Daniel E. Williams. Sustainable Design. Ecology, architecture and planning. (анг. яз)

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

A multidisciplinary

charrette is an effective

way of establishing goals

and next steps for

retrofitting for

sustainability.

122 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The AIA headquarters

building shows the

challenge of adapting

existing architecture to

sustainable principles.

The redesign of the

national and

international stock of

existing buildings is by

far the greatest

opportunity for carbon

reduction and retrofitting

for sustainability.

The opportunity to green the AIA headquarters has many multiplier effects:

䊏

It enriches the urban and community pattern, making connection to the

larger system.

䊏

It creates business opportunities and revenue-generation sources.

䊏

Buildings can be rejuvenated with “good bones” that exemplify historic

stewardship and reinforce the urban street.

䊏

The environmental quality and energy savings can be improved.

䊏

Employee health, productivity, and retention can be increased.

䊏

There is support for the creative nature of collaborative work.

Projects with the greatest promise for enhancing community and revenue

potential are outlined as follows:

䊏

Create an environmentally rich conference center where the building will

teach.

䊏

Link the AIA into the green processional spaces of the city.

䊏

Improve the plaza to create a new front door to the Institute and incorporate

natural light for underground spaces, increasing usable and rentable space.

䊏

Create a high-performance and collaborative work environment for staff.

䊏

Develop roof and plaza spaces to include a living roof, photovoltaic cells, and

an architects café.

䊏

Incorporate smart and green infrastructure, such as improving free cooling

and ventilation opportunities.

䊏

Develop green operations and maintenance protocols.

These initiatives build on previous studies and ongoing improvements to a build-

ing that continues to be a source of pride to AIA members everywhere and a repre-

sentation of the value of design to the world at large.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND EXISTING BUILDINGS 123

The discovery of unused

space—the roof of the

AIA headquarters—leads

to opportunities for

additional uses and

recovery of urban

stormwater for

irrigation.

Summary of Opportunities for AIA Headquarters

Passive Opportunities

䊏

Create an environmentally rich conference center building that teaches.

䊏

Promote smart and green infrastructure.

䊏

Improve free-cooling opportunities.

䊏

Showcase green technologies.

䊏

Integrate daylighting.

䊏

Use green materials.

䊏

Incorporate innovative and efficient water-plumbing strategies.

䊏

Use living roof on boardroom.

䊏

Link the AIA to the green processional spaces of the city.

䊏

Link into the Michael Van Valkenburgh plan for Pennsylvania Avenue.

䊏

Create native perennial landscape in front of the Octagon Museum.

䊏

Enhance street tree-planting areas and utilize for stormwater management.

䊏

Create a connection to the National Park along E Street through coordinated

landscape and paving design.

䊏

Explore opportunities to partner with the National Park Service to develop

educational exhibits about architecture and the environment in the park

along E Street.

䊏

Improve the plaza to create a new front door for Institute headquarters and

to draw the public in to experience the gallery, bookstore, library, and the his-

toric Octagon.

䊏

Enliven the plaza space with furniture, displays, environmental art, and a new

café in the Pump House.

䊏

Enhance garden areas with native plantings, integrated stormwater manage-

ment, and water features that celebrate rainwater collection.

䊏

Integrate plaza skylights to daylight the lower level of the building.

䊏

Develop a collaborative, high-performance work environment for staff.

䊏

Develop new collaboration spaces with indoor and outdoor space.

䊏

Improve the visual environment with integrated daylighting and task and

ambient electric lighting.

䊏

Create test bed for window-wall innovations in two orientations.

䊏

Light shelves for enhanced daylight distribution.

䊏

Develop roofscape with a living roof, photovoltaic array, and a new architects

café.

䊏

Use architects café to enhance conference center.

䊏

Develop living roof for stormwater management and rainwater harvesting.

124 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

䊏

Solve “1,000 points of energy drain.”

䊏

Develop a protocol for green operations, cleaning, and maintenance.

䊏

Make the comprehensive recycling and composting program more visible.

䊏

Provide visible recycling containers.

䊏

Establish a policy for construction waste.

䊏

Develop a travel and greening of conference venues policy.

䊏

Provide educational information and display sustainable strategies.

Active Opportunities

䊏

Increase marketability through enhanced flexibility, collaboration opportuni-

ties, and improved comfort in existing meeting rooms.

䊏

Develop additional indoor-outdoor collaborative conference spaces on roof

and in library.

䊏

Use high-performance lighting and controls and LEC and LED (light-emitting

diode) exit lighting.

䊏

Integrate photovoltaic powered night-lighting strategy for public areas to en-

hance image, reduce energy usage, and create a public education opportunity.

䊏

Incorporate a high-performance building envelope to eliminate the need for

perimeter fan coils.

䊏

Use a demonstration-scale photovoltaic array as part of the concept of letting

the building act as a teacher.

䊏

Enhance dehumidification.

䊏

Enhance HVAC controls to improve comfort control and energy effectiveness.

䊏

Optimize boiler efficiency.

The AIA headquarters can be a national example, helping to develop principles

that architects can use for retrofitting buildings internationally. Through this greening

of the AIA headquarters charrette and the subsequent actions that will improve the

headquarters facility, the AIA will demonstrate the value of design and the role of the

architect in making positive change in their communities, while developing a process

that can be used by architects to help them green the existing buildings of their clients.

Design Team

Chair, Daniel Williams, FAIA

Vice Chair, Mark Rylander, AIA

Joyce Lee, AIA

Vivian Loftness, FAIA

Sandy Mendler, AIA

Don Nall, AIA

John McRae, FAIA

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND EXISTING BUILDINGS 125

“You must be the change

you wish to see in the

world.”

MAHATMA GANDHI

Although the headquarters is not a truly historic building, it is an example of the

opportunity for existing and historic buildings to be used to study the long-life,

loose fit aspect of sustainable design while analyzing energy consumption reduction

as a step toward being unplugged. These buildings also exhibit an enduring connec-

tion to the community’s view of itself.

Sustainable Interior Architecture

Although interior designers have been at the forefront of green materials and indoor air-

quality standards, the place-based aspects, specifically integrating sustainable energy

and orientation, have been missing. Interior design traditionally has been design of the

interior realm of an existing space within a building or of a building under construction.

As in architectural design, the opportunity to connect to sustainable energies has not

been addressed. With little or no regard to the orientation and location of the functions

within the space, the relationship to other spaces within the same building, or the impacts

from neighboring buildings, the opportunity for the space to function sustainably is lost.

An important opportunity lies in analyzing the space and functional components

as they relate to the solar and exterior conditions and available sustainable resources

(e.g., light, heat, and ventilation). Orientation of the functional design layout to solar-

and exterior-based elements (e.g., reflectance off other buildings, view corridors, pre-

vailing breezes, solar-heat gain, and daylighting) can have positive impacts on user

performance and well-being while reducing or eliminating use of nonrenewables.

As in sustainable architectural design, interior architecture that addresses the

natural context of the project site has an opportunity to improve sustainability for

the user. To this end a project was given to a second-year design class at Cornish

School of the Arts in Seattle, Washington. The project program was to design a per-

sonal live-work studio. The site was their classroom, where they had already spent

the better part of four months. The program was set up to learn the relationship

between solar energy (light and heat) and the functional needs of the design pro-

gram—a space for study, sculpture, computer-aided-design (CAD) work, food

preparation, eating, sleeping, and entertaining.

The challenge was to understand the relationship between orientation and loca-

tion of the functions within the space and to design using dynamic solar angles to

determine the location of specific functions that had special relationships to light,

glare, heat, and seasonal changes. The program challenged the students to decide—

with the given orientation to the sun at the equinoxes and at summer and winter

solstice—what is the best location for the elements of the design program:

1. A sculpture workspace

2. A computer

3. A dining room

4. A bedroom

The students were to analyze and diagram how the spatial requirement would

be impacted by the changing solar incidence and adapt their designs to those solar

126 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

changes in the summer and winter. The spaces were to be 100 percent daylighted,

and the students had to work out how enough light for reading and sketching would

get back into the space 30 feet from the windows.

They had to address the following challenges:

䊏

Bouncing, enhancing, and/or filtering the natural light to a usable light level

throughout the space and to every function

䊏

Letting in light without heat

䊏

Letting in heat without light

䊏

Achieving functional layouts that respond to specific user needs (i.e., elimina-

tion of glare on monitors, wake-up natural light, use of light bounced from

the outside surfaces)

䊏

Researching water use and reuse

䊏

Researching green materials usage

䊏

Modulation of building materials, anchoring systems and components to en-

able reuse of all building materials

䊏

Analyze how the space can function without using nonrenewables (function

unplugged)

Through this assignment, the students were able to recognize the importance of

integrating site design analysis into interior architectural programming and design

and expand their knowledge of problem solving to include energy efficiency and

passive interior architecture.

Like all design, interior

architecture has an

opportunity to be

connected to natural

energies. Using daylight,

light shelves, orientation,

and location of functions

specific to solar access

and natural-ventilation

opportunities is critical

to the programming and

location of spaces. The

challenge here was to

bounce in enough

natural light—all year—

to read at any point in

the room and make that

free light available

through the extreme

seasonal changes in

sunlight and reflectance.

SUSTAINABLE INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE 127

CHAPTER SIX

The AIA/COTE

Top Ten Green

Projects Program

n 1997 American Institute of Architects Committee on the Environment (AIA/

COTE) instituted the AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects program, in partnership

with the U.S. Department of Energy, in 1997 to recognize and commend the best

exemplars of green and sustainable design. The AIA/COTE announces the winners

annually on Earth Day, and recognizes the projects and the architects annually at the

AIA National Convention and Expo. To learn more about the awards program, visit

http://www.aiatopten.org or http://www.aia.org/cote.

The winning projects address significant environmental challenges with designs

that integrate architecture, technology, and natural systems. They provide positive

contributions to their communities, improve comfort for building occupants, and

reduce environmental impacts through strategies such as reuse of existing struc-

tures, connection to transit systems, low-impact site development, energy and water

conservation, use of green construction materials, and design that improves indoor

air quality.

The range of building types and sizes of projects among the submissions to the

Top Ten program in the past decade have varied greatly. Architects and other design

professionals are beginning to address sustainability in increasingly sophisticated and

effective design solutions. Whether reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate

climate change, reducing peak energy loads to lessen demand on the power grid,

using stormwater on site to eliminate runoff, conserving building water, or preserv-

ing wetlands, these buildings also promise to enhance the level of comfort and

amenity for the people who inhabit them.

PART TWO

This portion of the book, developed in cooperation with the AIA, presents the

winners from the program’s inception through 2006 in chronological order. The

summaries of the projects either are based on interviews with the architects (partic-

ularly those that note Lessons Learned by the Architects) or have been adapted with

permission from the AIA’s project descriptions, with additional research.

1997 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects

Body Shop, U.S. Headquarters, Wake Forest, North Carolina

Center for Regenerative Studies, Pomona, California

Durant Road Middle School, Raleigh, North Carolina

Herman Miller “Greenhouse” Factory and Offices, Holland, Michigan

National Public Radio Headquarters, Washington, D.C.

Natural Resources Defense Council Headquarters, New York City

New Canaan Nature Center Horticultural Education Center, New Canaan,

Connecticut

Prince Street Technologies, Cartersville, Georgia

Way Station, Frederick, Maryland

Women’s Humane Society Animal Shelter, Bensalem, Pennsylvania

130 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

At Body Shop’s U.S. Headquarters by Design

Harmony, the entry features indigenous

vegetation and solar-based orientation.

The interior of Body Shop’s U.S. Headquarters provides simple, flexible

space with natural light and ventilation.

Chairs of AIA/COTE

1990 Bob Berkebile, FAIA

1993 Kirk Gastinger, FAIA

1994 Greg Franta, FAIA

1995 Harry Gordon, FAIA

1996 Donald Watson, FAIA

1997–98 Gail Lindsey, FAIA

1999 Muscoe Martin, AIA

2000–01 Sandra Mendler

2002 Joyce Lee, AIA

2003 Daniel Williams, FAIA

2004 Mark Rylander, AIA

2005 Vivian Loftness, FAIA

2006 James Binkley, FAIA

2007 Kira Gould, Assoc. AIA

1997 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 131

Herman Miller “Greenhouse” Factory & Offices was designed

by William McDonough + Partners to consider the health of

the workers inside as well as the integration of the building

into the landscape.

The NPR Headquarters by Burt Hill required major renovation

of a 25-year-old former commercial office building.

Sustainable design goals and the selection of

resource-efficient building systems and materials

were encouraged for the National Public Radio

(NPR) building, provided that these features

contributed to a healthy, productive working

environment, and did not significantly add cost.

The Natural Resources Defense Council Headquarters

(NRDC), completed in 1988 by Croxton Collaborative

Architects, stands today as the seminal project that

turned the tide toward green architecture in America

by addressing the full ecology of the building: light,

air, energy, and human health and well-being.

1997 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

CENTER FOR REGENERATIVE STUDIES

Location: Pomona, California

Architect: Dougherty + Dougherty

This project originated as a multidisciplinary graduate stu-

dent environmental design project and was then brought to

reality through a series of private grants. The team leader

was the late John T. Lyle, who was a fellow of ASLA and a

professor at the Center for Regenerative Studies. The pro-

ject has been renamed in his memory. The client represen-

tative was Marvin Malecha, FAIA, who was then dean of the

College of Environmental Design at California State Poly-

technic University, Pomona.

The mission of ecological

regeneration was

integrated into the

planning and design

of the Center for

Regenerative Studies.

132 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The Way Station, located in the heart of the Frederick Historic District, was

is organized around a central light court with a large garden where the

primary building circulation occurs.