Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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11.3

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11.3.1

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11.3.2

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a^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZlhdkbqghklv\j_^gh_dhjjhabhggh_^_ckl\b_f_klgh_

jZa^jZ`Zxs__^_ckl\b_Zee_j]_gghklvdZgp_jh]_gghklvfmlZ]_gghklv

l_jZlh]_gghklvj_ijhlhdkbqghklvbbgn_dpbhggh_^_ckl\b_hloh^h\

Djhf_lh]hlZdb_k\hckl\ZdZdwdhlhdkbqghklvih`Zjhb

\aju\hhiZkghklvlZd`_iha\heyxlhlg_klbl_bebbgu_hloh^ud

dZl_]hjbbhiZkguohloh^h\

<khhl\_lkl\bbkbf_xsbfkbemaZdhgZihklZgh\e_gb_fh[hloh^Zo

fmgbpbiZebl_luh[yaZgukha^Zlvko_fujZa^_evgh]hk[hjZhiZkguo

hloh^h\gZdZieb\Zxsboky\ijhfure_gghklbb^hfZrgboohayckl\Zo

Qlh`_dZkZ_lky\k_o^jm]bo\b^h\hloh^h\lhfmgbpbiZebl_lu^he`gu

ebrvmdZaZlvgZdZdb_dhgdj_lghkhhjm`_gbyihi_j_jZ[hld_beb

mlbebaZpbbhloh^h\wlbhloh^u^he`gu^hklZ\eylvkyLZdb_hq_gv

kljh]b_\kjZ\g_gbbk^jm]bfb\b^Zfbhloh^h\iheh`_gby

J_r_gb_fKh\_lZ

(94/904/EEC)

hl

^_dZ[jy

1994

]ml\_j`^_gi_j_q_gvhiZkguohloh^h\\

khhl\_lkl\bbkhKlZlv_c

1 (4)

>bj_dlb\u

91/689/EEC.



aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zh[hiZkguohloh^Zohkgh\u\ZxlkygZkhh[jZ`_gbyo

aZsblua^hjh\vyex^_cbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

LjZgkihjlbjh\dZhiZkguohloh^h\

I_j_f_s_gbyhiZkguohloh^h\q_j_a]jZgbpu]hkm^Zjkl\\uihegyxlky\

khhl\_lkl\bbkhij_^_e_ggufbijhp_^mjZfbhkgh\ZggufbgZkbkl_f_

ij_^\Zjbl_evguom\_^hfe_gbcihemq_gbbjZaj_r_gbygZlZdh_

i_j_f_s_gb_bnbgZgkh\uo]ZjZglbyokljZoh\Zgb_

;Za_evkdZydhg\_gpby]h^ZhljZgk]jZgbqguoi_j_\hadZohiZkguo

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hiZkguohloh^h\bakljZgHWKJ\kljZgug_\oh^ysb_\HWKJH^gZba

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jZaj_r_gby

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hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubbf_xsbfkbemaZdhgZiheh`_gb_fhjZaj_r_gbbgZ

ijh\_^_gb_hij_^_e_gguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklbhlhdly[jy

]Wdheh]bq_kdb_jZaj_r_gby\u^ZxlkyfmgbpbiZevgufbbebf_klgufb

\eZklyfb\aZ\bkbfhklbhldZl_]hjbbaZ]jyagyxs_chdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m

^_yl_evghklbbnhjfukh[kl\_gghklbdhgdj_lguomklZgh\hdih

i_j_jZ[hld_hloh^h\Wdheh]bq_kdb_jZaj_r_gby\u^Zxlkyijb

kh[ex^_gbbdhgdj_lguomkeh\bcbeblj_[h\ZgbcgZijbf_jijb

kh[ex^_gbbij_^_evgh^himklbfuoagZq_gbc\u[jhkh\bk[jhkh\ijb

bkihevah\ZgbbgZbemqr_cbabf_xsboky^hklmiguol_ogheh]bc

iha\heyxs_cij_^hl\jZlblvbebkgbablvaZ]jyag_gb_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

hloh^h\[uehwdkihjlbjh\ZghZh[t_fbfihjlbjh\Zgguohloh^h\khklZ\behl

h[t_fZhloh^h\h[jZah\Z\rboky\>Zgbb\]



11.4

Bgkljmf_glu

11.4.1

GhjfZlb\gu_ijZ\h\u_^hdmf_glu

IeZgu^_ckl\bc

<^hdmf_gl_Hloh^uIeZg^Zlkdh]hijZ\bl_evkl\Zihh[jZs_gbxk

hloh^ZfbgZi_jbh^]]\hijhkuhojZgua^hjh\vyijyfh

mihfbgZxlky\jZa^_eZoihk\ys_gguof_^bpbgkdbfhloh^Zf

ljZgkihjlbjh\d_hiZkguohloh^h\hloh^Zfiheboehj[bn_gbeZ

iheboehjbjh\Zggh]hl_jn_gbeZbhklZlhqgufhloh^Zfkwe_dljhklZgpbc

<hijhkuhojZgua^hjh\vyohlybg_gZijyfmxgh\k_`_aZljZ]b\Zxlkyb

\jy^_^jm]bojZa^_eh\dZkZxsboky\lhfqbke_we_dljbq_kdh]hb

we_dljhggh]hh[hjm^h\Zgbyoheh^bevgh]hh[hjm^h\Zgby

oehjnlhjm]e_jh^Z

Ohly\hijhkZfhojZgua^hjh\vy\jZfdZokbkl_fuh[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfb

\gbfZgb_m^_eyehkv_s_kdhgpZh]h\_dZh^gZdhaZqZklmx\y\ghf

\b^_lZdh_\gbfZgb_knhjfmebjh\Zghg_[uehIhgylb_hojZgZ

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uqZklhbkihevah\Zehkvh^gh\j_f_gghdZdkbghgbf

ihgylbyaZsbluhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ulZdbihgylbyaZsblua^hjh\vy

>h[jh\hevgu_kh]eZr_gby

<uo]h^ZoFbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb>Zgbb

aZdexqbehjy^kh]eZr_gbckkhhl\_lkl\mxsbfbhj]ZgbaZpbyfbkp_evx

h[_ki_q_gbyjZa^_evgh]hk[hjZg_dhlhjuo\b^h\hloh^h\P_ev

aZdexqZeZkv\kha^Zgbbkbkl_fdhlhju_[ukihkh[kl\h\Zebih\ur_gbx

bgl_j_kZ^hfZrgboohayckl\dmqZklbx\i_j_jZ[hld_hloh^h\<

^h[jh\hevguokh]eZr_gbyodhgdj_lbabjh\ZgZp_evi_j_jZ[hldblh]hbeb

bgh]h\b^Zhloh^h\?kebp_ev^hklb]gmlZkbkl_fZklZ[bebabjm_lky_keb

g_llh^ey^hklb`_gbyihklZ\e_gghcp_ebaZ^_ckl\mxliheblbq_kdb_

bgbpbZlb\u

Gbd_evdZ^fb_\u_[ZlZj_cdb

KZfufklZjuf^h[jh\hevgufkh]eZr_gb_fdZkZxsbfkyhloh^h\

y\ey_lkykh]eZr_gb_]hgbd_evdZ^fb_\uo1L&G[ZlZj_cdZo

100

P_evaZdexqZeZkv\lhfqlh[ukh[bjZlv\k_ogbd_^vdZ^fb_\uo

[ZlZj__dIhijhr_kl\bbg_kdhevdboe_lk[hjkhklZ\belhevdh

ihwlhfm[uehj_r_gh^_ckl\b_kh]eZr_gbyhlf_gblv<ihiuld_

m\_ebqblvk[hj[ZlZj__dfbgbkljhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb\\_e

wdheh]bq_kdbcgZeh]gZgbd_evdZ^fb_\u_[ZlZj_cdb\jZaf_j_^Zlkdbo

djhgaZwe_f_glb^ZlkdbodjhgaZmiZdh\dmh^gh\j_f_gghmklZgh\b\

\hagZ]jZ`^_gb_\jZaf_j_^ZlkdbodjhgaZdbeh]jZffkh[jZgguo

bkihevah\Zgguo[ZlZj__d

LjZgkihjlgZymiZdh\dZ

<]h^m[uehaZdexq_ghkh]eZr_gb_hi_j_jZ[hld_ljZgkihjlguo

miZdh\hqguofZl_jbZeh\

101

P_evaZdexqZeZkv\lhfqlh[u

i_j_jZ[Zlu\Zlv\k_oljZgkihjlguomiZdh\hqguofZl_jbZeh\

Ij_^iheZ]Zehkvqlhwlhcp_ebfh`gh^hklbqviml_fijb\e_q_gby

100

>h[jh\hevgh_kh]eZr_gb_hk[hj_Zddmfmeylhjguo[ZlZj__dkh^_j`ZsbodZ^fbc

K_gly[jv]

101

Kh]eZr_gb_f_`^mFbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbbij_^ijbylbyfb

^Zlkdhcijhfure_gghklbdZkZxs__kyih\lhjgh]hbkihevah\ZgbyljZgkihjlghcmiZdh\db

:\]mkl]



lhj]h\uoij_^ijbylbcdf_jhijbylbyffmgbpbiZebl_lh\ihk[hjm

miZdh\db\dexqZyDhgn_^_jZpbxhljZke_c^Zlkdhcijhfure_gghklb

>Zlkdmxn_^_jZpbxijhba\h^bl_e_cieZklfZkkubij_^ijbylby

\uimkdZxsb_miZdh\dm

Rbgu

I_j\hgZqZevghaZdexq_ggh_\]gh\h_kh]eZr_gb_k>Zlkdhc

ZkkhpbZpbcZ\lhfh[bevgh]hljZgkihjlZ:kkhpbZpb_c^Zlkdbo

i_j_jZ[Zlu\Zxsboij_^ijbylbcbZkkhpbZpb_cfmgbpbiZebl_lh\

\klmibeh\kbem\]

102

P_evaZdexqZeZkv\lhfqlh[ud]

i_j_jZ[Zlu\Zlvihf_gvr_cf_j_\k_ohlkem`b\rbok\hckjhdrbg

mf_gvrb\lZdbfh[jZahfdhebq_kl\hrbg\u\habfuogZiheb]hguK

ihlj_[bl_e_cklZeb\abfZlvk[hj\jZaf_j_^ZlkdbodjhgkdZ`^hc

ijbh[j_lZ_fhcgh\hcrbgu\dZq_kl\_^hlZpbc^eyij_^ijbylbc

kh[bjZxsborbgub^hklZ\eyxsbobogZij_^ijbylbyij_\jZsZxsb_

wlbrbgu\baf_evq_ggmxj_abgm

K\bgph\u_Zddmfmeylhju

HnbpbZevgh_kh]eZr_gb_ihih\h^mk\bgph\uoZddmfmeylhjh\[ueh

aZdexq_ghf_`^mfbgbkljhfbZkkhpbZpb_cbfihjl_jh\bjhagbqguo

lhj]h\p_\aZgbfZxs_ckyk[hjhfk\bgph\uoZddmfmeylhjh\P_ev

aZdexqZeZkv\lhfqlh[ukh[bjZlv^hk\bgph\uoZddmfmeylhjh\

ijbih^^_j`Zgbbgug_rg_]hmjh\gybo\hkklZgh\e_gbykhklZ\eyxs_]h

lZd`_DZdb\kemqZ_kgbd_evdZ^fb_\ufb[ZlZj_cdZfbk_cqZk\

wlhfhlghr_gbb[uebij_^ijbgyluaZdhgh^Zl_evgu_f_ju

Kljhbl_evgu_fZl_jbZeu

<]k>ZlkdhcZkkhpbZpb_c^_fhglZ`guohj]ZgbaZpbc[ueh

aZdexq_ghkh]eZr_gb_h[hj]ZgbaZpbbjZa^_evghcijhp_^mjujZa[hjdbb

^_fhglZ`Zkljhbl_evguoh[t_dlh\bkljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeh\qlh

h[_ki_qb\Zeh[ukhjlbjh\dmhloh^h\\f_klZoboh[jZah\Zgby

Oheh^bevgh_h[hjm^h\Zgb_

K[hjb[_ahiZkgZymlbebaZpbyoheh^bevgh]hh[hjm^h\Zgbykh^_j`Zs_]h

oehjnlhjm]e_jh^h[_ki_qb\Z_lkykh]eZr_gb_fkkhhl\_lkl\mxsbfb

aZbgl_j_kh\ZggufbZkkhpbZpbyfbP_evaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh[ud

]kh[bjZlvdZdfbgbfmfkibku\Z_fh]hoheh^bevgh]hh[hjm^h\Zgby

11.4.2

Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glu

GZb[he__\Z`gufbwdhghfbq_kdbfbbgkljmf_glZfbbkihevam_fufb\

>Zgbb\kn_j_h[jZs_gbykhloh^Zfby\eyxlkygZeh]bhkh[_gghgZeh]

gZjZaf_s_gb_hloh^h\ZlZd`_aZeh]h\h\ha\jZlgu_kbkl_fu

GZeh]gZijh^mdpbx

Kms_kl\mxlki_pbZevgu_wdheh]bq_kdb_gZeh]bgZijh^mdpbx

gZijbf_jgZgbd_evdh^fb_\u_1L&G[ZlZj_cdbIjbf_g_gb_gZeh]Z

gZijZ\e_ghgZkgb`_gb_h[t_fh\bkihevah\Zgbybm\_ebq_gb_h[t_fh\

\hkklZgh\e_gbygbd_evdZ^fb_\uo[ZlZj__d

102

Kh]eZr_gb_f_`^mhj]ZgbaZpbyfbbFbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb

dZkZxs__kyh[yaZl_evkl\ih\ha\jZlmbkihevah\ZgguorbgN_\jZev]