Daniel E. Williams. Sustainable Design. Ecology, architecture and planning. (анг. яз)

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2000 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

EMERYVILLE RESOURCEFUL BUILDING

LOCATION: Emeryville, California

ARCHITECT: Siegel & Strain Architects

This three-unit affordable project, which won a 1999 Progressive Architecture Re-

search Award, “proved that affordable housing and environmental sustainability are

not mutually exclusive goals,” according to the award jury.

The project focused on increasing energy efficiency, lowering operating costs,

reducing resource consumption, and creating healthy indoor environments using

only conventional means of construction common to builders of affordable housing

projects.

Building Performance, According to the Architects

Approximately one year after occupancy, we reviewed utility bills. These showed

that performance was meeting expectations, about 33 percent over California’s Title

24. The exteriors of the buildings are maintaining their appearance, so we believe

that the materials that were selected are performing as we intended. Some residents

have replaced the planting materials with plants that require more water, so the

water conservation is not as great as planned.

The Emeryville

Resourceful Building

won the 1999 Progressive

Architecture Research

Award, proving that

affordable housing and

environmental

sustainability are not

mutually exclusive goals.

2000 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 163

Lessons Learned by the Architects

䊏

This was the first project in which we implemented an optimized-wood fram-

ing system. We have since used the system on several other projects, and each

time have improved our approach and documentation. To make improve-

ments to the building envelope, we might look into a different construction

type, such as modular construction or structural insulated panels (SIPs).

䊏

We might push harder in the planning-approvals phase to reduce the number

of required parking spaces. This would allow us more flexibility in siting the

buildings in relation to solar access and perhaps increase the amount of open

space.

䊏

The project would benefit from having an owner’s manual that describes

the goals of the project, how the units operate, and how they should be

maintained.

䊏

This was the first publicly bid green building for our firm. We implemented a

number of things in the specifications that we have since refined and used

again.

䊏

Through our grant for this project, we were able to have a complete environ-

mental life-cycle analysis for the material assemblies used in the project. This

helped us to select the roof, wall, and floor systems for the best overall envi-

ronmental performance. This would be ideal to incorporate into all our prac-

tice work, but the cost is prohibitive, and we have not used the method since.

䊏

Where possible, we now do detailed resource mapping of materials to iden-

tify local and regional resources.

The Emeryville Resourceful Building is an example of affordable housing built sustainably with conventional

construction methods.

164 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

䊏

We have several LEED-certified professionals on staff, which we find is most

important from a marketing point of view. We practiced sustainable design

before LEED existed. We are always mindful of the primary importance of bio-

climatic design; this is mostly ignored by LEED, except in energy measurement.

2000 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

HANOVER HOUSE

LOCATION: Hanover, New Hampshire

DESIGN ENGINEER (CONSULTANT): Energysmiths / Marc Rosenbaum, PE

The project was a solar-heated, superinsulated home. Indoor environmental quality,

durability, and material-resource efficiency were as important as low energy con-

sumption. Key features include superinsulation, superglass, heat-recovery ventila-

tion, airtight construction, and passive-solar design. Durable and healthy materials

include certified cedar shingles, linoleum, tile, and local hardwood floors. The house

is extremely comfortable, with even temperatures and proper humidity, and features

a very low-maintenance design as well as low water usage.

Building Performance, According to the Architect

The building’s performance over the past decade has matched the detailed model-

ing that was done during the design process remarkably well. It continues to be one

of the lowest energy-use homes anywhere, despite its cold climate location. One of

the clients is a professional engineer, and as such the client was interested in push-

ing the envelope technically. Also, the clients were quite pleased to not have any

combustion sources or fuel storage in the building.

Lessons Learned by the Architect

䊏

Given the drop in prices of solar electric systems, I would likely use photo-

voltaics and a ground-source heat pump rather than the solar thermal

approach, and then I would use radiant floors as the heat-delivery method.

䊏

High-quality forced-air systems (airtight and fully insulated, with a return in

every closable room) are expensive. Air systems are regarded as low cost only

because they are being built badly.

䊏

I was a very early LEED-accredited professional and worked on the first certi-

fied project in New England. I find LEED to be helpful for large projects where

the architects and engineers are just paying lip service to green design,

because the program imposes a structure with some metrics. On more

advanced projects, where the design team and the owner committed to do a

great job, LEED—with its bureaucracy and minutiae—is an expensive imped-

iment. I’ve been fairly successful in convincing my clients to bypass LEED,

which costs between $50,000 and $75,000 to implement on a small project,

if the time is really accounted for.

2000 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 165

2000 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

LADY BIRD JOHNSON WILDFLOWER CENTER

LOCATION: Austin, Texas

ARCHITECT: Overland Partners

This facility accommodates research, education, and visitor needs on a 40-acre site.

The center is designed as a series of outdoor spaces and facilities, including visitors’

galleries, a 250-seat auditorium, and classrooms. Features include a gift shop and

tearoom, botanical library, and research labs that focus on the education of visitors

about the use of native plants and demonstrate an ecologically sensitive approach to

the development of a site with fragile environmental conditions. The facilities and

the program they support are a model of “total resource conservation” while show-

ing the beauty of native landscape.

Elements integrated in the design include passive-solar heating, pragmatic

building orientation, recycled and reclaimed materials, and excavated material. Unit-

ing the entire complex is a rainwater capture and reuse system.

2000 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

MCLEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LIVING AND LEARNING CENTER (ELLC),

NORTHLAND COLLEGE

LOCATION: Ashland, Wisconsin

ARCHITECTS: LHB; Hammel, Green and Abrahamson (HGA); The Weidt

Group, energy analysis

This 40,000-square-foot student-housing complex is used in the curriculum for

114 residents learning about energy performance, materials, building life cycles, and

166 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The McLean

Environmental Living

and Learning Center at

Northland College,

Hammel, Green and

Abrahamson (HGA), and

The Weidt Group, is a

student-housing complex

that is used in the

curriculum for 114

residents learning about

energy performance,

materials, building life

cycles, and

sustainability.

sustainability. Computers monitor the building’s renewable systems: a 20-kilowatt

Jacobs Wind Turbine, a solar domestic hot-water system, and three photovoltaic

panels. LHB designed and specified systems and materials and involved students

throughout the design process.

Operable windows allow natural ventilation for this building, designed without

air conditioning. Products such as linoleum and low-VOC finishes ensured excep-

tional indoor air quality, which is being monitored. Low-flow showers and toilet fix-

tures, composting toilets, and high-efficiency gas boilers and light fixtures were

installed, reducing resource consumption.

Resource efficiency was addressed with recycled-content materials, biocomposite

counter surfaces, low-maintenance masonry, and regionally harvested wood.

2000 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

NEW SOUTH JAMAICA BRANCH LIBRARY

LOCATION: New York, New York

ARCHITECT: Stein White Nelligan Architects

The energy performance of the library is integral to the basic architectural design,

supported by a sophisticated mechanical and electrical control system. The building’s

relationship to the sun drives the architectural form, and the changing effects of nat-

ural light are significant to the quality of the interior space.

2000 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 167

McLean Environmental

Living & Learning Center,

a residence hall, is

Northland College’s most

energy-efficient building.

The relationship to

the sun drives the

architectural form of

the New South Jamaica

Branch Library by Stein

White Nelligan

Architects, and the

changing effects of

natural light are

significant to the quality

of the interior space.

168 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Automated controls regulate shades, lights, and ventilation dampers, depending

on the time of day and year. In the summer, daylight levels are limited to those

required for library operation. In the winter, the building captures maximum daylight

with the excess heat introduced into the building mass for storage. The building uses

construction materials efficiently, including recycled products.

2000 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE

LOCATION: Washington, DC

ARCHITECT: Hellmuth Obata + Kassabaum (HOK)

The goal of the project was to express World Resources Institute (WRI) values in

physical terms. Every material was chosen because it uses natural resources effi-

ciently; many were chosen because they are alternatives to conventional but less

environmentally friendly products. The design also focused on recognizing the man-

ufacturers of materials and systems that are moving toward sustainable-business

practices.

All wood is sustainably harvested or salvaged, and many alternatives have been

used, such as bamboo flooring and biocomposites made from wheat straw, soy, and

sunflower seeds for doors, cabinetry, and substrates.

The result of these and other sustainable materials is elegantly minimal, with a

soft curvilinear form and eased edge. Lighting fixtures save 70 percent of the elec-

trical energy that is typically used by energy-efficient, recessed fluorescent fixtures.

2000 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 169

All wood in the World

Resources Institute is

sustainably harvested or

salvaged, and many

alternatives have been

used, such as bamboo

flooring and

biocomposites made

from wheat straw, soy,

and sunflower seeds for

doors, cabinetry, and

substrates.

The design also focused

on recognizing the

manufacturers of

materials and systems

that are moving toward

sustainable-business

practices.

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects

ABN-AMRO Bank World Headquarters, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Adeline Street Urban Salvage Project, Berkeley, California

BigHorn Home Improvement Center, Silverthorne, Colorado

Chesapeake Bay Foundation Headquarters, Annapolis, Maryland

REI Denver, Denver, Colorado

Montgomery Campus, California College of Arts and Crafts, San Francisco,

California

Nidus Center for Scientific Enterprise, Creve Coeur, Missouri

PNC Firstside Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Sleeping Lady Conference and Retreat Center, Leavenworth, Washington

Zion National Park Visitor Center, Springdale, Utah

170 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The Nidus Center’s aggressive energy efficiency

exceeds ASHRAE/IES requirements by

33 percent.

The Nidus Center for Scientific Enterprise by Hellmuth Obata + Kassabaum

(HOK) is a 41,000-square-foot plant and life sciences business incubator

sponsored by Monsanto and located on its Creve Coeur research campus.

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

CHESAPEAKE BAY FOUNDATION HEADQUARTERS

LOCATION: Annapolis, Maryland

ARCHITECT: Smith Group

The Chesapeake Bay Foundation is dedicated to protecting and preserving the envi-

ronment. Its mission and dedication to that mission drove the design and inspired

the design team. The client was a major participant in all design decisions and

encouraged the design team to constantly “push the envelope.”

2001 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 171

The Chesapeake Bay

Foundation is dedicated

to protecting and

preserving the

environment. That

mission drove the design

and inspired the design

team.

Building Performance, According to the Architects

In general, the project is performing extremely well and as good if not better than

expected. Some aspects of the energy usage are not exactly as anticipated (e.g.,

there is a slightly higher plug draw of electricity); but the systems have performed

very well. Extensive and ongoing studies of the building energy profile have been

done by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (www.nrel.gov/) and are pub-

licly available.

Lessons Learned by the Architects

䊏

Better care must be taken in fully understanding (and detailing) the exterior

components (sun screens, structure, building skin). The effectiveness of some

systems is heavily affected by occupant use (heavier plug loads than previous).

The integrated-design approach worked extremely well, and this needs to be

utilized on other such projects for maximum effectiveness and efficiency.

䊏

We don’t necessarily utilize the LEED system on every project, but the educa-

tion and experience gained by LEED-accredited professionals and LEED-

registered projects is invaluable to their other work.

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

REI DENVER

LOCATION: Denver, Colorado

ARCHITECT: Mithun

As part of the design process, REI consulted its members to help define key priorities

to use in developing the Denver flagship store. The top priorities identified by the

members were energy efficiency, alternative-transit options, water conservation,

and sustainable building and operating principles, such as recycling.

The top priorities

identified by REI

members were energy

efficiency, alternative-

transit options, water

conservation, and

sustainable building and

operating principles,

such as recycling.

172 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN