Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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KhdjZs_gby

DEPH: [bwlbe]_dkbenlZeZl

LAS: ebg_cgucZedbe[_gahekmevnhgZl

NPE: ghgben_ghewlhdkbeZl

EDTA: wlbe_g^bZfbgbl_ljZmdkmkgZydbkehlZ

NTA: gbljbehljbZp_lZlgZydbkehlZ

PAH: ihebpbdebq_kdbcZjhfZlbq_kdbcm]e_\h^hjh^

12.1.2

MijZ\e_gb_klhqgufb\h^Zfb

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ka_fghcih\_joghklb\k_evkdhcf_klghklb\dexqZy

k_evkdhohayckl\_ggu_ahgug_\dexqZxlky\ihgylb_klhqgu_\h^u

Jbkmghd MijZ\e_gb_klhqgufb\h^Zfb

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aZbkdexq_gb_fhq_gvj_^dbokemqZ_\dh]^Zk[hjgu__fdhklb

hihjh`gyxlky\Z\lhpbkl_jgu^ey\u\haZklhqguo\h^<

dZgZebaZpbhgguokbkl_fZo^eyi_j_dZqdbklhqguo\h^bkihevam_lky

fbgbfZevgh_dhebq_kl\hwg_j]bbqlhh^gZdhaZ\bkblhl

lhih]jZnbq_kdbohkh[_gghkl_cf_klghklbKlhqgu_\h^uijhkZqb\Zykv

badZgZebaZpbhgghckbkl_fuq_j_ahldjulu_kludbbebjZajmr_ggu_

ljm[ufh]mlaZ]jyagylvhdjm`Zxsmxihq\mZaZl_fb]jmglh\u_\h^u

>h`^_\Zy\h^Zkl_dZxsZykdjurbkih\_joghklb]hjh^kdbomebpb

iehsZ^_chl\h^blky\g_dhlhjuokemqZyoq_j_ah[smxkhklhqgufb

\h^Zfbkbkl_fmgZklZgpbbhqbkldbklhqguo\h^Ihke_kbevguo^h`^_c

i_j_imkdgu_dhgkljmdpbb\dZgZebaZpbhgghckbkl_f_fh]ml\uimklblv

jZa[Z\e_ggmx^h`^_fklhqgmx\h^m\ijbgbfZxsb___\h^gu_h[t_dlu\

g_h[jZ[hlZgghf\b^_Wlhfh`_lijb\_klbdj_adhfmmom^r_gbx

fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdh]hdZq_kl\Zihlj_[ey_fhc\h^ubk^_eZlv\h^m

g_[_ahiZkghc^eydmiZgbyA^_kvijh[e_fZaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh

dhgljhevkhklhygby\h^u^eydmiZgbyhkgh\u\Z_lkygZj_amevlZlZo

gZ[ex^_gbcaZij_^u^msbc]h^[_amq_lZj_ZevghkdeZ^u\Zxs_cky

kblmZpbbki_j_imkdghc\h^hc[he__ih^jh[ghbgnhjfZpbxh\h^_^ey

dmiZgbyZgZebabjm_lky\jZa^_e_

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K;HJ

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klhdh\

K[jhku

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Lhj]h\ey

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Ijhba\h^kl\h



=hjh^kdb_

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K_evkdb_

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Mqj_`^_gby

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l_jjblhjbb

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l_jjblhjbb

DZgZebaZpby

EhdZevgZy

kbkl_fZ

Hldjulu_

\h^hlhdb

H[jZ[hldZ

klhqguo\h

Ijyfu_



k[jhku

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Hkgh\gh_\ha^_ckl\b_klhqguo\h^gZ\h^m^eydmiZgbyijhbkoh^blq_j_a

i_j_eb\ug_hqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^\h\j_fykbevguo^h`^_cghg_

f_g__\Z`gulZd`_klhdbkl_jjblhjbc\k_evkdhcf_klghklbZlZd`_

klhdbjZa[jhkZgguoihk_evkdhcf_klghklbihk_e_gbcg_kh_^bg_gguokh

klZgpbyfbhqbkldbklhqguo\h^K_]h^gyihjy^dZqZklguo

^hfh\eZ^_gbcbe_lgbo^hfbdh\k[jZku\Zxlklhqgu_\h^u

g_ihkj_^kl\_gghbahlklhcguoj_a_j\mZjh\ijbq_fklhqdbaj_gby

gZebqbyfbdjhhj]Zgbafh\lZdb_klhqgu_\h^ufh`ghkqblZlv

ijZdlbq_kdbg_hqbs_ggufbKlhqgu_\h^uk[jZku\Zxlky\^j_gZ`gu_

kbkl_fudZgZ\u\h^hlhdbha_jZb\fhj_kha^Z\ZyZglbkZgblZjgu_

mkeh\byhkh[_ggh\ijbgbfZxsbobo\h^guoh[t_dlZokg_\ukhdbf

\h^hh[f_ghf

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hqbkldbklhqguo\h^ihklmiZxsboijb[ebabl_evghk

jZa[jhkZgguo\k_evkdhcf_klghklbihk_e_gbcF_jhijbylbyieZgZ

ij_^iheZ]Zxlboih^dexq_gb_dfmgbpbiZevgufkbkl_fZfhqbkldb

f_klgufi_kqZgufbgnbevljZpbhggufkbkl_fZfbebg_[hevrbf

klZgpbyfhqbkldbklhqguo\h^WlhlieZg^_ckl\bc[m^_lkihkh[kl\h\Zlv

memqr_gbxh[s_]hdZq_kl\Z\h^u\nvhj^Zoha_jZobijb[j_`ghcihehk_

bl_fkZfufmemqr_gbxdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgby

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ihjy^dZf_klguoi_kqZguobgnbevljZpbhgguokbkl_fqlh

hagZqZ_l\hafh`ghklvijhkZqb\Zgbyg_dhlhjuo\_s_kl\\]jmglh\u_

\h^uHkh[_ggmxhaZ[hq_gghklv\wlhfieZg_\uau\Zxl[ulh\u_

fhxsb_kj_^kl\Z

>jm]bfihl_gpbZevgufbklhqgbdhfijhkZqb\Zgbyklhqguo\h^y\eyxlky

dZgZebaZpbhggu_ljm[udhlhju_gbdh]^Zg_[u\Zxliheghklvx

]_jf_lbqgufbL_fg_f_g__\>Zgbb[uehaZj_]bkljbjh\Zghebrv

g_kdhevdhkemqZ_\aZ]jyag_gbyiblv_\hc\h^uijhkhqb\rbfbkyklhqgufb

\h^ZfbH^gbfbah[tykg_gbc^Zggh]hh[klhyl_evkl\Zfh`_l[ulvlhl

nZdlqlh\hafh`ghf_klZijhkZqb\ZgbyaZdmihjb\Zxlky\a\_r_ggufb

qZklbpZfbgZoh^ysbfbky\klhqguo\h^Zo

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bo\h^gu_h[t_dlu\uau\ZxlaZ]jyag_gb_Zahlgufbkh_^bg_gbyfb

gZijbf_jba^h`^_\hc\h^uly`_eufbf_lZeeZfbgZijbf_j

\u[jZku\Z_fufbljZgkihjlhfijhfure_ggufbbkdeZ^kdbfb

iehsZ^dZfbbkfu\Z_fufbkdjurbg_nl_ijh^mdlZfbgZijbf_j

hklZ\ey_fufbljZgkihjlhfijheb\Z_fufbgZaZijZ\hqguoklZgpbyob

kdeZ^kdboiehsZ^dZoKl_i_gvaZ]jyag_gbyih\_joghklguo\h^

fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdbfbkm[klZgpbyfbkh^_j`Zsbfbky\ih\_joghklguo

klhdZog_ba\_klgZ

12.1.3

H[jZ[hldZklhqguo\h^

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dbkehjh^Z\^Zlkdbonvhj^Zobijb[j_`guo\h^Zoijb\_ebdijbgylbx\

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^_ckl\bc[ueb\ujZ[hlZgugZpbhgZevgu_klZg^Zjlukh^_j`Zgby

hj]Zgbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbcZlZd`_ZahlZbnhknhjZ\k[jhkZoklhqguo

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>Zgbb[eZ]h^Zjymkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbxl_ogheh]bbhqbkldbklhqguo\h^

ih\ur_gbxlj_[h\Zgbcdk[jhkZf\g_k_gbxbaf_g_gbc\

dhgkljmdlb\gu_jZaf_ju\h^hojZgbebsf_klgh]hklhdZkp_evx

mf_gvr_gbyi_j_eb\h\bl^

>ey\k_o\h^hhqbklguokhhjm`_gbcjZkkqblZgguogZh[jZ[hldmklhdh\

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<ke_^kl\b_wlh]hb^mlihklhyggu_^bkdmkkbbhlhfke_^m_lebhqbkldm

^hihegblv^_abgn_dpb_cgZijbf_jkihfhsvxmevljZnbhe_lh\h]h

h[emq_gbybebhahgbjh\Zgby?keblZdh_j_r_gb_[m^_lijbgylhlh

g_h[oh^bfh[m^_llZd`_baf_gblvijh]jZffufhgblhjbg]Z

k[jZku\Z_fuohqbs_gguoklhdh\bf_kl^eydmiZgbyihkdhevdm

^_abgn_dpbymf_gvrblkh^_j`Zgb_fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\dhlhju_k_cqZk

kem`Zl\dZq_kl\_bg^bdZlhjh\khklhygbyhqbs_gghc\h^u(dhebbl

^Lh]^Z\dZq_kl\_bg^bdZlhjh\g_h[oh^bfh[m^_lbkihevah\Zlv

gZb[he__klhcdb_fbdjhhj]Zgbafu

DZdihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_^eyjZ[hluhqbklguokhhjm`_gbc

lj_[mxlkyj_kmjku\lh`_\j_fy\j_amevlZl_wlhcjZ[hluh[jZamxlky

k[jhkubhloh^ug_dhlhju_badhlhjuohdZau\Zxl\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

a^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZGZhqbklguokhhjm`_gbyofh]mlbf_lvkyk\hb

kh[kl\_ggu_mklZgh\dbihk`b]Zgbxhlklhydhlhju_\uau\Zxl\u[jhku

aZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\\\ha^mobhklZ\eyxlkh^_j`Zsmxly`_eu_

f_lZeeuahemIjhba\h^kl\h[bh]ZaZbai_j_jZ[Zlu\Z_fh]hhlklhy

aZf_gy_lbkdhiZ_fu_bklhqgbdbwg_j]bbKm[klZgpbbbaklhqguo\h^

hk_^Zxsb_gZk_lqZluonbevljZob\i_kdheh\dZo\u\haylkygZk\Zedb



bebk`b]ZxlkygZfmkhjhk`b]Zl_evguoij_^ijbylbyoZbohklZldb

mlbebabjmxlkydZdl\_j^u_hloh^u

Jbkmghd Ihlj_[e_gb_bijhba\h^kl\hgZhqbklguokhhjm`_gbyo

Hqbs_ggu_klhqgu_\h^ukh^_j`Zsb_iZlh]_ggu_hj]Zgbafubly`_eu_

f_lZeeuk[jZku\Zxlky\\h^hlhdbha_jZbeb\fhj_]^_wlbhj]Zgbafub

f_lZeeufh]mlij_^klZ\eylvhiZkghklv^eya^hjh\vydmiZxsbokyex^_c

HkZ^hdreZfh[jZamxsbckyihke_hqbkldbeb[hbkihevam_lky\

dZq_kl\_k_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]hm^h[j_gbyeb[h^hklZ\ey_lkygZ

i_j_jZ[hldm^eyihemq_gbydhfihklZk`b]Z_lkybeb\u\hablkygZk\Zedb

Ijyfh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZkhklhjhguklhqguo\h^fh`_l

ijhbkoh^blvijbijh\_^_gbbjZ[hl\dZgZebaZpbhgguokbkl_fZobebgZ

hqbklguokhhjm`_gbyoJbkd^eya^hjh\vyex^_c\hagbdZ_ldZd\

j_amevlZl_ijyfh]hdhglZdlZkhklhqgufb\h^ZfblZdb\ijhp_kk_

\^uoZgbyZwjhahe_ckh^_j`ZsboiZlh]_ggu_we_f_glubeblhdkbqgu_

]ZaulZdb_dZdk_jh\h^hjh^+

6WlbnZdlhjujbkdZhlghkylkyij_`^_

\k_]hdijhn_kkbhgZevgufjbkdZf^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZghfh]ml

\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvbgZex^_cgZoh^ysb_ky\g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc[ebahklb\

\b^m\ha^mrgh]hjZkijhkljZg_gbyZwjhahe_cbeb]Zah\

12.2

Mjh\_gvaZsblu

<k_klhqgu_\h^uh[jZamxsb_ky\>Zgbbih^e_`Zlk[hjmbhqbkld_

>Z`_\eZ^_evp_\hl^_evghklhysbo^hfh\gZlZdgZau\Z_fhchldjulhc

l_jjblhjbbh[yau\ZxlhqbsZlvk\hbklhqgu_\h^uohly\^_ckl\mxs_f

aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_kjhdbhl\h^bfu_gZlZdmxhqbkldmg_h]h\hj_guDZd

h[sb_ij_^_evgu_agZq_gbykh^_j`Zgby\_s_kl\\hqbs_gguoklhdZo

lZdbmklZgh\e_ggu_gZpbhgZevgu_lj_[h\Zgbydkl_i_gbhqbkldb\

>Zgbb[he__`_kldb_q_fijbgylu_\^_ckl\mxsbo^bj_dlb\Zo?K

Ohly]eZ\gZyp_evaZdhgh^Zl_evguoiheh`_gbcaZdexqZ_lky\aZsbl_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ul_fg_f_g__^hklb]Z_lkyb\ukhdbcmjh\_gvaZsblu

ex^_c[eZ]h^Zjy

<hkklZgh\e_gb_wg_j]bb

[bh]Za

Kdjbgbg]

hljZ[hlZgguc

i_khdba

nbevljh\

Klhqgu_\h^u

J_kmjku

wg_j]byobfbdZlu

K[jhk

h[jZ[hlZgguo

klhdh\

HkZ^hd

beb

aheZ

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H[jZ[hldZ

klhqguo\h^

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hlkmlkl\bxijZdlbq_kdbex[h]hijyfh]hdhglZdlZkg_hqbs_ggufb

klhqgufb\h^Zfb

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`_kldbfij_^_evgufagZq_gbyfk[jhkh\\hqbs_gguoklhdZoih

hlghr_gbxd\h^gufh[t_dlZfdhlhju_[he__qm\kl\bl_evgud

klhqguf\h^Zfq_fq_eh\_d

LZ[ebpZ

12.1

Ijbf_juklZg^Zjlh\dZq_kl\Zij_kghcbfhjkdhc\h^u

Ij_kgZy\h^Z]e FhjkdZy\h^Z]e

DZ^fbc

5,0 2,5

Ojhf

1,0 10,0

F_^v

2,9 12,0

NhjfZev^_]b^

95 000 95 000

K\bg_p

5,6 3,2

Jlmlv

1,0 0,3

Gbd_ev

8,3 160,0

Ihebpbdebq_kdb_

ZjhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^u

dZ`^h_kh_^bg_gb_

0,001 0,001

N_ghe

1000 1000

Pbgd

86,0 110,0

H^gZdh\jy^_kemqZ_\\hagbdZxlijh[e_fuk\h^hc^eydmiZgby

ihkdhevdmbf__lkyg_dhlhjZyg_hij_^_e_gghklv\hlghr_gbboZjZdl_jZ

jbkdZ^eya^hjh\vyhldmiZgby\\h^_aZ]jyag_gghcklhqgufb\h^Zfb

hkh[_ggh\lhfqlhdZkZ_lkyiZlh]_gguokm[klZgpbc

12.3

GhjfZlb\gh_j_]mebjh\Zgb_

12.3.1

P_ebbijbgpbiu

=eZ\gu_p_ebaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z\h[eZklbhqbkldbklhqguo\h^\>Zgbb

ijbf_gbl_evghda^hjh\vxex^_caZdexqZxlky\ke_^mxs_f

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Ij_^hl\jZlblvaZ[he_\ZgbygZk_e_gby\uau\Z_fu_ijyfuf

dhglZdlhfkhklhqgufb\h^Zfbk[jhkZfb\fhj_\h^hlhdbha_jZbeb

\ihq\m

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Ij_^hl\jZlblvaZ[he_\ZgbygZk_e_gby\uau\Z_fu_hihkj_^h\Zgguf

dhglZdlhfkhklhqgufb\h^Zfbq_j_aiblv_\mx\h^m

•

<g_k_gb_reZfh\khqbklguokhhjm`_gbc\ihq\m

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguoa_f_ev\dZq_kl\_m^h[j_gby^he`gh

hkms_kl\eylvkylZdbfh[jZahfqlh[uiZlh]_ggu_km[klZgpbbg_

ihiZ^Zebdex^yfgbijyfhq_j_ailbpb`b\hlguogb

hihkj_^h\Zghq_j_aaeZdh\u_dmevlmju

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GZa^hjh\v_ex^_cg_^he`ghhdZau\Zlvkyg_ijb_fe_fh_\ha^_ckl\b_

aZ]jyag_gguoklhqguo\h^gZijbf_jq_j_aw\ljhnbdZpbx



ih\_joghklguo\h^bebgZdhie_gb_\ijh^mdlZoiblZgby`b\hlguob

ex^_cly`_euof_lZeeh\bbkdmkkl\_gguoobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\

<o]h^Zo\k_^Zlkdb_fmgbpbiZebl_luih^]hlh\bebk\hbi_j\u_

]_g_jZevgu_ieZguihdhgljhexklhqguo\h^dhlhju_ij_^iheZ]Zebk[hj

bhqbkldmklhqguo\h^kh\k_obklhqgbdh\<l_q_gb_o]h^h\^Zlkdb_

hdjm]Zih^]hlh\bebieZguihdZq_kl\m\h^u\\h^h_fZoijbgbfZxsbo

klhqgu_\h^umklZgZ\eb\Zxsb_lj_[h\ZgbyddZq_kl\_ggufiZjZf_ljZf

ijbgbfZ_fuoklhqguo\h^

12.3.2

AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h

H[s__j_]mebjh\Zgb_k[jhkZklhqguo\h^\>Zgbbhkms_kl\ey_lkyk

ihfhsvx:dlZh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uhlk_gly[jy

]b:dlZhieZgbjh\Zgbbhlbxgy]

:dlhieZgbjh\Zgbb

:dlhieZgbjh\ZgbbZlZd`_ihklZgh\e_gbybmdZaZgbyih^]hlh\e_ggu_

\khhl\_lkl\bbkgbfj_]mebjmxl\hijhkul_jjblhjbZevgh]h

ieZgbjh\Zgby\>Zgbb[he__ih^jh[gZybgnhjfZpbyijb\h^blky\

jZa^_e_

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ieZg^eyk\h_]hhdjm]Zj_]bhgZevgucieZg\dhlhjhf^ZxlkymdZaZgby\

hlghr_gbbkhklhygby^_e\jZaebqguokn_jZo^_yl_evghklb\ij_^_eZo

hdjm]ZbgZijZ\e_gbcbojZa\blbyQlhdZkZ_lky\h^ghckn_julh\ieZg_

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h[s_gZpbhgZevguflj_[h\Zgbyfbaeh`_gguf\ghjfZlb\guoZdlZo

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Hdjm]fh`_lhij_^_eylvp_e_\u_ihdZaZl_ebdZq_kl\Z\h^u\

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klZg^ZjlZfij_^ty\ey_fufdiblv_\hc\h^_bl^

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JZa^_e:dlZh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uj_]mebjm_l\hijhkuaZsblu

ih\_joghklguo\h^gZhkgh\_hij_^_e_gbyijbgpbih\k[jhkZklhqguo

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JZa^_ej_]mebjm_l\hijhkuaZsbluihq\ub]jmglh\uo\h^\dexqZy

bkihevah\Zgb_reZfh\khqbklguokhhjm`_gbc\dZq_kl\_

k_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]hm^h[j_gby

JZa^_e:dlZh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uj_]mebjm_l\hijhku

k\yaZggu_kjZ[hlhcaZ]jyagyxsbohdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mijhfure_gguob

lhj]h\uoij_^ijbylbcZlZd`_mqj_`^_gbc<g_fhij_^_e_guijbgpbiu

fhgblhjbg]Zbj_]mebjh\Zgbyg_[ulh\uoklhdh\hdjm]Zfbbbeb

fmgbpbiZebl_lZfb

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khhl\_lkl\bbkjZa^_ehfbjZa^_ehf:dlZh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uhlbxgy]

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GhjfZlb\gucZdlhdjbl_jbyodZq_kl\Zhqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^b

djbl_jbyok[jhkZg_dhlhjuohiZkguo\_s_kl\\\h^hlhdbha_jZbeb

fhj_hlhdly[jy]

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GhjfZlb\gucZdlh[bkihevah\Zgbbhloh^h\\k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo

bk\yaZgguokgbfbp_eyohlyg\Zjy]lZd`_

gZau\Z_fh_GhjfZlb\gucZdlhreZfZo

<wlboghjfZlb\guoZdlZomdZaZguij_^_evgu_dhgp_gljZpbb^ey

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\dhlhju_kqblZxlkylhdkbqgufbklhcdbfbbeb

kihkh[gufbgZdZieb\Zlvky\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_Djhf_lh]h\

GhjfZlb\ghfZdl_hreZfZobaeh`_gukZgblZjgh]b]b_gbq_kdb_

lj_[h\Zgbydbkihevah\ZgbxreZfh\

<khhl\_lkl\bbk\ur_mdZaZggufbZdlZfbfmgbpbiZebl_lubhdjm]Z

ijbf_gyxlkh^_j`Zsb_ky\gboiheh`_gbydihl_gpbZevghhiZkguf

bklhqgbdZfKp_evxh[e_]q_gbyhdZaZgby\ha^_ckl\bygZaZ]jyagyxsb_

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mij_^ijbylbyFbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

wg_j]_lbdbijbgyehjy^ghjfZlb\guoZdlh\dZkZxsbokyhl^_evguo

hljZke_cijhfure_gghklb

Bkihevah\Zgb_reZfh\\dZq_kl\_m^h[j_gby

<l_q_gb_fgh]boe_lij_^ijbgbfZebkvihiuldbi_j_jZ[hldbreZfh\k

hqbklguokhhjm`_gbc^eybkihevah\Zgby\dZq_kl\_

k_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]hm^h[j_gbyH^gZdhljm^ghklbkkh[ex^_gb_f

lj_[h\Zgbcij_^ty\ey_fuodreZfZfZlZd`_[hcdhlkhklhjhgu

n_jf_jh\ijb\_ebdlhfmqlhqZklvreZfh\\k_`_\u\hablkygZk\Zedb

bebk`b]Z_lkyK`b]Zgb_reZfZijb]hlh\e_gb_bag_]hdhfihklZbeb

aZohjhg_gb_gZk\ZedZoj_]mebjm_lkyaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hfh[hloh^Zo

ReZfkhqbklguokhhjm`_gbcfh`_l[ulvbkihevah\Zg\dZq_kl\_

m^h[j_gbybkj_^kl\Zmemqr_gbykhklZ\Zihq\u\k_evkdhfohayckl\_

kZ^h\h^kl\_be_kghfohayckl\_lhevdhijbmkeh\bbkh[ex^_gby

ghjfZlb\guolj_[h\ZgbcLZdh_bkihevah\Zgb_hloh^h\j_]mebjm_lky

GhjfZlb\gufZdlhfhlyg\Zjy]h[bkihevah\Zgbbhloh^h\

\k_evkdhohayckl\_gguobk\yaZgguokgbfbp_eyoGhjfZlb\gucZdlh

reZfZo<wlhfghjfZlb\ghfZdl_mdZaZgufZdkbfZevgu_^himklbfu_

mjh\gbkh^_j`Zgbyly`_euof_lZeeh\dZ^fbcojhff_^vjlmlv

gbd_evk\bg_ppbgdbhj]Zgbq_kdboobfbq_kdboaZ]jyagyxsbo

\_s_kl\[bkwlbe]_dkbenlZeZlZebg_cgh]hZedbe[_gahekmevnhgZlZ

ghgben_ghewlhdkbeZlZihebpbdebq_kdh]hZjhfZlbq_kdh]hm]e_\h^hjh^Z

ZlZd`_fZdkbfZevgh^himklbfu_h[t_fubo\g_k_gbyDjhf_lh]h\g_f

mklZgZ\eb\Zxlkydjbl_jbbhij_^_e_gbydZq_kl\Zihq\u

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguoa_f_evdhlhju_g_^he`gu[ulvgZjmr_gu\

kemqZ_\g_k_gbyreZfh\\wlba_febwlbdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zihq\u

jZkkfZljb\Zxlky\jZa^_e_

?kebihq\Zk_evoham]h^bcbreZfkhhl\_lkl\mxl\ur_mihfygmluf

djbl_jbyf\\h^ylkyg_dhlhju_kZgblZjgh]b]b_gbq_kdb_h]jZgbq_gby



aZ\bkysb_hllh]hdZdbfh[jZahfreZfih^\_j]Zebkvh[jZ[hld_?keb

reZfih^\_j]ZekykZgblZjgh]b]b_gbq_kdhch[jZ[hld_bke_^h\Zl_evgh

kh^_j`blf_g__n_dZevguoklj_ilhdhddh\]bg_kh^_j`bl

kZevfhg_eeugZ_]hbkihevah\Zgb_g_gZdeZ^u\Z_lkygbdZdbo

h]jZgbq_gbc?keb`_reZfijhr_elhevdhklZ[bebaZpbxbeb

dhfihklbjh\Zgb__]hg_evay\ghkblv\ihq\mgZdhlhjhc\ujZsb\Zxlky

ihlj_[ey_fu_\ibsmijh^mdlu>ey^Zevg_cr_]hbkihevah\Zgby

dhfihklbjh\Zggh]hbebklZ[bebabjh\Zggh]hreZfZg_h[oh^bfh

\uihegblvjy^lj_[h\ZgbcgZijbf_j_]hg_h[oh^bfhaZiZob\Zlv\a_fex

\l_q_gb_hij_^_e_ggh]hdhebq_kl\ZqZkh\aZdju\Zlve_kgmxahgm^ey

ihk_s_gbyex^_cbl^?kebreZfg_ijhr_egbdZdhch[jZ[hldbhgg_

fh`_l[ulvbkihevah\Zg\dZq_kl\_m^h[j_gby^eyk_evkdhohayckl\_gguo

m]h^bcg_ijbdZdbomkeh\byo

12.4

Bgkljmf_glu

12.4.1

GhjfZlb\gu_^hdmf_glu

Ghjfu

>eyij_^hl\jZs_gbyjbkdZijhkZqb\Zgbyklhqguo\h^badZgZebaZpbb

dZgZebaZpbhggZykbkl_fZ^he`gZh[mkljZb\Zlvkykkh[ex^_gb_f

hij_^_e_gguoghjfZbf_ggh^Zlkdh]hklZg^ZjlZ'6

=_g_jZevgu_ieZguihklhqguf\h^Zf

<khhl\_lkl\bbkhKlZlv_c:dlZh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

fmgbpbiZebl_lu^he`gu]hlh\blvfmgbpbiZevgu_]_g_jZevgu_ieZguih

klhqguf\h^Zf=_g_jZevgucieZgihklhqguf\h^Zf^he`_g

khhl\_lkl\h\Zlvj_]bhgZevghfmieZgmhdjm]Z=_g_jZevgucieZg^he`_g

kh^_j`Zlvbkq_jiu\ZxsmxbgnhjfZpbxih\hijhkZfdhgljheyklhqguo

\h^\dexqZybgnhjfZpbxh[h\k_cdZgZebaZpbhgghck_lbb\k_o

hqbklguokhhjm`_gbyoZlZd`_]jZnbdijh\_^_gbyjZ[hlihboj_fhglmb

jZkrbj_gbx

K_]h^gyaZ]jyag_gb_f_kldmiZgbyfbdjh[bheh]bq_kdbfb\_s_kl\Zfbba

klhqguo\h^ijhbkoh^bl]eZ\gufh[jZahfbaaZi_j_eb\h\^h`^_\hc\h^u

\dhf[bgbjh\ZgguodZgZebaZpbhgguokbkl_fZo<k\hboj_]bhgZevguo

ieZgZohdjm]Zfh]mlmklZgh\blvfZdkbfZevgh^himklbfh_]h^h\h_qbkeh

k[jhkh\^eyl_obebbguof_klFmgbpbiZebl_l^he`_g\k\h_f

]_g_jZevghfieZg_ihklhqguf\h^ZfhibkZlvdZdbfh[jZahfwlh

lj_[h\Zgb_[m^_lkh[ex^Zlvkyeb[himl_fkljhbl_evkl\Z[he__

\f_klbl_evguohldjuluoijb_fgbdh\f_klguoklhdh\eb[himl_f

jZa^_e_gbyh[sbobeb\g_\uoklhdh\eb[hg_ihkj_^kl\_gghc

bgnbevljZpb_c^h`^_\hc\h^ukdjurq_j_anZrbgu

Bohly\ieZgZoihklhqguf\h^Zfij_^mkfZljb\Zxlky\k_f_jud

g_^hims_gbxaZ]jyag_gbyf_kldmiZgbyiml_fkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby

hqbklguokhhjm`_gbcm\_ebq_gbyjZaf_jh\hldjuluoijb_fgbdh\

f_klguoklhdh\b]jZfhlgh]hjZaf_s_gbyf_klk[jhkZl_fg_f_g__\

g_dhlhjuoj_]bhgZoijh[e_fuihij_`g_fm\hagbdZxl

JZaj_r_gbygZk[jhku

>eylh]hqlh[ubf_lv\hafh`ghklvk[jhkblvklhqgu_\h^uhqbs_ggu_

bebg_hqbs_ggu_g_h[oh^bfhihemqblvmkhhl\_lkl\mxs_]h



ijbjh^hhojZggh]hhj]ZgZjZaj_r_gb_gZk[jhkGZhkgh\_h[sbo

iheh`_gbc:dlZh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\hijhku\u^Zqb

jZaj_r_gbcj_]mebjmxlkyghjfZlb\gufbZdlZfbhlbxgy

]bhlhdly[jy]H[uqghjZaj_r_gbygZk[jhkklhqguo\h^

\\h^hlhdbha_jZbebfhj_\u^Zxlkyhdjm]ZfbFmgbpbiZebl_lu\u^Zxl

jZaj_r_gbygZk[jhkuklhqguo\h^\fmgbpbiZevgu_kbkl_fu

dZgZebaZpbb

GhjfZlb\gucZdlhlhdly[jy]hdZq_kl\_gguodjbl_jbyo

klhqguo\h^bl^gZijZ\e_ggZfbgbfbaZpbxkh^_j`Zgby\

ihiZ^Zxsbo\\h^h_fuk[jhkZo\_s_kl\hiZkguo^eyhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uba^hjh\vyex^_cG_ihkj_^kl\_gghk\yaZghkha^hjh\v_fex^_c

gZdhie_gb_ly`_euof_lZeeh\b^jm]bolhdkbqguo\_s_kl\\ju[_

dhlhjZy\ueZ\eb\Z_lkybihlj_[ey_lky\ibsmfbgmylhj]h\mxk_lv

Lj_[h\Zgby\\b^_djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zhqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^

baeh`_ggu_\GhjfZlb\ghfZdl_hlbxgy]dZkZxlky

]eZ\gufh[jZahfm^Ze_gbybaklhqguo\h^hj]Zgbq_kdbobiblZl_evguo

\_s_kl\\ebyxsbogZkhklhygb_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ughg_

ij_^klZ\eyxsbobgl_j_kZklhqdbaj_gbya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ

H^gZdhlj_[h\Zgby[he__]em[hdhch[jZ[hldbhj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\

\ebyxlgZwnn_dlb\ghklvm^Ze_gbyiZlh]_gguofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\gZ

hqbklguokhhjm`_gbyoH[jZ[hldZklhqguo\h^\dexqZxsZyhi_jZpbb

m^Ze_gbylhevdhebrvhj]Zgbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbcf_oZgbq_kdZy

[bheh]bq_kdZyhqbkldZiha\hey_lm^Zeblvbaklhqguo\h^ijbf_jgh

[Zdl_jbc(Dheb\lh\j_fydZd^h[Z\e_gb_dwlbfhi_jZpbyfhi_jZpbc

ihm^Ze_gbxiblZl_evguo\_s_kl\\dexqZyhi_jZpbbgbljbnbdZpbb

^_gbljbnbdZpbbobfbq_kdh]hm^Ze_gbynhknhjZiha\hey_lm^Zeblvba

klhqguo\h^ijbf_jghn_dZevguo[Zdl_jbcL_fg_f_g__baaZ

\ukhdhcgZqZevghcdhgp_gljZpbbihemq_ggZydhgp_gljZpby\k__s_

fh`_lhklZ\Zlvkykebrdhf\ukhdhc^eylh]hqlh[uklhqgu_\h^ufh`gh

[uehk[jhkblv\\h^m\dhlhjhc[m^mldmiZlvkyex^b

FmgbpbiZevgh_ij_^ijbylb_ihh[jZ[hld_klhqguo\h^^he`gh

h[jZlblvkyaZjZaj_r_gb_fgZk[jhkd\eZklyfhdjm]Z>eyihemq_gby

jZaj_r_gbylj_[m_lkyh[_ki_qblvkh[ex^_gb_djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Z

k[jhkh\baeh`_gguo\GhjfZlb\ghfZdl_H[sb_agZq_gby

dZq_kl\Zk[jhkh\mklZgZ\eb\Z_fu_^eyfmgbpbiZevguohqbklguo

khhjm`_gbcaZ\bkylhlaZ]jmadbfhsghkl_c^Zgguohqbklguo

khhjm`_gbcjZkkqblu\Z_fhcihwd\b\Ze_glmqbke_gghklb

h[kem`b\Z_fh]hgZk_e_gby3(

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