Daniel E. Williams. Sustainable Design. Ecology, architecture and planning. (анг. яз)

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At REI Denver, reclaimed

wood timbers, salvaged

from an abandoned

mine, were used for stair

supports, and reclaimed

wood decking was used

for a new second-floor

structure.

2001 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 173

Energy Features

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Mechanical system uses direct and indirect, evaporative water-cooling system

to reduce energy consumption during summer months.

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Energy savings are due to greater temperature spread performance require-

ments and variable-speed HVAC fans, resulting in temperature variances of

up to 5 degrees Fahrenheit off optimum within the store.

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Natural daylighting is used extensively throughout the building.

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Large skylights within the great room allow ambient lighting to shut off when

natural daylight reaches required levels.

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Carbon monoxide sensors activate garage exhaust fans only when needed.

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Motion sensors detect occupancy for lighting usage after hours.

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There are no escalators.

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High-efficiency metal halide and fluorescent lighting is used within the

building.

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Computer-controlled energy-management system is used.

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There are extensive bike racks for customers and employees, with employee

showers to encourage bike use.

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Transportation plan encourages employee use of alternative transportation

sources.

Materials

䊏

Reclaimed wood timbers, salvaged from an abandoned mine, were used for

stair supports. Reclaimed wood decking was used for new second-floor

structure.

䊏

New stone was employed that involved no active quarrying. It was instead

selected from a washed-out earthen dam.

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Large sandstone foundations discovered during site excavations were used

for new landscaping and fireplace.

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Limited use of internal coatings, and the steel and wood structure inside the

building was left raw with no stain or coating on structural wood and much

of the wood paneling.

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Wood structure used engineered lumber available from small-diameter trees.

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Engineered-wood panel products from postindustrial waste (medium-density

fiberboard, or MDF, and OSB, oriented-strand board) were used for wall ele-

ments, cabinets, and merchandise fixtures.

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Wood flooring came from certified sustainable forest sources.

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Native Colorado landscaping, with a high-efficiency subsurface irrigation sys-

tem, reduces water consumption.

174 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Keeping Items from Waste Stream

By using and recycling an existing structure, an overwhelming quantity of new

material was not used; material that ordinarily would be sent to a landfill was reused.

Other methods used to keep items from entering the waste stream included the use

of the following methods and practices:

䊏

A construction recycling program and store operation recycling program were

established.

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Exterior-treated timbers and shoring lagging utilized environmentally friendly,

low-VOC preservatives.

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Countertops used recycled newspaper and soybean composite (Phoenix Bio

Composite).

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Concrete had a high fly-ash content, a waste byproduct of coal-generated

power plants.

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Landscape uses composted urban green waste.

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Steel, which typically consists of more than 65 percent recycled content in the

United States, was used throughout the building.

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The art program anticipates using recycled glass and salvaged steel panels.

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Salvaged timbers and decking were used within the retail space.

Lessons Learned by the Architects

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The advancement and availability of sustainable materials would have

opened us to new possibilities. We are more in tune today with sustainable

issues having to do with water than when we started the design of the Seat-

tle flagship store in 1993.

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We learned the value of reusing an existing structure, and that designing a

sustainable project while renovating a historic landmark is not only possible

but also extremely rewarding.

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We do much of our materials and methods research on our own, with the

assistance of contractors, materials suppliers, and peers within the design

profession. Ideally, better information would be available to design profes-

sionals in the critical area of life-cycle analysis.

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

MONTGOMERY CAMPUS, CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND CRAFTS

LOCATION: San Francisco, California

ARCHITECT: Leddy Maytum Stacy Architects

After analyzing several different adaptive-reuse approaches for the existing struc-

ture, we convinced the client that incorporating sustainable strategies was not only

consistent with its institutional and pedagogical missions but would also save hun-

2001 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 175

dreds of thousands of dollars in both capital and operating expenses. Making the

new project a “solar-heated art school” added fund-raising appeal and helped

jump-start the capital campaign as well.

Building Performance, According to the Architects

The project continues to perform well for two reasons. First, the systems were

designed to be very simple, requiring minimal maintenance. Second, the user is a

school of architecture, art, and design, so the building is used as a teaching tool and

is therefore well maintained.

Lessons Learned by the Architects

䊏

Because this was a very low-budget project, there were very few elements in

play. The design benefited from the discipline of a limited budget.

Incorporating

sustainable strategies

was consistent with the

CCAC’s institutional and

pedagogical mission, and

also saved hundreds of

thousands of dollars in

both capital and

operating expenses.

176 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

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We would require more sustainable-construction practices and documenta-

tion from the contractor.

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We would place more emphasis on natural-ventilation cooling strategies.

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We would push harder for proper skylight sun- and glare-control devices.

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Our basic approach to this project—that sustainable design fundamentally

means making the most with the least—has not changed over the years. We

strive for simplicity and elegance.

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In our office, sustainable design is simply another way of saying good design.

We don’t segregate sustainable issues. We use LEED as a guide for every pro-

ject. It helps both the design team and the client understand options and

trade-offs, even if certification is not being sought. We currently have 7

LEED-accredited professionals in a firm of 18. We feel it adds to our knowl-

edge base and communicates our commitment to our clients.

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

PNC FIRSTSIDE CENTER

LOCATION: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

ARCHITECT: Astorino

The client is a very forward-thinking company and was the prime motivator for

sustainable design and LEED certification. The project team was together from

The Montgomery

Campus California

College of Arts and Crafts

building is used as a

teaching tool and is

therefore well

maintained.

2001 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 177

the beginning, including the owner, architect, engineer, and construction man-

ager, so when the client decided to go for LEED certification, the team was already

working together and could adjust plans accordingly. Major decisions were

consensus-built.

Building Performance, According to the Architects

PNC Firstside is performing and operating better than originally expected. Studies

have compared this facility with a virtually identical facility of the same size and

function that was built with conventional systems and products. During peak-load

periods, such as the summer, energy costs at PNC Firstside are 50 percent lower

than the conventional building’s. In addition, employee retention has improved

60 percent.

During peak-load

periods, such as the

summer, energy costs at

PNC Firstside Center by

Astorino are 50 percent

lower than those of a

conventional building.

178 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Lessons Learned by the Architects

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If our firm were to design the project today, we would put more effort into

sustainable-construction practices, use more efficient lamps in light fixtures,

install more lighting controls, and incorporate more daylighting techniques.

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Sustainability can be applied to every project to some degree. Product and

system research must be ongoing. We did not need to modify our standard

professional practices to accommodate sustainable design. Our design philos-

ophy is already based both directly and indirectly on sustainable principles.

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Materials research and an understanding of their use are important in the

completion of any facility. When making hiring decisions, we review an indi-

vidual’s educational and project experience relative to this issue.

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We use LEED as their sustainability metrics systems, but PNC Firstside occa-

sionally uses other systems as well. The company believes it is very important

to have an LEED-accredited professional on staff to serve as both a guide on

a project as well as a source of reference for the entire staff.

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

SLEEPING LADY CONFERENCE AND RETREAT CENTER

LOCATION: Leavenworth, Washington

ARCHITECT: Jones & Jones Architects and Landscape Architects, Ltd.

The client is a champion of various environmental causes and an advocate of simple

living in concert with natural systems. Rigorous dialogue and high standards for

Rigorous dialogue and

high standards for

environmental and

financial sustainability

produced the Sleeping

Lady Conference and

Retreat Center, a project

that was distilled by

research and debate.

2001 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 179

environmental and financial sustainability produced a project that was distilled by

research and debate. Consequently, it was pretested both in concept and on paper

before it was built. The attitude of continually making the facility and operations

more sustainable has prevailed since the project was completed.

Building Performance, According to the Architects

The building is operating well because of the following:

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Low-tech to no-tech solutions

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Natural infrastructure (i.e., infiltration, shade or trees, cooling breezes, user

control)

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Durable construction systems

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Climate-responsive design

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Easily maintainable systems

Lessons Learned by the Architects

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The project endorsed our firm’s beliefs about integrated design, simplicity,

placeness, climate-responsive design, and enhancing the relationships of social

and natural systems.

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We would have liked to add more renewable, local energy systems; but with

the low cost of abundant hydroelectric power, it was difficult to justify the

added cost. It is a similar case with rainwater collection and storage (costly,

compared to the low water rates). As it is, rainwater infiltrates into the ground,

closely matching the natural regime. Plantings are primarily natives.

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The Center was a project that relied on a background in deep ecology, re-

source and energy efficiency, and common sense about good design. We use

GreenSpec and other sources already mentioned. We take care in cost-

estimating and value analysis that considers environmental costs as well as

price and that is accurate and fair to the project budget and to the construc-

tion team. We include specific LEED criteria and required documentation

when applicable.

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Sometimes. LEED is helpful to a project for third-party verification and/or

public relations. Having a tool for client, user, subconsultant, and contractor

education is always useful. LEED-accredited professionals are an advantage in

that they are not only knowledgeable in green design but conversant in LEED

protocol. In nearly all of our projects, we have found it incumbent on us to be

the visionaries, teachers, and keepers of the integrated and holistic design

idea.

180 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

2001 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

ZION NATIONAL PARK VISITOR CENTER

LOCATION: Springdale, Utah

ARCHITECT: National Park Service and Denver Service Center

As a primary component of the Zion Canyon Transportation System, this low-energy,

sustainable facility is the entry to a transit- and pedestrian-centered visitor experi-

ence, providing park information, interpretation, and trip-planning assistance within

a resource environment. The new visitor center is part of a transportation system that

seeks to reduce resource impacts and enhance the visitor experience. Consisting of

indoor and outdoor spaces for visitor services, this facility creates a setting to promote

and interpret park resources and agency conservation values. In creating the Zion

National Park Visitor Center, the National Park Service (NPS), working with DOE’s

National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), has complemented Zion’s natural beauty.

Environmental Aspects

Several effective energy features were included: daylighting, Trombe walls for pas-

sive solar heating, downdraft cool-towers for natural ventilation cooling, energy-

efficient lighting, and advanced building controls. A roof-mounted photovoltaic

(PV) system provides electric power. This project will save roughly $14,000 and

about 10 kW of electric demand per year through these energy-saving measures.

Several effective energy

features were included in

the Zion National Park

Visitor Center:

daylighting, Trombe

walls for passive solar

heating, downdraft cool-

towers for natural

ventilation cooling,

energy-efficient lighting,

and advanced building

controls.

2001 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 181

Lessons Learned by the Architects

Designing the electrical system and installing the conduit for future PV was ideal.

When PV was added, it was installed in a few hours. The photovoltaic system and

inverter are used for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. A better defini-

tion of what loads were to be UPS-powered would have been useful, however. The

UPS system is not guaranteed to provide continuous power. About 5 percent of the

outgates have left the building with a brief (less than 1 second) outage—enough to

reset computers. Some small UPS computer backups have been installed for the brief

outages.

Cool-towers have worked as well as direct evaporative coolers except in the

enclosed offices, where additional small fans were added. The recommendation is

that cool-towers be used only in large open spaces.

Daylighting levels have been lower than anticipated. This was due to the large

number of dark beams in the space and the white stained ceilings (instead of white

paint, as modeled). In addition, bug screens on the operable windows have affected

the daylighting level. The result has been additional operation of artificial lighting.

Trombe walls have exceeded operational expectations. However, a design change

resulted in two enclosed offices against Trombe walls, and these offices tend to over-

heat. In large open zones, the Trombe walls are very effective.

2002 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects

Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin, Ohio

Bank of Astoria, Manzanita, Oregon

Navy Building 850, Port Hueneme, California

Camp Arroyo, Livermore, California

Edificio Malecon, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities, Ankeny, Iowa

National Wildlife Federation Headquarters, Reston, Virginia

Pier 1, San Francisco, California

Puget Sound Environmental Learning Center, Bainbridge Island, Washington

Tofte Cabin, Tofte, Minnesota

2002 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

ADAM JOSEPH LEWIS CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

LOCATION: Oberlin, Ohio

ARCHITECT: William McDonough + Partners

Designed to be a model of restorative design, in terms inspired by the late John Lyle,

the center celebrates the interaction of human and natural environments. With a

goal to be a net energy exporter, the teaching and public space integrates natural

182 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN