Daniel E. Williams. Sustainable Design. Ecology, architecture and planning. (анг. яз)
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Building Performance, According to the Architects
Regenerative Studies is home to an environmental program of study at the univer-
sity that is faculty- and student-driven. The site is subject to heavy use, and this was
initially a concern to university trustees. They predicted a slowly deteriorating site,
with mosquitoes in the aquaculture ponds and unkempt grounds. The reverse has
been true. There is a distinct sense of place, opportunity, and community at the cen-
ter. Students and faculty are using every available approach to explore alternative
solutions to environmental problems. Many students are inspired to study ways to
design and construct such projects as solar panels, solar ovens, composters, and irri-
gation systems and to conduct agricultural experiments. In this way, the environ-
mental performance has been enhanced, just as it was envisioned. This project has
taken on a life of its own, and it continues to evolve as an academic setting for envi-
ronmental research.
1997 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner
DURANT ROAD MIDDLE SCHOOL
LOCATION: Raleigh, North Carolina
ARCHITECT: Innovative Design
At the time this school was designed, the firm had specialized in energy design and
had experienced considerable success with daylit schools in the adjacent county.
Durant Road Middle
School is the first school
in the county to comply
with ASHRAE’s 15 cubic
feet per minute (cfm) per-
person guideline.
1997 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 133
Their energy performance, as well as the indoor environment, was excellent, and the
schools were used as a regional benchmark. This was a major factor in Wake County
Schools’ decision to hire the architectural firm. Client and architects adopted the
then-current version of North Carolina’s High Performance Guidelines (very similar
to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, or LEED, but with more state-
appropriate variations).
Building Performance, According to the Architects
Durant Middle School was completed in 1995 for use as a year-round school (with
the resulting increase in energy and operating requirements). It was the first school
in the county to comply with ASHRAE’s 15 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per-person
guideline. In 1995 the school consumed $0.84 per square foot per year in energy
bills. This compared at that time to $1.34 per square foot for the typical year-round
Daylight illuminates the
gym during the day.
134 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
school in this area of North Carolina that also complies with the 15 cfm ASHRAE
standard. Since that time, a considerable number of mobile classrooms have been
added to the campus, and Sunday church services within the school have increased;
but the energy costs, excluding the mobiles, have been maintained and actually
have improved, ranging from 10 percent below the first-year (1995) usage to $0.73
(2003–2004). Performance in some classrooms has been reduced due to lack of
maintenance and lack of use of the operable shades in those classrooms. Such main-
tenance details and staff operational practices have to be continually addressed.
1997 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner
NEW CANAAN NATURE CENTER HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION CENTER
LOCATION: New Canaan, Connecticut
ARCHITECTS: Donald Watson, FAIA, and Buchanan Associates Architects,
in joint venture
In 1981, when the program was formulated, the client established that the building
should be a prototype to demonstrate and promote energy-efficient greenhouse
design, and it would be combined with classrooms and offices. The program and
design concepts were subject to extensive research, including a survey of similar
projects internationally, computer and daylight modeling, and consultations with
experts in mechanical systems, construction, and horticulture. One of the early
green demonstration projects of the 1980s, the project received numerous awards
for design and energy innovation. For more information about the center, visit its
Web site at http://www.newcanaannature.org.
The program and design
concepts of the New
Canaan Nature Center
Horticultural Education
Center were subject to
extensive research,
including a survey of
similar projects
internationally, computer
and daylight modeling,
and consultations with
experts in mechanical
systems, construction,
and horticulture.
1997 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 135
Building Performance, According to the Architects
Completed in 1983, the project has been in operation for more than 25 years.
Energy consumption was documented for several years, and revealed that actual uti-
lization exceeded the energy reduction anticipated by computer simulations. The
building has been evaluated in a series of postoccupancy studies, at two, five, and
ten years after inauguration. These evaluations offered a number of lessons. Some
features originally installed for energy conservation are no longer operated: for
example, a solar hot-water system installed in 1983 was little used and has been dis-
connected; a large, insulating shade (70 ft. long ⫻ 40 ft. high) originally installed to
operate automatically now runs by operator switch controls. Other features have
proven durable. One of the innovations used was root-bed heating; innovative at
the time, it now has been adopted widely in greenhouses in the northeastern United
States as an energy-efficient technique to maintain healthy planting environments.
Lessons Learned by the Architects
䊏
The building circulation is designed as a visitor tour, with movement through
the building providing sequential openings and views, as in a forest. Interac-
tive exhibits that explained the energy features of the design were innovative
at the time of the building’s opening. These were removed after a decade to
make room for gardening programs.
䊏
The nonmoving aspects of the design (i.e., passive design, thermal mass, and
earth berms) have proven both economical and durable. The moving parts,
such as the insulating shade, have proven to be a challenge. The long-term
lesson is “Keep It (Very) Simple.”
The passive aspects of
the design (i.e., thermal
mass and earth berms)
have proven both
economical and
durable in the New
Canaan Building.
136 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
䊏
Our firm adopted solar energy and environmental design as a primary focus
of a teaching and research-based practice beginning in the mid-1960s. We
continue this focus still. Great emphasis is given to the programming and
preschematic phases, in establishing parameters of performance and re-
ducing liability and costs, seeking double- and triple-use opportunities and
natural fit with the given climate and context. In this project, the large green-
house is essentially a multiuse atrium space for plants and people, serving as
a horticultural greenhouse, a reception area for events, a place for exhibits, a
garden gift shop, and an educational classroom.
䊏
Design architect of the project, Donald Watson, FAIA, sums up lessons as:
“Delve diligently into all design options. Test carefully, and adopt new
approaches with vigilance. Seek advice from a wide range of experts. Be ever
patient with the client. Use the process to educate yourself and others. Fol-
low up with [a] thorough evaluation. Be honest about mistakes and lessons
learned. Be modest before the complexity and wonder of nature.”
1997 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner
PRINCE STREET TECHNOLOGIES
LOCATION: Cartersville, Georgia
ARCHITECT: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback & Associates
The architects’ approach to design draws from the client’s needs as well as an under-
standing of site opportunities and constraints, in addition to budget and time con-
siderations. The client is an innovative manufacturer of high-end custom carpet. To
select an architect, it sponsored a design competition for its new corporate office,
showroom, and manufacturing facility. The client established that the new facility
1997 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 137
Activity is shared visually
at Prince Street
Technologies through the
generous use of glass,
from the plant, design
studio, offices, and
conference rooms to
showrooms on the
outside radius.
The Prince Street
Technologies facility
provides a work
environment that
conveys a sense of family
and emphasizes
teamwork. It is a
marketing tool for its
products, while reflecting
the client’s commitment
to the environment.
should provide a work environment that conveyed a sense of family and emphasized
teamwork; be a marketing tool for its products; and reflect the client’s commitment
to the environment.
To facilitate the close sense of family and teamwork that employees of Prince
Street shared, the design incorporates open architecture to accomplish the client’s
goal of “flattening” any perception of corporate hierarchy. Activity is shared visually,
through the generous use of glass, from the plant, design studio, offices, and con-
ference rooms to showrooms on the outside radius. The primary visitor to this facil-
ity is the design community. The design solution was to create a framework for tours
that tell the story of the product and the company, which includes an environmen-
tal message. Many aspects combine to optimize energy efficiency and the health
and well-being of employees and to respect the natural environment. Daylighting is
prevalent, sun shading reduces heat gain, and air ducts are built into precast con-
138 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
crete floor panels for maximum energy efficiency. Other environmental concerns are
addressed by the use of low-maintenance landscape and simple building materials
that are underfinished.
Building Performance, According to the Architects
The facility was used less than five years. After only a couple of those years, Prince
Street combined its broadloom-manufacturing processes with Bentley, the com-
pany’s other top-tier carpet line. All of the production was moved to an existing
Bentley facility in California.
1997 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner
WOMEN’S HUMANE SOCIETY ANIMAL SHELTER
LOCATION: Bensalem, Pennsylvania
ARCHITECT: Susan Maxman & Partners, Architects
This was the first sustainable project that Susan Maxman & Partners, Architects
undertook, and the client was new to sustainable design when they started the proj-
ect. In the early stages of the project, Maxman met Amory Lovins and decided to
undertake an energy-efficient, green building. Maxman convinced the client, who
agreed to pay an additional fee to simulate the performance of the design and deter-
1997 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 139
The energy performance
of the Women’s Humane
Society Animal Shelter
has been tracked, and its
performance is better
than was anticipated in
the computer modeling.
mine energy-efficient strategies for it. When it came to budget cutting, the client did
not eliminate any of the energy-saving strategies.
1998 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects
Cambridge Cohousing, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Energy Resource Center, Downey, California
Environmental Showcase Home, Phoenix, Arizona
Florida House Learning Center, Sarasota, Florida
Interface Ray C. Anderson Plant, La Grange, Georgia
Patagonia Distribution Center, Reno, Nevada
Ridgehaven Green Demonstration Project, San Diego, California
SC Johnson Wax Commercial Products Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin
Thoreau Center for Sustainability, San Francisco, California
Wal-Mart Environmental Demonstration Store, City of Industry, California
140 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Cambridge Cohousing by The Green Village Co.represents
an innovative and promising model of collaboration for
community residents and green-thinking professionals.
The overall environmental achievements at Cambridge
Cohousing are a good precedent for multifamily housing.
1998 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 141
The Energy Resource Center by WLC Architects acts as a
showcase building, integrating not only top-quality energy
strategies but also environmental material choices and
indoor environmental quality elements.
Energy
efficiency,
indoor air
quality, and
resource
conservation
were all key
goals in the
design of
the Energy
Resource
Center.
Environmental Showcase Home by Jones Studio was
designed to introduce a full range of environmentally
responsible design ideas, systems, and products to
mass-market production housing builders.
At the Environmental Showcase Home, water
conservation, waste reduction, and the evaluation
of materials through a life-cycle assessment were
integrated into the design solution.
142 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Interface’s Ray C. Anderson Plant, a manufacturing
plant and customer center for the carpet manufac-
turer, was designed by Thompson, Ventulet, Stainback
& Associates.
A unique aspect of the Patagonia Distribution Center by The
Miller|Hull Partnership was Patagonia’s environmental philosophy
and corporate culture, and the connection between its products and
the environment.
The SC Johnson Wax Commercial Products building designed
by Zimmerman Design Group and Hellmuth Obata + Kassa-
baum (HOK) serves as a benchmark for environmentally
responsible design and construction.
The challenge for HOK was to create the most advanced,
environmentally responsible building possible
without adding to the overall cost.