Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.



<>Zgbbijbf_gy_lkygZeh]gZmiZdh\hqgmxijh^mdpbx

khhl\_lkl\mxsbc:dlhlhdly[jy]^_ckl\m_lkyg\Zjy

]Ijbjh^hhojZggZyp_evgZeh]ZaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh[u

klbfmebjh\Zlvbkihevah\Zgb_fgh]hjZah\hcmiZdh\dbbkgbablv

dhebq_kl\hmlbebabjm_fh]hmiZdh\hqgh]hfZl_jbZeZGZeh]\abfZ_lkyk

_fdhkl_cba]hlh\e_gguokj_^bijhq_]hbaieZklbdZkl_deZf_lZeeZ

dZjlhgZbdhfihabpbhgguofZl_jbZeh\ZlZd`_kkmfhdiZd_lh\k

jmqdZfbba[mfZ]bbieZklfZkkuGZeh]\eby_lgZklhbfhklvlZdbo

ijh^mdlh\iblZgbydZdgZibldbjZklbl_evgh_fZkehmdkmkfZj]ZjbgZ

lZd`_gZklhbfhklvfueZfhxsbokj_^kl\kfZahqguofZl_jbZeh\

i_klbpb^h\>hoh^uhlijbf_g_gbygZeh]ZkhklZ\beb\]

fbeebhgh\^Zlkdbodjhg

GZeh]gZjZaf_s_gb_hloh^h\

<]\k_g_ij_^klZ\eyxsb_hiZkghklbhloh^uklZebh[eZ]Zlv

gZeh]hf<]b\]gZeh]jZ\_g^ZlkdbfdjhgZfklhggu

hloh^h\\u\habfuo^eyjZaf_s_gbygZiheb]hg_IeZlZaZk`b]Zgb_

lhgguhloh^h\\]khklZ\bl^Zlkdbodjhg\]wlZ`_ieZlZ

[ueZ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgghc^Zlkdbodjhgb^Zlkdbodjhgijb

ihemq_gbbwg_j]bb\h\j_fyk`b]Zgbyb[_aihemq_gbylZdh\hc

khhl\_lkl\_gghGZeh]k\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_fuoi_j_jZ[Zlu\Z_fuo

ih\lhjghbkihevam_fuobebi_j_jZ[Zlu\Z_fuogZdhfihklhloh^h\g_

\abfZ_lky<]gZeh]gZhloh^uijbg_k\dZagmfbeebhgh\

^Zlkdbodjhg>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uD

P_ev\abfZgbygZeh]ZaZdexqZ_lky\klbfmebjh\Zgbbi_j_jZ[hldb

hloh^h\bm\_ebq_gby^hebhloh^h\mlbebabjm_fuokihfhsvx

kh\j_f_gguol_ogheh]bcGZeh]gZmlbebabjm_fu_hloh^uy\bekyhq_gv

\Z`gufbgkljmf_glhfihkdhevdm_]hijbf_g_gb_ijb\_ehd

kms_kl\_gghfmjhklmh[t_fh\i_j_jZ[hldbhloh^h\bagZqbl_evghfm

khdjZs_gbxh[t_fh\hloh^h\\u\habfuogZiheb]hgu<]gZ

iheb]hgu[ueh\u\_a_gh\k_]hebrvhl\k_ohloh^h\

h[jZah\Z\rboky\kljZg_QlhdZkZ_lky\hafh`gh]hfhr_ggbq_kl\Zlh

fh`ghkdZaZlvqlhkh\j_f_gb\\_^_gbygZeh]Zm\_ebq_gbyh[t_fh\

g_aZdhggh]haZohjhg_gbyhloh^h\hlf_q_ghg_[ueh

AZeh]h\h\ha\jZlgZykbkl_fZ

K]\>Zgbbib\hb[_aZedh]hevgu_gZibldbjZaj_r_ghijh^Z\Zlv

lhevdh\_fdhklyodhlhju_fh`gheb[hbkihevah\Zlv^eyih\lhjgh]h

aZiheg_gbyeb[hi_j_jZ[hlZlvBf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_

hln_\jZey]lj_[m_lqlh[u_fdhklbba]hlh\ey_fu_\>Zgbb

fh`gh[uehih\lhjghaZihegylvqlh[uboh[jZs_gb_hkms_kl\eyehkvih

aZeh]h\h\ha\jZlghckbkl_f_bqlh[u_fdhklbijhoh^bebml\_j`^_gb_\

>ZlkdhfZ]_glkl\_ihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uAZeh]h\Zyklhbfhklv

fZe_gvdbo[mluehd<fekhklZ\ey_l^Zlkdbodjhg[hevrbo

[mluehd±hl^h^Zlkdbodjhg

P_evijbf_g_gbywlboh[yaZl_evguokbkl_faZdexqZ_lky\h]jZgbq_gbb

h[jZah\Zgbyhloh^h\miZdh\dbb\klbfmebjh\Zgbbih\lhjgh]h

bkihevah\Zgby_fdhkl_c^eygZibldh\Ijhp_gl\ha\jZlZkhklZ\ey_l[he__

kj_^g__qbkehih\lhjgh]hbkihevah\Zgbykl_deygghc[mluedb

khklZ\ey_ljZa<ukhdbcijhp_gl\ha\jZlZfh`_lhagZqZlvlZd`_

qlh\h[s_kl\_gguof_klZohklZ\ey_lkyf_gvr_[blh]hkl_deZqlh

hagZqZ_lkgb`_gb_jbkdZihemq_gbyljZ\f[blufkl_dehf



IeZl_`bihevah\Zl_e_caZh[jZah\Zgb_hloh^h\

P_evieZl_`_cihevah\Zl_e_caZh[jZah\Zgb_hloh^h\aZdexqZ_lky\lhf

qlh[uijb\e_qvihevah\Zl_e_cmkem]ZfbfmgbpbiZevghckem`[uihk[hjm

hloh^h\gZijbf_j[ulh\u_^hfZrgb_ohayckl\Zij_^ijbylbybl^d

hieZl_aZljZlk\yaZgguokhj]ZgbaZpb_ckbkl_fuh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

ke_^myijbgpbimaZ]jyagbl_evieZlblIeZlZaZhloh^uihdju\Z_l\k_

aZljZluihg_k_ggu_fmgbpbiZebl_lhfb^he`gZkhhl\_lkl\h\Zlvmjh\gx

ij_^hklZ\e_gguomkem]ihmlbebaZpbbhloh^h\

>hlZpbbklbfmebjmxsb_bkihevah\Zgb_[he__qbkluol_ogheh]bcb

\hkklZgh\e_gb_hloh^h\

>hlZpbb\u^_eyxlkyih^ijh_dluh[_ki_qb\Zxsb_bkihevah\Zgb_[he__

qbkluol_ogheh]bcgZijZ\e_gguogZkgb`_gb_ihl_gpbZevgh]hjbkdZ^ey

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uba^hjh\vyex^_cdhlhjuckms_kl\m_l\l_q_gb_

\k_]hkjhdZkem`[ulhcbebbghcijh^mdpbb\dexqZybklZ^bx

h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb<][x^`_lkj_^kl\ih^ijh_dlu\h[eZklb

[he__qbkluol_ogheh]bc[ue[ebahddfbeebhgZf^ZlkdbodjhgAZ

kq_l^hlZpbcnbgZgkbjh\ZebkvlZd`_ijh_dlu\h[eZklb\hkklZgh\e_gby

hloh^h\\lhfqbke_ijh_dlugZijZ\e_ggu_gZmf_gvr_gb_g_]Zlb\gh]h

\ha^_ckl\bykZfboijhp_kkh\\hkklZgh\e_gbyi_j_jZ[hldbb

h[_a\j_`b\Zgbyhloh^h\<][x^`_lkj_^kl\ih^ijh_dlu

dZkZxsb_kyh[jZs_gbykhloh^ZfbkhklZ\behdhehfbeebhgh\

^Zlkdbodjhg>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u]

11.5

MqZklgbdbijhp_kkZ

Hkgh\gu_mqZklgbdbijhp_kkZj_]mebjh\Zgbyh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

i_j_qbke_gu\LZ[ebp_;he__ih^jh[gh_hibkZgb_mihfygmluo

mqZklgbdh\kfhljbl_\JZa^_e_

LZ[ebpZ MqZklgbdbbojhebbh[yaZgghklb\\hijhkZoj_]mebjh\Zgby

h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

MqZklgbdb Jhebbh[yaZgghklb\h[eZklbj_]mebjh\Zgbyh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hih

hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^u>:HHK

>:HHKb]jZ_ljhevijh\h^gbdZaZ^ZqihklZ\e_gguoi_j_^fbgbkljhf

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbbknhjfmebjh\Zgguo\:dl_h[hojZg_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u>:HHKjZ[hlZ_l\khljm^gbq_kl\_k

fmgbpbiZebl_lZfbfbgbkljhfbFbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

wg_j]_lbdb:]_glkl\h]hlh\blbf_xsb_kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gbyh[

hloh^Zobhl^_evguodZl_]hjbyohloh^h\WlZjZ[hlZ\dexqZ_ljZajZ[hldm

djbl_jb_\deZkkbnbdZpbbhiZkguohloh^h\\dexqZyhloh^u

hdZau\Zxsb_\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

>:HHK\ujZ[Zlu\Z_lgZijZ\e_gbyjZ[hluf_klguo\eZkl_chdZau\Z_l

ih^^_j`dmgZmqghbkke_^h\Zl_evkdbfbaukdZgbyf

<h[eZklbaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zihhloh^Zf>:HHK\u^Z_lhk\h[h`^_gbyhl

mieZlugZeh]h\bkh[bjZ_lhlq_lukmklZgh\hdbkhhjm`_gbcih

mlbebaZpbbhloh^h\hlq_luijhba\h^bl_e_cmdhlhjuoh[jZamxlky

hloh^uhlq_lufmgbpbiZebl_lh\H^bgebrvwlhli_j_q_gv

^_fhgkljbjm_lmjh\_gvdhfi_l_gpbb>:HHK\h[eZklbj_]mebjh\Zgby

h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

HnbpbZevgh

miheghfhq_gguc

kem`Zsbckbkl_fu

a^jZ\hhojZg_gby

<\hijhkZoh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfbki_pbZebklkbkl_fua^jZ\hhojZg_gbyg_

b]jZ_lijZdlbq_kdbgbdZdhcjheb



MqZklgbdb Jhebbh[yaZgghklb\h[eZklbj_]mebjh\Zgbyh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

Hdjm]Z Kh\_luhdjm]h\h[yaZgubgnhjfbjh\ZlvfmgbpbiZebl_lhlhf

khhl\_lkl\m_lebfmgbpbiZevgucieZgihh[jZs_gbxkhloh^Zfb

kljZl_]bbbiheh`_gbyfj_]bhgZevgh]hieZgZhdjm]Z

<khhl\_lkl\bbk:dlhfhieZgbjh\ZgbbjZa\blbyl_jjblhjbchdjm]g_k_l

hl\_lkl\_gghklvaZ\hijhku\u[hjZf_kl^eyjZaf_s_gbyij_^ijbylbc

aZ]jyagyxsbohdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m\dexqZyh[t_dlujZaf_s_gbyhloh^h\

±gh\u_iheb]hgubk\ZedbZlZd`_fmkhjhk`b]Zl_evgu_ij_^ijbylbyb

^jm]b_khhjm`_gbyihi_j_jZ[hld_bh[_a\j_`b\Zgbxhloh^h\

FmgbpbiZebl_lu FmgbpbiZebl_luhl\_qZxlaZh[jZs_gb_khloh^Zfbbh[yaZguke_^blvaZ

l_fqlh[u\k_hloh^uh[jZah\Z\rb_ky\ij_^_eZofmgbpbiZebl_lZ[ueb

kh[jZgubkhhl\_lkl\mxsbfh[jZahfmlbebabjh\Zgu<:dl_h[hojZg_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubbf_xs_fkbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gbbhq_jq_gu

h[yaZgghklbfmgbpbiZebl_lZdhlhju_\dexqZxl

•

Ih^]hlh\dmdZ`^u_]h^ZdjZldhkjhqgh]hgZ]h^Zb^he]hkjhqgh]h

gZe_lieZgZfmgbpbiZebl_lZihh[jZs_gbxkhloh^Zfb

•

ih^]hlh\dmih^aZdhgguoZdlh\mlhqgyxsbof_jhijbylby

hkms_kl\ey_fu_fmgbpbiZebl_lhf

•

h[_ki_q_gb_kh[ex^_gbyb_jZjobbijbhjbl_lh\\\hijhkZoh[jZs_gby

khloh^Zfbbhkms_kl\e_gb_h[jZs_gbywdheh]bq_kdb[_ahiZkgufb

kihkh[Zfbeb[himl_f\u^Zqbkhhl\_lkl\mxsboaZ^Zgbcklhjhggbf

hj]ZgbaZpbyfeb[himl_fhj]ZgbaZpbbk[hjZhloh^h\

•

h[_ki_q_gb_ijbf_g_gbygZijZdlbd_lj_[h\ZgbcgZpbhgZevgh]hb

fmgbpbiZevgh]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zihh[jZs_gbxkhloh^Zfb

F_`fmgbpbiZevgu_

ZkkhpbZpbbih

hloh^Zf

;hevrbgkl\h^ZlkdbofmgbpbiZebl_lh\y\ey_lkyqe_gZfb

f_`fmgbpbiZevguoZkkhpbZpbcihhloh^Zf<k_]h\>Zgbbkha^Zgu

lZdb_ZkkhpbZpbbAZ^Zqb^_e_]bjm_fu_fmgbpbiZebl_lZfb

f_`fmgbpbiZevgufZkkhpbZpbyffh]ml[ulvjZagufbH[uqgh

ZkkhpbZpbbaZgbfZxlkyih\k_^g_\gufmijZ\e_gb_fjZ[hlhcij_^ijbylbc

ihmlbebaZpbbhloh^h\lZdbodZdfmkhjhk`b]Zl_evgu_ij_^ijbylby

iheb]hguij_^ijbylbyihijhba\h^kl\mdhfihklZklZgpbbi_j_jZ[hldb

hloh^h\p_gljZevgu_ij_^ijbylbyihkhjlbjh\d_ijb]h^guo^ey

ih\lhjgh]hbkihevah\Zgby[mfZ]bbdZjlhgZ<hfgh]bokemqZyo\aZ^Zqm

ZkkhpbZpbc\oh^blhkms_kl\e_gb_ieZgbjh\Zgby\hijhkh\h[jZs_gbyk

hloh^Zfbih^]hlh\dZih^aZdhgguoZdlh\bk[hjhloh^h\

Ij_^ijbylbyih

i_j_jZ[hld_

h[_a\j_`b\Zgbxb

mlbebaZpbbhloh^h\

Jy^qZklguodhfiZgbc\eZ^__lmklZgh\dZfbbkhhjm`_gbyfbih

i_j_jZ[hld_g_dhlhjuoijb]h^guo^eyih\lhjgh]hbkihevah\Zgby\b^h\

hloh^h\gZijbf_j[mfZ]bbkl_deZ

LjZgkihjlgu_

dhfiZgbb

H[uqghihaZdhgmk[hjhfhloh^h\iheh`_ghaZgbfZlvkyfmgbpbiZebl_lZf

bebf_`fmgbpbiZevgufZkkhpbZpbyfihhloh^ZfIh^kqblZghqlh

qZklgu_dhfiZgbbkh[bjZxlhdheh\k_o[ulh\uohloh^h\\>ZgbbZ

hdheh[ulh\uohloh^h\kh[bjZ_lkyfmgbpbiZevgufbhj]ZgZfb

QZklgu_dhfiZgbbihljZgkihjlbjh\d_hloh^h\lZd`_kh[bjZxl

ijZdlbq_kdb\k_hloh^ukqZklguoij_^ijbylbcaZbkdexq_gb_f[hevr_c

qZklbhiZkguohloh^h\

Ijhba\h^bl_ebm

dhlhjuoh[jZamxlky

hloh^u

Ijhba\h^bl_ebmdhlhjuoh[jZamxlkyhloh^uij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hc

\Z`gucnZdlhj\^_e_wnn_dlb\gh]hh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb>ey

^hklb`_gby\ukhdh]hijhp_glZi_j_jZ[hldbhloh^h\bh[_ki_q_gby

jZa^_e_gbyhiZkguohloh^h\hlh[s_cfZkkuhloh^h\lj_[m_lkyZdlb\gh_

mqZklb_ijhba\h^bl_e_c\kbkl_fZok[hjZbi_j_jZ[hldbhloh^h\<>Zgbb

\ijZ\bl_evkl\_gghfieZg_ihh[jZs_gbxkhloh^ZfbgZ]]

ijyfh]h\hjblkyhlhfqlhijhba\h^bl_ebmdhlhjuoh[jZamxlkyhloh^u

^he`gub]jZlv[he__Zdlb\gmxjhev\j_r_gbb\hijhkh\k\yaZgguok

h[jZs_gb_fkhloh^Zfb



11.6

Hp_gdZ

>hgZklhys_]h\j_f_gb^Zlkdh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h\h[eZklbmlbebaZpbb

hloh^h\hq_gvmki_rghj_rZeh\hijhkuh]jZgbq_gbydhglZdlh\ex^_ck

hloh^Zfbh^gZdhbk_cqZkex^bfh]mlih^\_j]Zlvkyhihkj_^h\Zgghfm

\ha^_ckl\bx\j_^guo\u[jhkh\\hagbdZxsbo\ijhp_kk_h[jZs_gbyk

hloh^ZfbH[sZyp_evaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z\h[eZklbh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

dZkZxs_]hkyZki_dlh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh[u

ij_^hl\jZlblvex[h_\j_^gh_\ha^_ckl\b_hloh^h\gZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

g_aZ\bkbfhhllh]hijyfh_ebwlh\ha^_ckl\b_\ijhp_kk_dhglZdlZk

hloh^Zfbbebhihkj_^kl\_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_q_j_a\ha^_ckl\b_\u[jhkh\

bebk[jhkh\\hagbdZxsbo\ijhp_kk_i_j_jZ[hldbbebmlbebaZpbb

hloh^h\KkZfh]hgZqZevgh]hi_jbh^Zbklhjbbh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

dhlhjhcgZkqblu\Z_lky[he__klZe_laZsblZa^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ[ueZ

g_hlt_fe_fhcqZklvxaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z\h[eZklbh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

h^gZdhki_pbZevgu_p_ebdZkZxsb_kyg_ihkj_^kl\_gghhojZgua^hjh\vy

ex^_cebrv\j_^dbokemqZyo[uebknhjfmebjh\Zgu\y\gh\ujZ`_gghc

nhjf_

Hkgh\gZykljZl_]byaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh[uijbhjbl_lu\h[eZklb

h[jZs_gbykhloh^ZfbjZkiheZ]Zebkv\ke_^mxs_cihke_^h\Zl_evghklb

b_jZjobyijbhjbl_lh\\h[eZklbh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

Ij_^hl\jZs_gb_h[jZah\Zgbyhloh^h\mbklhqgbdZ

Ih\lhjgh_bkihevah\Zgb_

I_j_jZ[hldZ

K`b]Zgb_k\hkklZgh\e_gb_fwg_j]bb

AZohjhg_gb_bjZaf_s_gb_gZiheb]hgZo

H[uqghj_]eZf_glZpby\hijhkh\h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb\>Zgbbghkbl

hq_gvih^jh[gucoZjZdl_jbkl_i_gvi_j_jZ[hldbhloh^h\\ukhdZ

H^gZdhihij_`g_fmZdlmZevghm\_ebq_gb_h[t_fh\i_j_jZ[hldbb

\uy\e_gb_ijh[e_fguo\b^h\hloh^h\kp_evxh]jZgbq_gby\u[jhkh\b

k[jhkh\aZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\dhlhju_fh]mlhdZaZlvg_]Zlb\gh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_ex^_cbhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m<dZq_kl\_

j_]mebjmxsbobgkljmf_glh\bkihevamxlkydZdih^jh[gZy

j_]eZf_glZpbylZdbwdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glulZdb_dZdgZeh]bb

k[hjuaZh[jZah\Zgb_bjZaf_s_gb_hloh^h\Kj_^bj_]mebjmxsbo

bgkljmf_glh\ke_^m_lhlf_lblvihklZgh\e_gbyh[hl^_evguo\b^Zo

hloh^h\bh[hiZkguohloh^ZoP_evaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh[u

hlkhjlbjh\u\Zlvbah[s_cfZkkuhloh^h\gZb[he__boijh[e_fZlbqgu_

\b^ukl_fqlh[um\_ebqblv\hafh`ghklbi_j_jZ[hldbhklZxsboky

\b^h\hloh^h\Djhf_lh]h^eyih\ur_gby\hafh`ghklbi_j_jZ[hldbb

ih\lhjgh]hbkihevah\Zgbyhloh^h\\Z`_glZd`_ijbgpbihkms_kl\e_gby

khjlbjh\dbhloh^h\dZdfh`gh[eb`_df_klZfboh[jZah\Zgby±m

bklhqgbdZ

OhlyaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hj_]mebjmxs__h[jZs_gb_khloh^Zfbghkbl

hq_gvih^jh[gucoZjZdl_j_s_g_\k_ki_pbZevgu_ihklZgh\e_gby

jZ[hlZxl\k\hxihegmxkbemGug_rgb_ijh[e_fuk\yaZguij_`^_

\k_]hk\u[jhkZfbbf_xsbfbf_klhijbi_j_jZ[hld_bmlbebaZpbb

hloh^h\bhkh[_gghwlhdZkZ_lky\u[jhkh\^bhdkbgZijbk`b]Zgbb

hloh^h\dZdwlhhibkZgh\jZa^_e_



AZ^Zqbklhysb_k_]h^gy\h[eZklbaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zh[hloh^Zob\

h[eZklbijZdlbq_kdh]hh[jZs_gbykhloh^ZfbaZdexqZxlky\

ke_^mxs_f

•

H[jZs_gb_khloh^Zfbex[uo\b^h\^he`ghhkms_kl\eylvky\

khhl\_lkl\bbkijbhjbl_lZfbjZkiheZ]Zxsbfbky\b_jZjobb

ijbhjbl_lh\kljZl_]bbh[jZs_gbykhloh^ZfbdZdfh`gh\ur_

•

Dhgljhebjh\Zlvbkgb`Zlvg_]Zlb\gh_\ha^_ckl\b_hdZau\Z_fh_gZ

a^hjh\v_ex^_cbhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m\ijhp_kk_khdjZs_gbyh[t_fh\

hloh^h\bm\_ebq_gbyh[t_fh\boi_j_jZ[hldbgZijbf_jhkZ^dh\

klhqguo\h^hj]Zgbq_kdbohloh^h\reZdh\hlk`b]Zgbyhloh^h\b

I<O

KhdjZs_gb_h[t_fh\h[jZah\Zgbyhloh^h\bij_^hl\jZs_gb_bo

h[jZah\Zgbybf_xli_j\hkl_i_ggmx\Z`ghklv^eyh[_ki_q_gby

mklhcqb\h]hjZa\blby<gbfZgb_^he`gh[ulvkhkj_^hlhq_ghgZ

bklhqgbdZoh[jZah\Zgbyhloh^h\bgZih\ur_gbbhl\_lkl\_gghklb

ijhba\h^bl_e_cmdhlhjuohloh^uh[jZamxlky>jm]h_gZijZ\e_gb_

aZdexqZ_lky\m\_ebq_gbbh[t_fh\i_j_jZ[hldbhloh^h\BaaZlh]hqlh

bgh]^ZkhklZ\hloh^h\hq_gvkeh`_g\Z`gufy\ey_lkyihemqblv

^hihegbl_evgu_agZgbyhkhklZ\_hloh^h\bhihl_gpbZevghf\ha^_ckl\bb

hloh^h\gZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZhkh[_ggh\ijhp_kk_boi_j_jZ[hldb

Ki_pbZevguf\hijhkhfdhlhjucihlj_[m_l\gbfZgby\[m^ms_f

y\ey_lkyj_]mebjh\Zgb_h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb`b\hlgh]hijhbkoh`^_gby

kfykhi_j_jZ[Zlu\Zxsboij_^ijbylbckdhlh[h_g

11.7

BklhqgbdbbgnhjfZpbb

Ebl_jZlmjZ

:]_glkl\h>:HHK]KZgblZjghwib^_fbheh]bq_kdb_Zki_dlu

i_j_jZ[hldbbih\lhjgh]hbkihevah\Zgbyhj]Zgbq_kdbohloh^h\,

Wdheh]bq_kdbcijh_dl>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uFbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbDhi_g]Z]_g

:]_glkl\h>:HHKDWdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_gluhojZgu

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\>Zgbb>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uFbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbDhi_g]Z]_g

:]_glkl\h>:HHKEHloh^u\>Zgbb>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hih

hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uDhi_g]Z]_g>Zgby

Hloh^u:DVWH]IeZg^Zlkdh]hijZ\bl_evkl\Zih

mlbebaZpbbhloh^h\gZ]]Fbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

wg_j]_lbdbDhi_g]Z]_g

>Zlkdh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h

:dlh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uhlbxey]k

baf_g_gbyfb



Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[hloh^Zohlbxgy

]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hij_^hklZ\e_gbbjZaj_r_gbcgZ

hkms_kl\e_gb_hij_^_e_gguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklbhlhdly[jy

]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[bkihevah\Zgbb\

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguobbguokoh`bop_eyoaheuihemqZ_fhc\ijhp_kk_

]ZabnbdZpbbbk]hjZgby[bhfZkkubhloh^h\[bhfZkkuhlyg\Zjy

]Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[bhahe_

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[bkihevah\Zgbbhloh^h\\

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguobbguokoh`bop_eyohlyg\Zjy]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[hlklh_

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hg_dhlhjuo\b^Zo[ZlZj__db

Zddmfmeylhjh\kh^_j`ZsbohiZkgu_\_s_kl\Zhl^_dZ[jy

]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hk[hj_k\bgph\uoZddmfmeylhjh\b

h\haf_s_gbbjZkoh^h\k\yaZgguokbok[hjhfbhlijZ\dhcgZ

i_j_jZ[hldmhln_\jZey]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hk[hjZoaZk\bgph\u_

Zddmfmeylhjuhln_\jZey]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hk[hj_]_jf_lbq_kdbogbd_ev

dZ^fb_\uoZddmfmeylhjh\aZdjuluogbd_evdZ^fb_\uo[ZlZj_cdZobh

\haf_s_gbbjZkoh^h\k\yaZgguokhbok[hjhfbhlijZ\dhcgZ

i_j_jZ[hldmhln_\jZey]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hiheboehj[bn_gbe_

iheboehjbjh\Zgghfl_jn_gbe_baZf_sZxsbobo\_s_kl\Zohl

^_dZ[jy]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[mlbebaZpbbhloh^h\\\b^_

Z\lhljZgkihjlguokj_^kl\bihemqZ_fuobagbohloh^h\hl

ghy[jy]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hk[hj_wdheh]bq_kdhcieZlub

\uieZl_dhfi_gkZpbb\k\yabkhk^Zq_c\f_lZeehehfe_]dh\uo

Z\lhfh[be_chln_\jZey]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[bkihevah\Zgbbhloh^h\bihq\u

hklZxsbokyihke_ijh\_^_gbykljhbl_evguojZ[hlhlbxgy

]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[mlbebaZpbbhloh^h\

we_dljbq_kdh]hbwe_dljhggh]hh[hjm^h\Zgbyhl^_dZ[jy

]

AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h?K



JZfhqgZy>bj_dlb\Z((&h[hloh^ZoBaf_g_gZ>bj_dlb\hc

((&hlfZjlZ]

>bj_dlb\Z((&hl^_dZ[jy]h[hiZkguohloh^Zo

Baf_g_gZ>bj_dlb\hc(&hlbxey]

>bj_dlb\Z((&hlk_gly[jy]h[mlbebaZpbb

iheboehj[bn_gbeh\biheboehjl_jn_gbeh\

>bj_dlb\Z((&hlfZjlZ]h[ZlZj_cdZobZddmfmeylhjZo

kh^_j`Zsbog_dhlhju_hiZkgu_\_s_kl\ZBaf_g_gZ>bj_dlb\hc

((&hlhdly[jy]>bj_dlb\hc(&hl^_dZ[jy

]

>bj_dlb\Z((&hlbxgy]h[mlbebaZpbbhljZ[hlZggh]h

fZkeZBaf_g_gZ>bj_dlb\hc((&hl^_dZ[jy]

>bj_dlb\hc((&hl^_dZ[jy]

IhklZgh\e_gb_Kh\_lZ?\jhiuhgZ^ahj_bdhgljhe_aZ

i_j_f_s_gb_fhloh^h\\ij_^_eZo?\jhi_ckdh]hKhh[s_kl\ZaZbo

\\hahf\?Kb\u\hahfkl_jjblhjbb?KkihijZ\dZfb\g_k_ggufb

ihklZgh\e_gb_fKh\_lZaZhlyg\Zjy]

>bj_dlb\ZKh\_lZ?\jhiu(&hl^_dZ[jy]h[miZdh\d_b

hloh^ZomiZdh\db

Ij_^eh`_gb_^ey\dexq_gby\>bj_dlb\m?\jhi_ckdh]hIZjeZf_glZb

Kh\_lZ?\jhiuh[hloh^Zowe_dljbq_kdh]hbwe_dljhggh]hh[hjm^h\Zgby

bh[h]jZgbq_gbbbkihevah\Zgbyg_dhlhjuohiZkguo\_s_kl\\

we_dljbq_kdhfbwe_dljhgghfh[hjm^h\Zgbb&20

Ij_^klZ\eyxsb_jbkdf_^bpbgkdb_hloh^uMdZaZgbyhl]

Pbjdmeyjhj_]mebjh\ZgbbgZfmgbpbiZevghfmjh\g_\hijhkh\

khjlbjh\dbhloh^h\ihke_ijh\_^_gbykljhbl_evguob^_fhglZ`guo

jZ[hlkp_evxi_j_jZ[hldbmdZaZgguohloh^h\hlbxgy]

PbjdmeyjhfmgbpbiZevguoih^aZdhgguoZdlZodZkZxsbokyh[jZs_gbx

koheh^bevgufh[hjm^h\Zgb_fkh^_j`Zsbfoehjnlhjm]e_jh^u

hlbxgy]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[bfihjl_bwdkihjl_hloh^h\

hlghy[jy]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hg_dhlhjuolj_[h\Zgbyod

miZdh\d_hlZij_ey]

:dlhieZl_`Zokg_dhlhjuo\b^h\miZdh\dbbg_dhlhjuo\b^h\

[mfZ`guobieZklbdh\uoiZd_lh\kjmqdZfbhlhdly[jy]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_h[miZdh\d_^eyib\Zb

[_aZedh]hevguogZibldh\hln_\jZey]kihke_^mxsbfb

ihijZ\dZfbbf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hl]



bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hl]bf_xs__

kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_hl]

Bf_xs__kbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_ihh[jZs_gbxkhloh^Zfb

we_dljbq_kdh]hbwe_dljhggh]hh[hjm^h\Zgbyhl^_dZ[jy

]



Klhqgu_\h^u

12.1

<ha^_ckl\b_wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\gZq_eh\_dZ

12.1.1

Wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju

Bklhjbq_kdbkeh`b\r_ckyhkgh\ghcp_evx^Zlkdhckbkl_fudhgljhey

klhqguo\h^y\ey_lkykhdjZs_gb_dhglZdlZex^_ckhklhdZfbb

ij_^hl\jZs_gb_aZkq_lwlh]hjZkijhkljZg_gby[he_ag_cAZl_fhkh[_ggh

gZqbgZyko]h^h\\k_[hevr_\gbfZgbyklZebm^_eylvihke_^kl\byf

\ha^_ckl\byklhqguo\h^gZijbjh^mHkgh\ghcijh[e_fhck[jhkZ

klhqguo\h^aZihke_^gb_e_lklZeZw\nljhnbdZpbyha_jaZ]jyag_gb_

\h^hlhdh\bijb[j_`guo\h^qlhijb\h^behd]b[_ebju[u

<p_ehfijbgylZykljZl_]byiha\hebeZh]jZgbqblvdhglZdlex^_ckh

klhqgufb\h^ZfbH^gZdhihij_`g_fm_klvijbf_ju\ha^_ckl\by

klhqguo\h^gZq_eh\_dZ

Hq_\b^_gjbkd^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZkhklhjhguklhqguo\h^dh]^Z\

hq_gvj_^dbokemqZyohgbbaih\j_`^_gguoklhqguoljm[ihiZ^Zxl\

kd\Z`bgukiblv_\hc\h^hcbeb\kbkl_fu\h^hkgZ[`_gby\uau\Zym

ihlj_[bl_e_cdbr_qgu_aZ[he_\Zgbyijbf_jhfkem`Zlbgpb^_glu\

g_[hevrbo^Zlkdbo]hjh^dZoDeZjmi\]bM]]_jehkk_\]]

H^gZdhbf__lkyg_dhlhjZyg_hij_^_e_gghklv\hlghr_gbb\hafh`gh]h

oZjZdl_jZbkl_i_gbjbkdZ^eya^hjh\vyex^_chldmiZgby\\h^_

aZ]jyag_gghcklhdZfbZlZd`_\hlghr_gbb^he]hkjhqguoihke_^kl\bc

ijh^he`bl_evgh]h\ha^_ckl\byg_[hevrbodhgp_gljZpbcly`_euo

f_lZeeh\gZdZieb\Zxsboky\k_evkdhohayckl\_gghcijh^mdpbbKbkl_fZ

dhgljheyklhqguo\h^\>ZgbbgZp_e_gZgZkgb`_gb_bf_gghlZdh]hjh^Z

jbkdh\^eya^hjh\vy

Ih\lhjgh_bkihevah\Zgb_g_h[jZ[hlZgguobebh[jZ[hlZgguoklhqguo

\h^ijhbkoh^blf_klhdjZcg_j_^dhH^gZdh>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihaZsbl_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubamqbehihl_gpbZevgucjbkd^eya^hjh\vyex^_cijb

jZ[hl_khklhqgufb\h^Zfb\dexqZyk_iZjZpbxbkijZ`g_gbcbfhqb

Wlhbkke_^h\Zgb_ijh\h^behkv\jZfdZoijh]jZffuihwdheh]bq_kdhfm

]jZ^hkljhbl_evkl\mbhqbkld_klhqguo\h^

QlhdZkZ_lky\j_^guo^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZobfbq_kdboaZ]jyagyxsbo

\_s_kl\kh^_j`Zsboky\klhqguo\h^Zolha^_kvhkh[h]h\gbfZgby

aZkem`b\Zxlly`_eu_f_lZeeubbkdmkkl\_ggu_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

Hkh[_gghwlh\Z`ghdh]^Zkms_kl\m_ljbkdbogZdhie_gby\ju[_beb

dh]^Zbf__lkyjbkdboi_j_g_k_gby\k_evkdhohayckl\_ggu_dmevlmjuijb

bkihevah\ZgbbbeZ\k_evkdhfohayckl\_\dZq_kl\_m^h[j_gby

<h[h[s_gghf\b^_ihl_gpbZevgu_imlb\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZ

wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\\ijhp_kk_hqbkldbbk[jhkZklhqguo\h^fh`gh

jZa^_eblvgZljbdZl_]hjbb



Ijyfh_\ha^_ckl\b_\_s_kl\kh^_j`Zsboky\klhqguo\h^Zo

ijhba\h^kl\_ggZykn_jZb\\h^Zodm^Zklhdbfh]mlihiZklv\h^Z

^eydmiZgby

Hihkj_^h\Zggh_\ha^_ckl\b_\_s_kl\ijhkZqb\Zxsbokybaklhqguo

\h^\]jmglh\u_\h^uiblv_\mx\h^m

Hihkj_^h\Zggh_\ha^_ckl\b_kh^_j`Zsboky\hlklh_\_s_kl\

dhlhju_hkZ`^ZxlkygZdhjgyok_evkdhohayckl\_gguodmevlmjbeb

ih]ehsZ_lkybfbijh^mdluiblZgbyg_jZkkfZljb\Z_fu_\jZfdZo

^Zggh]hijh_dlZ

<ijb\_^_gghcgb`_lZ[ebp_^Z_lkyh[sZyko_fZwdheh]bq_kdbo

nZdlhjh\\ebyxsbogZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

LZ[ebpZ12.1 H[sZyko_fZijhbkoh`^_gbyoZjZdl_jbklbdbihl_gpbZevgh]h\ha^_ckl\by

gZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZg_dhlhjuogZb[he__\j_^guoaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\kh^_j`Zsboky\

klhqguo\h^Zo

Wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhj Ijhbkoh`^_gb_boZjZdl_jbklbdb Ihl_gpbZevgh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

a^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

:gljhih]_ggu_

hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

Ijbf_ju

Hj]Zgbq_kdb_jZkl\hjbl_eb

IeZklbnbdZlhjugZijbf_j

DEHP)

Fhxsb_kj_^kl\Z

gZijbf_j/$613(

Dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_eb

(EDTA, NTA)

IhebZjhfZlbq_kdb_

m]e_\h^hjh^u3$+

N_gheu

<u^_e_gb_\^hfZrgbob

ijhba\h^kl\_gguomkeh\byokfu\k

^hjh`gh]hihdjulby

DZgp_jh]_ggh_

\ha^_ckl\b_

Lhdkbq_kdh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZnmgdpbb

\hkijhba\h^kl\Z

Lhdkbq_kdh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

\gmlj_ggb_hj]Zgu

HkljZylhdkbqghklv

Ly`_eu_f_lZeeu

Ijbf_ju

k\bg_pdZ^fbcjlmlv

ojhfgbd_evbl^

<u^_e_gb_\ijhfure_gghklb\

f_^bpbgkdbomqj_`^_gbyokfu\k

ih\_joghklb^hjh]bdjur

:ee_j]by

G_cjhlhdkbq_kdh_

\ha^_ckl\b_

<hafh`gh

dZgp_jh]_ggh_

;Zdl_jbb

Ijbf_ju

Dhebih^h[gu_[Zdl_jbb

wgl_jhdhddbkZevfhg_eeZ

dZfibeh[Zdl_jbb

<bjmku

Ijbf_ju

<bjmk]_iZlblZ$

wgl_jh\bjmkZ^_gh\bjmk

Calici virus, Coxackie virus,

5RWDYLUXVb1RUZDONDJHQW

Ijhkl_crb_ijbf_ju

Cryptosporidium parvum,

Giardia intestinalis

(duonenalis), Ascaris

Hqbs_ggu_bg_hqbs_ggu_klhqgu_

\h^ukfykhi_j_jZ[Zlu\Zxsbo

ij_^ijbylbck[jZku\Z_fu_\

\h^gu_bklhqgbdbkihkh[gu

ih\ebylvgZ\h^m^eydmiZgby

@_em^hqghdbr_qgu_

jZkkljhckl\Z

Ihghkj\hlZhagh[

[hev\`b\hl_

Ihghk

;hev\`b\hl_