Daniel E. Williams. Sustainable Design. Ecology, architecture and planning. (анг. яз)

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Sustainable

Design

ECOLOGY,

ARCHITECTURE,

AND PLANNING

Daniel E. Williams, FAIA

Forewords by David W. Orr and

Donald Watson, FAIA

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

嘷

⬁

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any

form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,

except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without

either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appro-

priate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,

(978) 750–8400, fax (978) 646–8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Pub-

lisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748–6011, fax (201) 748–6008, or online at

www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best

efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accu-

racy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of

merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales

representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be

suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the

publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages,

including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care

Department within the United States at (800) 762–2974, outside the United States at (317)

572–3993 or fax (317) 572–4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print

may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web

site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Williams, Daniel E.

Sustainable design: ecology, architecture, and planning / Daniel E. Williams.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN: 978-0-471-70953-4 (cloth)

1. Sustainable architecture. I. Title.

NA2542.36.W548 2007

720’.47—dc22 2006102173

Printed in the United States of America

10987654321

WILEY BICENTENNIAL LOGO DESIGN: RICHARD J. PACIFICO

100%

TOTAL RECYCLED PAPER

100% POSTCONSUMER PAPER

preface

La aritmetica non e opinione

—arithmetic is not an opinion.

The media has saturated us with the measurements, the “arithmetic,” on how badly

we have been doing as stewards of our home: global warming, drought, sprawl,

asthma, and obesity are direct results of the way we have chosen to live. Implicated

in the equation of global climate change is the way we plan, design, and build on the

land. We have consumed precious natural landscape and depleted vegetation, soils,

and water, using up the resource base that has been our benefactor. To understand

what it might take designers to change this arithmetic, we must first understand

both the magnitude and complexity of what brought us to this point, and second,

we must learn ways to change our direction.

We do know that we must aggressively commit to designing sustainably—that

is, designing within the limits of our natural resources and natural laws. Some

choices are obvious and readily available to us. For example, we can develop and

employ renewable resources, find alternatives to scarce and diminishing resources,

and use less more efficiently and wisely. This does not mean accepting a lower qual-

ity of life but, instead, designing ways to achieve a higher quality of life for the pre-

sent and future by designing for an “unplugged” life that functions well without

exploitation of nonrenewable resources and increases renewable capacities for pre-

sent and future generations.

The scope of global issues that account for the arithmetic of climate and cul-

tural change demands more of us. This book reviews the range of impacts that plan-

ning and design might undertake to redress global consequences. The collection

of design principles and practices set forth in this book illustrates the meaning of

deep sustainability, which is a commitment beyond the standard energy-efficiency

responses—demonstrating the best of what sustainable design can accomplish. This

book presents multiple scales and a comprehensive overview of sustainable-design

principles and practices, which are defined to set high but realizable goals, and these

principles and practices are illustrated by examples and case studies.

Sustainable design is an approach to design based on natural-systems function-

ing—what Ian McHarg aptly titled his book Design with Nature. The considerable

energy in nature can provide enough to power a sustainable future if we listen and

learn from it. Designs that use the available site energies are approaching sustain-

ability—these designs connect everything and are the ecological model.

xvi PREFACE

Climate change is everyone’s challenge, and architects must play an important role commensurate with

their impact.

PREFACE xvii

xviii PREFACE

Form follows energy.

The five chapters that follow address the challenges of sustainable design on a

range of physical scales. The ecological model is discussed in Chapter 1. In this chap-

ter the case is made for learning from biological and ecological system functioning

and using ecological principles as a working model for sustainable design.

Chapter 2, Sustainable Design, reviews the challenges before us and argues for

a deeper look into and beyond green design, making the case that a critical element

in the change to sustainable living is in how we practice design and how we must, in

fact, design a sustainable future.

Chapters 3 through 5 are discussions and case-study examples on various scales

of design from regional to urban to architecture, based, in part, on an ecological

model.

The focus of Chapter 3, Regional Design, is on the regional scale. The impor-

tance of large-scale design and planning illustrates systems thinking and systems

solutions at the larger scale, suggesting that the design of regions is the most critical

to sustainability at other scales.

Urban design is discussed in Chapter 4, Sustainable Urban and Community

Design, showing that sustainability at the urban scale requires the design of livable

communities that are efficient, that possess a human scale, and that provide a high

quality of life for people with diverse incomes and cultural interests. The functional

foundation for these communities is rooted in ecological principles and the use and

cycling of sustainable local energies and renewable resources.

Chapter 5 is on architectural design and the building scale. The primary focus is

on buildings and structures, several of which function more like organisms than sta-

tic objects. Sustainably designed buildings are connected to their site and natural

place in order to capture, store, and distribute the natural site energies, the neigh-

borhood scale, and local climate conditions.

Part II, Chapter 6 presents the winning entries from the AIA/COTE (Committee

on the Environment) Top Ten Green Awards from its inception in 1997 through

2006. This section illustrates how quickly sustainable design has become part of

acceptable and mainstream design practices and how the lessons-learned metric for

performance has become increasingly better defined. These examples give credence

to thinking that sustainable designs are achievable, affordable, and compelling.

The sustainable-design challenge is about designing places that increase natural

and human capacity. These designs better fit the planet, the local climate, the site,

and the specific places we build and live and work in. Sustainable design is achiev-

able if we understand how ecological systems provide sustainable flows and stor-

ages of materials and energies from the place—to design and build an ecology—as

an organism might build and live in an ecosystem.

The first challenge is to understand ecology, to become literate about our home,

and to learn what sustainable forces and energies are available on the project site

and, then, design to make use of this knowledge—to design the connections. A pri-

mary goal is to unplug our designs and power them with only on-site energy. Once

the idea of using site energies is understood, the exciting process of sustainability

begins, through designs that are connected to and reflect the natural place and that

are loved and truly sustainable.

The comparative value of community and ecology is that they both revere con-

nections, relationships. The rethinking of design—not as an object but as an organ-

ism with flows and storages of energy and materials—is basic to sustainability.

Creating designs that facilitate connections—capturing, concentrating, and storing

energy and materials—between the sustainable energies and materials of the site

and region will create sustainability.

Architects and planners relish complex challenges, and designing sustainable

buildings and communities is just such a challenge. Sustainable Design: Ecology, and

Architecture, and Planning is intended to help architects, planners, landscape archi-

tects, engineers, and public officials—the professional agents of change—under-

stand the deep issues of sustainability and gain the knowledge necessary to meet the

sustainable-design challenge.

PREFACE xix

Because a magnifying glass

uses available sustainable

energy—sunlight—it serves

as a metaphorical sustain-

able match. It captures and

concentrates a sustainable

energy.

contents

Foreword by David W. Orr ix

Foreword by Donald Watson, FAIA xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xxi

Introduction xxiii

Part 1

CHAPTER ONE: The Ecological Model 1

Ecology 2

Ecology as a Model 3

Waste Debts 5

The Value of Land 7

Paradigm Shift 8

Thinking as a System: Connectivity, Not Fragmentation 9

CHAPTER TWO:

Sustainable Design 13

Where Do We Want to Go? 13

Design Matters 13

Why Architects? 14

Green Design versus Sustainable Design 15

Why Now? 16

Approaching Sustainability 17

Place-Based Energy and Resources 18

Principles for Designing Sustainably 18

Where to Start? 20

CHAPTER THREE:

Regional Design 23

Evolving from Nonrenewables 25

Another Weak Link: The Power Grid 25

The Regional Design 26

Water: A Common Denominator 27

Make No Small Plans 29

The Regional Design Process 30

Regional Case Studies 43

Cache Valley, Utah 43

Farmington, Minnesota: Building within the Community

Watershed 50

Smart Growth: Southeast Florida Coastal Communities 59

CHAPTER FOUR:

Sustainable Urban and Community Design 69

A Matter of Place 70

Principles for Sustainable Communities 72

Regional Ecology and Biourbanism 72

Sustainable Urban and Community Case Studies 81

Lessons from Belle Glade: Can We Save the Everglades

and Sustain Agriculture? 81

Rio Nuevo Master Plan 84

Growing the Great River Park 91

CHAPTER FIVE:

Architectural Design 103

The Site: Challenges and Opportunities 103

Site Design and Environmental Analysis 106

Sustainable Infrastructure 116

The Skin 116

Evolving a Sustainable Design Practice 120

Sustainable Design and Existing Buildings 121

Sustainable Interior Architecture 126

Part 2

CHAPTER SIX: The AIA/COTE Top Ten Green 129

Projects Program

1997 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects 130

1998 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects 140

1999 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects 147

2000 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects 159

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects 170

2002 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects 182

vi CONTENTS