_gguohloh^h\ijhfure_gghklbijhba\h^kl\Z

we_dljhwg_j]bbbk_evkdh]hohayckl\Z

G_ijbgpbibZevghiml_r_kl\mxlebwdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju\

ijh^mdpbbbeb\hloh^Zoh[sbf^eygboy\ey_lkylhqlhwlbnZdlhju

fh]ml[ulvkdjulufbbebijbkmlkl\h\Zlv\f_kl_gZijbf_j\

kljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeZoihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\ZjZobebobfbq_kdbo

\_s_kl\Zobijh^mdpbbG_iheguckibkhdh[uqghcijh^mdpbbbhloh^h\

\dexqZ_l\k_[y

•

ihlj_[bl_evkdb_lh\Zju

•

m^h[j_gbyijh^mdpbxZ]jhobfbbb[bhpb^u

•

fZl_jbZeubkihevam_fu_^eykljhbl_evkl\Z

•

klhqgu_\h^u

•

ijhfure_ggu_bhiZkgu_hloh^u

•

g_ijhfure_ggu_hloh^u

2.5.1

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbihlj_[bl_evkdb_lh\Zju

Kms_kl\mxsb_obfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZlubijh^mdpby

Obfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZludhlhju_ijh^Zxlijhn_kkbhgZeZfbex[bl_eyf

y\eyxlkybklhqgbdhfp_eh]hjy^ZkemqZ_\ijyfh]h\ha^_ckl\by

wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\gZq_eh\_dZ<>Zgbb\ijhfure_gghklb

k_evkdhfohayckl\_b\[ulm_`_]h^ghihlj_[ey_lkyhdhehfbeebhgh\

lhggobfbq_kdboij_iZjZlh\dhlhju_ij_^klZ\e_guijbf_jgh\

obfbq_kdboijh^mdlZo\dexqZxsboobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\

>:HHK]

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbij_iZjZlu\dexqZxlh]jhfgh_qbkeh

gZbf_gh\Zgbc\ZjbZglh\bkihevah\Zgbybihl_gpbZevgh]h\ha^_ckl\by

Obfbq_kdbfb\_s_kl\Zfbl_g_kf_rZggufb^jm]k^jm]hf

obfbq_kdbfbij_iZjZlZfbdhlhju_bf_xlky\gZebqbbm

g_ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]hihevah\Zl_eyy\eyxlky\hkgh\ghfjZkl\hjbl_eb

bdbkehluBo\ha^_ckl\b_h[uqghijhbkoh^bl\h\j_fyjZaebqguo

ijhfu\hdihehkdZgbcbqbklhd>h\hevghqZklhhgbkemqZcghihiZ^Zxl

\jhlj_[_gdZbeb\ha^_ckl\mxlgZdh`mObfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZlu

ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hc]hjZa^h[he__jZaghh[jZagmx]jmiim\dexqZxsmx\

k_[ygZijbf_jdjZkdbbeZdbdhkf_lbdmfhxsb_kj_^kl\Zde_cb

hqbsZxsb_kj_^kl\ZH[eZklvboijbf_g_gbybihl_gpbZevgh]h

\ha^_ckl\by_kl_kl\_gghrbj_ihkjZ\g_gbxkobfbq_kdbfb\_s_kl\Zfb

G_dhlhju_bogbofh]mlhdZau\Zlvkbevgh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZdZq_kl\h



\ha^moZ\ihf_s_gbyodjZkdbbeZdbZbkihevah\Zgb_^jm]bofh`_l

ijb\_klbdi_jbh^bq_kdbih\lhjyxs_fmkybijh^he`bl_evghfm

\ha^_ckl\bxdhkf_lbdZ

<ijh^Z`_bf__lky[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hjZaebqguoobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\b

ijh^mdpbbbagZqbl_evgu_mkbebyljZlylkygZgZg_k_gb_ki_pbZevguo

ij_^mij_^bl_evguogZ^ibk_cgZmiZdh\dmdhlhju_ijba\ZgukhdjZlblv

\ha^_ckl\b_aZkq_lh]jZgbq_gbybobkihevah\Zgbybebj_dhf_g^Zpbcih

ijbf_g_gbxki_pbZevguokj_^kl\bg^b\b^mZevghcaZsblu

DeZkkbnbdZpbybfZjdbjh\dZobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\y\eyxlky\Z`gufb

bgkljmf_glZfbkha^Zgby[_ahiZkgh]hb_^bgh]hkihkh[ZdhgljheyaZ

bkihevah\Zgb_fobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\gZijbf_jdhgljheyaZp_eyfb

bkihevah\Zgbyf_lh^Zbkihevah\ZgbybliBkihevah\Zgb_

deZkkbnbdZpbbbfZjdbjh\db[he__ih^jh[ghbaeh`_gh\=eZ\_

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z\ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\ZjZo

Fgh]b_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_lh\Zjug_\hkijbgbfZxlkydZd\hafh`guc

bklhqgbdwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\h^gZdhijbijhba\h^kl\_

ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\Zjh\bkihevamxlkyobfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbijh^mdlu

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zfh]mlijbkmlkl\h\Zlv\ihlj_[bl_evkdhflh\Zj_

ihlhfmqlhhgb\uihegyxlhij_^_e_ggmxnmgdpbxbebdZdqZklv

kljmdlmjgh]hfZl_jbZeZbebij_^klZ\eyykh[hcklZ[bebaZlhjbeb\

dZq_kl\_mdjZr_gbybliIjbf_jZfbobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\dhlhju_

dh]^Zlhki_pbZevghbkihevah\Zebkv\ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\ZjZogh

k_cqZkbogZebqb_g_`_eZl_evghbbgh]^Z^Z`_aZij_s_ghy\eyxlky

dZ^fbcbk\bg_pbkihevah\Z\rb_ky^eyhdjZkdbwfZe_cb]eZamjb

ieZklbnbdZlhjunlZeZlZ\I<OZlZd`_g_dhlhju_g_bhggu_

ih\_joghklghZdlb\gu_kh_^bg_gby\jZaebqghcijh^mdpbb

a^jZ\hhojZg_gby

Bgh]^ZhklZlhqgh_kh^_j`Zgb_bebaZ]jyag_gb_\uims_ggh]hlh\ZjZ

dZdbfeb[h\_s_kl\hffh`_lij_^klZ\eylvijh[e_fm^eya^hjh\vy

q_eh\_dZQZs_\k_]hwlZdhgp_gljZpbyg_\_ebdZblj_\h]m\uau\Z_lg_

djZldh\j_f_gguclhdkbq_kdbcwnn_dlZkdhj__hl^Ze_ggu_ihke_^kl\by

\ha^_ckl\bylZdbo\_s_kl\;_gahe\eb]jhbg_dhlhjucbkihevam_lky^ey

lbih]jZnkdbodjZkhdhklZlhqgh_kh^_j`Zgb_oehjbjh\Zgguoi_klbpb^h\

b^bhdkbgZ\h^_`^_gbd_ev\fgh]hqbke_gguokieZ\Zoih^h[gh

aZ]jyagyxsbf\_s_kl\Zf\^jm]bolh\ZjZo±ijbf_jug_`_eZl_evguo

kh_^bg_gbcdhlhju_\hagbdZxlg_dZdj_amevlZlbogZf_j_ggh]h

^h[Z\e_gbyijbijhba\h^kl\_ghdZdg_h[oh^bfu_dhfihg_glubeb

ijbkmsb_hij_^_e_gghfmfZl_jbZembebhi_jZpbbijbdhgdj_lghf

ijhba\h^kl\_gghfijhp_kk_aZ]jyagbl_eb

GZmkeh\byijh`b\Zgby\dZdhfeb[hihf_s_gbbfh`_lkbevghih\ebylv

\u[hjkljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeh\Wlhk\yaZghkboijh^he`bl_evguf

\ha^_ckl\b_fg_agZqbl_evgufh[f_ghf\ha^moZ\ihf_s_gbyob

h]jhfgufbiehsZ^yfbdhebq_kl\hf\_s_kl\ihl_gpbZevgh\u^_ey_fuf

bbkiZjy_fufbabebkih\_joghklbfZl_jbZeZHkh[h_\gbfZgb_

m^_ey_lkye_lmqbfkh_^bg_gbyfldbkiZj_gbybakl_gbiheh\\

aZfdgmluoihf_s_gbyok[hevrbfbih\_joghklyfbfh]mlijb\_klbd

\ukhdhcdhgp_gljZpbbwlbokh_^bg_gbcIj_^f_lhf\gbfZgbyklZehb

\u^_e_gb_ieZklbnbdZlhjh\baiheb\bgbeoehjb^gh]hihdjulbyiheZ

hkh[_ggh\h\j_fy_]hfulvyfhxsbfb\_s_kl\Zfb



2.5.2

M^h[j_gbyijh^mdpbyZ]jhobfbbb[bhpb^u

M^h[j_gby

M^h[j_gbyb^jm]b_fZl_jbZeuf_ebhjbjmxsb_ihq\mfh]mlhdZau\Zlv

\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZIjbf_g_gb_hkZ^dZkhqbklguo

khhjm`_gbcgZk_evkdhohayckl\_gguoa_feyoij_^iheZ]Z_lhiZkghklv

dhglZdlZkgbfq_eh\_dZZbkihevah\Zgb_gZ\haZfh`_l\ua\Zlv[hevrb_

ijh[e_fuk\yaZggu_dZdk_]haZiZohflZdbk\hafh`gufb

ihke_^kl\byfb^eya^hjh\vy\j_amevlZl_\^uoZgbyZffbZdZ<h\j_fy

jZa[jZku\ZgbygZ\haZfh]mlh[jZah\u\Zlvkybi_j_ghkblvkygZ[hevrb_

jZkklhygbyZwjhahebkh^_j`Zsb_iZlh]_ggu_fbdjhhj]ZgbafuDZd

mdZau\Zehkv\ur_g_dhlhju_bkdmkkl\_ggu_nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby

kh^_j`ZllZdh_dhebq_kl\hdZ^fbydhlhjh_^Zlkdb_\_^hfkl\Zkhqeb

g_ijb_fe_fufbaaZ_]h\hafh`gh]hih]ehs_gbyjZkl_gbyfb>jm]bfb

ihke_^kl\byfbfh]mly\eylvkyhklZlhqgu_dhgp_gljZpbbgbljZlh\\

iblv_\hc\h^_bijh^mdlZoiblZgbydhlhju_y\eyxlkyh[t_dlZfb

fhgblhjbg]Zb^eydhlhjuomklZgh\e_guij_^_evgu_ihdZaZl_eb

dZq_kl\Z

I_klbpb^u

<kbemlh]hqlhi_klbpb^uy\eyxlky[bheh]bq_kdbZdlb\gufb

kh_^bg_gbyfb\hafh`gh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZbohklZlhqguo

dhgp_gljZpbc\iblv_\hc\h^_bijh^mdlZoiblZgbyijb\h^bld

g_h[oh^bfhklbijh\_^_gbyrbjhdhfZkrlZ[guoijh]jZfffhgblhjbg]Z

h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo[_ahiZkghklv\h^ubijh^mdlh\iblZgby^eya^hjh\vy

q_eh\_dZBkihevah\Zgb_bijbf_g_gb_i_klbpb^h\±wlhlsZl_evgh

j_]mebjm_fZyh[eZklvAZijhr_^rb_e_lgZjugd_ihy\bebkvbkgh\Z

bkq_aebfgh]b_\b^ui_klbpb^h\G_dhlhju_\b^ui_klbpb^h\gZijbf_j

jlmlvhj]Zgbq_kdb_boehjhj]Zgbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gbyih^\_j]ebkv

`_kldhfmh]jZgbq_gbxbeb[uebaZij_s_gudijbf_g_gbx\k\yabkbo

hiZkghklvx^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ

;bhpb^u

I_klbpb^udhlhju_bkihevamxlky\k_dlhjZohlebqguohlk_evkdh]h

ohayckl\ZgZau\Zxlky[bhpb^ZfbLZdbfb\b^Zfbbkihevah\Zgbyfh]ml

[ulvZd\ZdmevlmjZdjZkdZ^eydhjZ[e_c^_abgn_dpbykebfbpb^u\

hoeZ`^Zxsbokbkl_fZoZlZd`_jy^^jm]boh[eZkl_cbkihevah\Zgby

bagbohij_^_e_gu\>bj_dlb\_?Kih[bhpb^ghcijh^mdpbb?WK

;bhpb^ubf_xlkeh`gmxfh^_evbkihevah\Zgbyb\b^bfhbo[m^_l

bkihevah\Zlv[hevr__qbkehg_ijhn_kkbhgZevguoihevah\Zl_e_cih

kjZ\g_gbxki_klbpb^Zfb;bhpb^ufh]mllZd`_jZkijhkljZgylvky\

`beuojZchgZogZijbf_j^ey[hjv[ukgZk_dhfufbihwlhfmbo

\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZfh`_lij_^klZ\eylvkh[hc[óevrmxhiZkghklv

;bhpb^uijbkmlkl\mxl\hfgh]bo\b^Zoobfbq_kdhcijh^mdpbb

\uihegyynmgdpbxdhgk_j\ZpbbgZijbf_j\djZkdZobhqbklbl_eyogh

bolZd`_bkihevamxlb\kljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeZoldZgyob^jm]bo

fZl_jbZeZo^eyij_^hl\jZs_gbyijhp_kkh\[bheh]bq_kdh]hjZaeh`_gby

Hq_\b^ghqlhmijh^mdpbbk^ebl_evgufkjhdhfojZg_gbybebkem`[u

kdhj__\k_]h\khklZ\__klv[bhpb^u



2.5.3

Ijhfure_ggu_hloh^u

Ijhfure_ggu_hloh^ufh]mlkh^_j`ZlvfZl_jbZeudhlhju_fh]ml

\ebylvgZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZL_fg_f_g__kbkl_fZhlg_k_gbyhloh^h\d

hiZkguf\hkgh\_dhlhjhce_`Zldjbl_jbbih^h[gu_l_fdhlhju_

bkihevamxlkyijbdeZkkbnbdZpbbobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bij_iZjZlh\

ij_^hl\jZsZ_lfgh]b_jbkdbbhiZkghklbk\yaZggu_kihl_gpbZevguf

\ha^_ckl\b_fwlbohloh^h\Hij_^_e_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_\k_`_fh`_l

hklZ\Zlvkyb\hafh`ghbf_lvg_]Zlb\gu_ihke_^kl\by^eya^hjh\vy

q_eh\_dZhkh[_ggh_keb]h\hjblvhkhklhygbbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\ahg_ijhfure_ggh]hh[t_dlZ

HiZkgu_hloh^u

Ijhfure_gghklvgZjZ\g_k^jm]bfbdhff_jq_kdb_k_dlhjZfby\ey_lky

ijhba\h^bl_e_fhloh^h\h^gZdhh[jZamxsb_ky\ijhfure_gghklb

hiZkgu_hloh^ubebijh^mdpbydhlhjZy\ihke_^kl\bbij_\jZsZ_lky\

hiZkgu_hloh^ukqblZxlkyihl_gpbZevghgZb[he__hiZkgufb^ey

a^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ<b^uhiZkguohloh^h\bbodhfihg_glh\^_eylkygZ

fgh]hdZl_]hjbcghh[sbfbk\hckl\Zfb^_eZxsbfbhloh^uhiZkgufb

y\eyxlkylZdb_dZddhjjhabhggu_lhdkbqgu_y^h\blu_\uau\Zxsb_

jZa^jZ`_gbybeb\aju\hhiZkgu_Kj_^bijh[e_fguo^eya^hjh\vy

ijhfure_gguohloh^h\qZklhgZoh^ylkykbevgu_dbkehlubs_ehqb

2.5.4

G_ijhfure_ggu_hloh^u

;ulh\u_hloh^u

H[uqgh[ulh\u_hloh^ubebfmkhjg_kqblZxlky\Z`gufbklhqgbdhf

wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\mxsbogZa^hjh\v_gZk_e_gby\p_ehf

ghbklhqgbdhfnZdlhjh\\ebyxsbogZa^hjh\v_\ijhba\h^kl\_gghc

kj_^_gZijbf_jfbdjhhj]Zgbafh\<>Zgbb[ulh\u_hloh^uihklmiZxl

gZkhhjm`_gby[bheh]bq_kdhchqbkldbbeb\i_qb^eyk`b]Zgby

EhdZevgh_k`b]Zgb_lZdbohloh^h\fh`_lklZlvijbqbghc\u[jhkZjy^Z

g_`_eZl_evguoaZ]jyagbl_e_cgZijbf_j^bhdkbgh\bnmjZgh\

Klhqgu_\h^u

<>ZgbbgZ^hexkbkl_fdhffmgZevghcdZgZebaZpbbijboh^blky[he__

klhqguo\h^[óevrZyqZklvhklZ\rbokyklhdh\hl\h^blky\k_ilbdb

bebj_`_±g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\ijb_fgbdb>eyhqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^b

ijhba\h^bfh]hhkZ^dZmklZgh\e_guij_^_evgu_\_ebqbguLZdbf

h[jZahf\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZklhqguo\h^bebZwjhahe_c

\hagbdZxsbo\ijhp_kk_hqbkldbg_y\ey_lkyh[uqgufy\e_gb_f\

>ZgbbB\k_`_\ha^_ckl\b_klhdh\\ha^moZbebhkZ^dZkh^_j`Zsbo

wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjugZkhljm^gbdh\hqbklguokhhjm`_gbc\hafh`gh

LZddZdhqbs_gguchkZ^hdbkihevam_lky\k_evkdhfohayckl\_\dZq_kl\_

m^h[j_gbyihl_gpbZevghkms_kl\m_llZdhcimlv^ey\ha^_ckl\byhkZ^dZ

dZd\h\j_fyb]j^_l_cbebijb\uiheg_gbbdZdboeb[hjZ[hlgZiheyo

Dhfihkl

KZ^h\ucb[ulh\hcdhfihkl\p_ehfg_kqblZ_lkyijh[e_fZlbqgufk

lhqdbaj_gbywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\mxsbogZa^hjh\v_

q_eh\_dZh^gZdh[uebaZj_]bkljbjh\ZgukemqZbbgnbpbjh\Zgby

aZjZ`_gbybihiZ^Zgby]jb[dh\uokihj\^uoZl_evgmxkbkl_fmmjZ[hqbo



p_gljZevguokhhjm`_gbcihijhba\h^kl\mdhfihklZijh[e_f

<ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_gZk_e_gby\p_ehfg_h`b^Z_lky

Hloh^u`bag_^_yl_evghklbq_eh\_dZ

;ulh\u_hloh^uba[hevgbpb^jm]bomqj_`^_gbc]^_bg^b\b^mZevgu_

]b]b_gbq_kdb_ijhp_^mjuhkms_kl\eyxlkyijhn_kkbhgZeZfbfh]ml

kh^_j`ZlvdZefhqmbeb^jm]b_aZ]jyag_ggu_hloh^u<kemqZyodh]^Z

lZdb_hloh^uihklmiZxlgZiheb]hgubebdhfihklbjmxlky\hafh`gh

jZkijhkljZg_gb_bgnbpbjh\Zggh]hfZl_jbZeZ

2.6

Ijbjh^gu_kj_^ub\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ

2.6.1

Ijbjh^gu_kj_^u

Wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju\dhg_qghfblh]_ihiZ^Zxl\ijbjh^gu_kj_^u

dhlhju_ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcljbhkgh\gu_kj_^ugZoh`^_gbynZdlhjh\

lZdb_dZd\ha^moihq\Zb\h^ZKm^v[ZnZdlhjZ\dhgdj_lghcijbjh^ghc

kj_^_aZ\bkblhloZjZdl_jbklbdkZfh]hnZdlhjZblhcijbjh^ghckj_^u\

dhlhjhchggZoh^blky

Nbabdhobfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zobfbq_kdh]hkh_^bg_gbyhij_^_eyxl_]h

jZkijhkljZg_gb_\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_gZijbf_je_lmqb_kh_^bg_gby

h[gZjm`b\Zxlky]eZ\gufh[jZahf\\ha^mrghckj_^_]b^jhnbevgu_

kh_^bg_gby±]eZ\gufh[jZahf\\h^_Zkbevgh]b^jhnh[gu_kh_^bg_gby

ijbkmlkl\mxl\hkZ^d_hleh`_gbyobeb[bhl_Obfbq_kdh_kh_^bg_gb_

fh`_ljZkiZ^Zlvky\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_bijh^mdlujZkiZ^Zfh]ml[ulv

beb[he__lhdkbqgufbbebf_g__lhdkbqgufbihkjZ\g_gbxkgZqZevguf

kh_^bg_gb_fJZkiZ^\_s_kl\ZaZ\bkbldZdhloZjZdl_jbklbdkZfh]h

kh_^bg_gbylZdbhlmkeh\bchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uijbkmlkl\b_

fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\iblZl_evguo\_s_kl\\eZ`ghklbbij:gZeh]bqgh

kms_kl\h\Zgb_iZlh]_gguofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\aZ\bkblhlnbabq_kdbo

obfbq_kdbob[bheh]bq_kdbomkeh\bchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ul_fi_jZlmju

iblZl_evguo\_s_kl\dbkehjh^Zdhgdmj_gpby^jm]bofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\b

li

<dZq_kl\_ijbf_jZfh`ghjZkkfhlj_lvaZ]jyag_gb_ihq\ub]jmglh\

g_nl_ijh^mdlZfbG_dhlhju_dhfihg_glug_nlbfh]mlbgl_gkb\gh

ih]ehsZlvkyqZklbpZfb]jmglZbgZoh^blvky\g_f[_a^\b`_gby>jm]b_

jZkl\hjyxlky\nbevljm_fhc\h^_b\dhg_qghfblh]_ihiZ^Zxl\

]jmglh\u_\h^u?klvblZdb_dhlhju_bkiZjyxlkybaihq\u\

Zlfhkn_jguc\ha^mobfh]mlihiZklv\\ha^mrgmxkj_^m`beuo

ihf_s_gbcihkljh_gguogZaZ]jyag_gguomqZkldZoJZkiZ^dhfihg_glh\

g_nlbfh`_lijhbkoh^blv\h\k_owlbokblmZpbyoZf_oZgbafbkdhjhklv

jZkiZ^Z[m^_laZ\bk_lvhlobfbq_kdbobnbabq_kdbomkeh\bcgZijbf_j

ijbkmlkl\bydbkehjh^Z\h^uhj]Zgbq_kdh]hfZl_jbZeZS+nZdlhjZ

ihq\u__fbg_jZevgh]hkhklZ\Zb^j

2.6.2

<ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ

<k_ex^bih^\_j]Zxlky\ha^_ckl\bxwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\q_j_a

gZijbf_j\ha^modhlhjuffu^urbf\h^mdhlhjmxiv_fdhglZdlk

jZaebqgufb\_s_kl\Zfbbij_iZjZlZfbbijH^gZdhkl_i_gvwlh]h

\ha^_ckl\byjZaebqgZbaZ\bkblhlkj_^u\dhlhjhcfugZoh^bfkyb



gZr_]hih\_^_gbyIjbqbghclZdhcjZagbpufh`_l[ulv

•

F_klhgZoh`^_gb_^hfZbih\k_^g_\gZy^_yl_evghklv]hjh^beb

k_evkdZyf_klghklvhkh[Zykj_^Z

•

>_yl_evghklvdhlhjhcfuaZgbfZ_fky\jZaebqguo\g_rgbokj_^Zo

^_yl_evghklvdhlhjZy\uau\Z_lhkh[u_\b^u\ha^_ckl\bygZijbf_j

\h\j_fyjZ[hluih_a^hdgZljZgkihjl_\k\h[h^gh_\j_fyijb

aZgylbyokihjlhf\h\j_fy^_lkdbob]jbli

•

<u[hjijh^mdlh\iblZgbyblZdbo\b^h\ijh^mdpbbdZdgZijbf_j

h^_`^Zdhkf_lbdZx\_ebjgu_ba^_ebylh\Zjh\[ulh\hcobfbbb^j

•

Mkeh\byijh`b\Zgbykljhbl_evgu_fZl_jbZeu\_glbeypbybij

Imlb\ha^_ckl\byfh]ml[ulvijyfufbbebhihkj_^h\Zggufb

Ijbf_jZfbijyfuoiml_c\ha^_ckl\byy\eyxlky

•

<^uoZgb_aZ]jyag_ggh]h\ha^moZ

•

<^uoZgb_Zwjhahe_ckh^_j`ZsboiZlh]_ggu_fbdjhhj]Zgbafu

•

IhiZ^Zgb_aZ]jyag_gghcihq\ubeb\h^u\hj]Zguibs_\Zj_gby

•

Khijbdhkgh\_gb_dh`bkijh^mdpb_cbebaZ]jyag_gghc\g_rg_c

kj_^hc

Zhihkj_^h\Zggh_dhk\_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_fh`_l[ulvijb

•

ihiZ^Zgbb\hj]Zguibs_\Zj_gbyijh^mdlh\iblZgbyihemq_gguogZ

aZ]jyag_gguoa_feyo

•

ghr_gbbaZ]jyag_gghch^_`^u

•

\^uoZgbbbkiZj_gbcbaaZ]jyag_gghcihq\ubeb\h^u

Ijbhij_^_e_gbbh[hkgh\Zggh]hom^r_]hkemqZyijyfh]hb

hihkj_^h\Zggh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZmqblu\Zxlkymya\bfu_]jmiiu

gZk_e_gby^jm]b_nZdlhjujbkdZb]jmiiu\hafh`gh]h\ha^_ckl\bydZd

wlhgZijbf_jk^_eZgh\Hp_gd_?\jhi_ckdh]hKhxaZwdheh]bq_kdh]h

jbkdZobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bkh_^bg_gbc(87*'?K]

Djhf_jZaebqbc\kl_i_gb\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZkms_kl\mxljZaebqby

b\mya\bfhklbhl^_evguoex^_cbhkh[uo]jmiigZk_e_gbyKl_i_gv

mya\bfhklb^Z`_h^gh]hblh]h`_q_eh\_dZfh`_l[ulvjZaghc\

aZ\bkbfhklbhlh[s_]hkhklhygbya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZbijbkmlkl\by

^jm]boklj_kkhjh\LZdb_bg^b\b^mZevgu_hlebqbykljm^hfih^^Zxlky

mq_lmijbj_]mebjh\Zgbbh^gZdhjZkkfhlj_gb_\hijhkh\hlghkysbokyd

hij_^_e_ggufhkh[hqm\kl\bl_evguf]jmiiZfaZgbfZ_lp_gljZevgh_

f_klh\^Zlkdhfbf_`^mgZjh^ghfghjfZlb\ghfijZ\h\hf

j_]mebjh\ZgbbgZijbf_jhkh[h_\gbfZgb_m^_ey_lkyaZsbl_^_l_cb

[_j_f_gguo`_gsbg

KqblZ_lkyqlh^_lby\eyxlkymya\bfhc]jmiihcdZdbaaZbo

nbabheh]bq_kdh]hjhklZjZa\blbyhj]Zgh\hlghkbl_evgh[hevr_]h

h[t_fZ\^uoZ_fh]h\ha^moZblilZdbbaaZboh[jZaZ^_ckl\bc

gZijbf_jb]jihklhyggh]h`_eZgby\aylv\jhldZdb_lhij_^f_lub^j

IhwlhfmfZe_gvdb_^_lbjZkkfZljb\ZxlkydZdp_e_\Zy]jmiiZ^eyaZsblu

hlnZdlhjh\k\yaZgguokaZ]jyag_gghcihq\hcihkdhevdmhgbfh]ml[ulv

[he__mya\bfudobfbq_kdhfm\ha^_ckl\bxbihlhfmqlhhgbgZb[he__

ih^\_j`_gu\ha^_ckl\bxihq\uihiZ^Zgb_ihq\ug_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\

hj]Zguibs_\Zj_gby^_jfZevgucdhglZdlkihq\hc



;_j_f_ggu_`_gsbgukqblZxlky_s_h^ghchkh[hqm\kl\bl_evghc

]jmiihcgZk_e_gbyWlhk\yaZgh\hkh[_gghklbkjZa\blb_fieh^Zb

kms_kl\h\Zgb_fmg_]hi_jbh^h\mya\bfhklb

2.6.3

IheblbdZgZijZ\e_ggZygZhojZgma^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ

<ihke_^gb_]h^u\hafh`ghfm\ebygbxnZdlhjh\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ugZ

a^hjh\v_gZk_e_gbyklZehm^_eylvky\k_[hevr_\gbfZgbyAZihke_^gb_

^_kylbe_lbymgZk_e_gbygZ[ex^Z_lkym\_ebq_gb_qbkeZZee_j]bq_kdbo

j_Zdpbcqlh\jy^ebfh`ghh[tykgblvlhevdh]_g_lbq_kdhc

ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklvx<k\yabkl_fqlhZee_j]byjZa\b\Z_lky\

^_lkdhf\hajZkl_p_gljhf\gbfZgbyklZeh\ha^_ckl\b_gZ]jm^guo^_l_c

b^_l_cfeZ^r_]h\hajZklZ

Ij_^f_lZfbbamq_gbyy\eyxlky\qZklghklbjZaebqgu_wdheh]bq_kdb_

nZdlhjugZijbf_jdebfZl\ihf_s_gbyoaZ]jyag_gguc\ha^mo

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p_gljZevghcg_j\ghckbkl_fubiheh\uohj]Zgh\

Obfbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gbydhlhju_fh]ml\ebylvgZmjh\_gvjh`^Z_fhklb

h[gZjm`_gukj_^b`b\hlguobhj]Zgbafh\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uZlZd`_\

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jlmlvIO;b^bhdkbgu

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\ha^_ckl\by

<k\_l_\hafh`guoihke_^kl\bcddhlhjufijb\h^blmom^r_gb_

khklhygbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\dZq_kl\_hkgh\u^eyijh\_^_gbyhp_gdb

bj_]mebjh\Zgby\Z`ghbkihevah\Zlvijbgpbiij_^hklhjh`ghklb<wlhf

kemqZ_\hafh`ghijbgylb_f_jbkgb`_gb_\hafh`ghchiZkghklbg_bf_y