Colin Mark. The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Гэльско-английский словарь
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
A particular period might not commence until the correct type of weather associated with
it had arrived. Thus, Gearran (now February) may well have included part of present-day
March.
am Faoilteach *nm January an t-Iuchar nm July
an Gearran nm February an Lùnastal nm August
am Màrt nm March an t-Sultain(n) nf September
an Giblean nm April an Dàmhair nf† October
an Cèitean nm ** May an t-Samhain(n) nf November
an t-Òg-mhios nm June an Dùbhlachd nf†† December
*also am Faoilleach nm **also a’ Mhàigh nf † also an Dàmhar nm †† also an Dùdlachd nf
Some examples
Is e an Dùdlachd a bh’ann.
It was December
Chì mi thu a-rithist anns an Dàmhair.
I’ll see you again in October
Bidh mi air ais sa Ghearran.
I’ll be back in February
Anns an Òg-mhios.
In June
Deireadh an Iuchair.
The end of July.
4.3 Ràithean na bliadhna The seasons of the year
an t-earrach nm the spring am foghar nm the autumn
an samhradh nm the summer an geamhradh nm the winter
Some examples:
Appendix 10: time 702
as t-earrach / ’san earrach in (the) spring
anns an t-samhradh / as t-samhradh / a shamhradh in (the) summer
[ann] an àm an earraich in springtime
anns a’ gheamhradh / a gheamhradh in the winter / in winter
as t-fhoghar in (the) autumn
Bha iad a’ coiseachd còig mile don sgoil a shamhradh is a gheamhradh.
They walked five miles to school summer and winter
4.4 Làithean àraidh Special days
a’ Bhliadhna Ùr the New Year Oidhche Shamhna Hallowe’en
Là na Bliadhna Ùire New Year’s Day Nollaig Christmas
a’ Chàisg Easter Là Nollaige Christmas Day
Dihaoine na Càisge† Good Friday Oidhche Challain Hogmanay
a’ Chaingis n, Pentecost, Lùnastal * Lammas
Whitsuntide
an Carghas Lent Là Bealltainn** May Day
Bannag / Oidhche nam Bannag is an old name for Christmas Eve, though both terms
were also applied to New Year’s Eve in some areas.
* also August
**Là Buidhe Bealltainn is a common expression for this
† also Dihaoine Ceusta i.e. Friday of Crucifixion
Some common expressions connected with the above:
aig àm na Nollaige at Christmas time Oidhche Nollaig Christmas Eve
aig àm na Càisge at Eastertime aig deireadh a’ at the end of Lent
Charghais
Dihaoine na Càisge Good Friday Càisg nan Iùdhach Passover
air Là na Caingis On the Day of ugh na Càisge the / an Easter egg
Pentecost
4.5 Fèilltean Festivals
Fèill Anndrais St. Andrew’s Day 30th November
Fèill an Taisbeanaidh* Epiphany 6th January
Fèill Brighde Candlemas 2nd February
Fèill Eòin Midsummer 22nd June
Fèill Mìcheil Michaelmas 29th September
Fèill Màrtainn Martinmas 11th November
Fèill nan Naomh Uile All Saints’ Day 1st November
Fèill Pàdraig St. Patrick’s Day 17th March
Fèill Peadair St. Peter’s Day 29th June
Note that fèill does not lenite a proper noun following it (Dwelly) It may be preceded by
là e.g. Là Fhèill Brìghde, Là Fhèill Pàdruig etc.
*also Là nan Trì Rìghrean
4.6 Other expressions denoting calendar time
seachdain a week oidhche night
feasgar afternoon, evening madainn morning
mìos a month meadhan-latha midday, noon
bliadhna a year meadhan-oidhche midnight
là / latha a day mionaid a minute
linn a century cola-deug * fortnight
dìog nm / tiota nm a second
*also ceala-deug (from
ceithir-là-deug)
Some examples:
Bhon t-Seachdamh Linn Dheug
From the Seventeenth Century (Abbreviated: Bhon L. 17mh From the 17th C).
Na linntean ri teachd
Posterity
Bidh mi a’ fuireach an seo cola-deug
I’ll be staying here a fortnight
A’ mhadainn an-diugh
This morning
Like là / latha, feasgar does not need air:
Chunnaic mi e feasgar Diluain I saw him on Monday afternoon / evening
– unless they are particularised e.g. air latha àraidh, air feasgar àraidh i.e. on a certain
day, on a particular evening etc.
703 Appendix 10: time
Other common expressions are:
aig an aon àm at the same time fad an latha all day
an ath-oidhche tomorrow night fad ceithir làithean for four days
an ath-sheachdain next week fad na h-oidhche all night
ann an greiseig in a while fad na h-ùine all the time
car greiseig for a while tron latha during the day
dè ’n là a th’ann? what day is it? tron oidhche during the night
an t-seachdain seo this week anns a’ mhionaid at once
an t-seachdain seo chaidh last week
còig turais ’san latha five times a day
madainn a-màireach tomorrow morning
an t-seachdain seo tighinn this coming week
taobh a-staigh dhà no trì làithean within two or three days
tha e deich bliadhna (a dh’aois) he is ten (years old)
a h-uile latha den t-seachdain every day of the week
dh’èirich mi tràth anns a’ mhadainn an-diugh
I rose early this morning (often sa mhadainn etc.)
dà oidhche ’san t-seachdain fad naoi seachdainean
two nights a week for nine weeks
Many other adverbial expressions connected with time will be found in Appendix 4
Adverbs.
Appendix 10: time 704
Appendix 11: Numerals
1.0 The Gaelic counting system, old and new
Introduction
The traditional system of counting in Gaelic is a vicenary system as opposed to the
decimal system used by most European countries. That is, it is based upon twenty instead
of upon ten.
As the English system is shorter and more convenient, many Gaelic speakers tend to slip
into this when dealing with larger numbers e.g.
Rugadh m’athair ann an eighteen ninety-seven
My father was born in 1897
– rather than:
Rugadh m’athair anns a’ bhliadhna ochd ceud deug ceithir fichead ’s
a seachd deug
However, though the question was raised from time to time, the situation was never felt
to be so pressing that action was taken. It is only recently, with the increase in Gaelic
medium education, in which pupils can be envisaged switching from Gaelic to English or
vice versa as their age, stage of development or needs dictate, with the additional compli-
cation of the use of calculators and computer programmes, that sufficient impetus has been
supplied to take the final small, but important, step into decimalisation.
The new system can be expected to replace the old one in course of time, but the process
will be a long and gradual one. Though pupils practised in the new system will gradually
progress through their appropriate educational establishments, and will eventually take
their places in the Gaelic speaking community, many people outside the field of education
will continue to use the system they have been acustomed to using, whether the full,
traditional system, or a mixture of Gaelic and English. For this reason, and because, in
addition, the traditional system may be encountered in literature, at least a nodding
acquaintance with it would be desirable.
Both systems are set out below.
2.0 The traditional Gaelic counting system
2.1 Cardinal numbers accompanied by a noun
a) The first ten numerals are as follows:
1. aon (bhreac) one (trout) 6. sia (bric) six (trout)
2. dà (bhreac) two (trout) 7. seachd (bric) seven (trout)
3. trì (bric) three (trout) 8. ochd (bric) eight (trout)
4. ceithir (bric) four (trout) 9. naoi (bric) nine (trout)
5. còig (bric) five (trout) 10. deich (bric) ten (trout)
Note:
The numerals come before the noun.
Aon lenites all consonants where possible except d, t and s, e.g.:
aon chat one cat aon duine one man
aon taigh one house aon saighdear one soldier
The numbers 3 to 10 take a plural noun, although some commonly counted items remain
in the singular no matter what the number e.g.:
ceithir bliadhna four years trì latha deug thirteen days
sia duine deug sixteen men còig mìle air fhichead twenty-five miles
Dà lenites all consonants where possible, and takes a form of the noun which which rep-
resents the old dual case, but to all intents and purposes is like the dative singular aspirated.
When the phrase is accompanied by an adjective this takes the nominative form
aspirated, e.g.
dà chat mhòr two big cats
dà phiseig bheag two little kittens
– but, if the whole phrase is in the dative, the form is as follows:
le dà chat mhòr by two big cats
le dà phiseig bhig by two little kittens
– and similarly if the whole phrase is in the genitive:
earbaill an dà chait mhòir the tails of the two big cats
b) For the numerals from 11 to 19 Gaelic adds deug (equivalent to English ‘teen’) to the
numerals shown above, with the noun sandwiched between.
11. aon (bhreac) deug eleven (trout) 16. sia (bric) dheug sixteen (trout)
12. dà (bhreac) dheug twelve (trout) 17. seachd (bric) dheug seventeen (trout)
13. trì (bric) dheug thirteen (trout) 18. ochd (bric) dheug eighteen (trout)
14. ceithir (bric) dheug fourteen (trout) 19. naoi bric) dheug nineteen (trout)
15. Còig (bric) dheug fifteen (trout) 20. fichead (breac) twenty (trout)
Deug is lenited
1. after aon if the noun is feminine and does not end in d, t, l, n, r, or s
aon cù deug eleven dogs aon ugh deug eleven eggs
aon chraobh dheug eleven trees aon chearc dheug eleven hens
aon chas deug eleven legs aon uair deug eleven hours*
*or ‘eleven o’clock’
2. after dà wherever possible
dà each dheug twelve horses dà uair dheug twelve hours*
*or ‘twelve o’clock’.
3. in numbers 13 to 19 if the noun has a slender final vowel
trì eich dheug thirteen horses trì cupannan deug thirteen cups
Note also that
fichead takes the noun in the nominative singular.
Appendix 11: numerals 706
c) From 21 to 29 the numerals 1 to 9 are added on to twenty e.g. aon air fhichead
‘twenty one’ means ‘one upon twenty’.
21. aon (bhreac) air fhichead* twenty-one (trout)
22. dà (bhreac) air fhichead twenty-two (trout)
23. trì (bric) air fhichead twenty-three (trout)
24. ceithir (bric) air fhichead twenty-four (trout)
25. còig (bric) air fhichead twenty-five (trout)
etc. etc.
*or breac air fhichead
An alternative, and shorter, method has been:
ceithir (bric) fhichead twenty four (trout)
The word fichead is here lenited as it follows a plural with a slender final vowel.
A plural ending in a broad final vowel does not cause lenition:
sia cearcan fichead twenty-six hens
But note:
dà chirc fhichead twenty-two hens (where circ is lenited after dà)
d) The pattern continues with ‘ten upon twenty’ etc.
30. deich (bric) air fhichead thirty (trout)
31. aon (bhreac) deug air fhichead thirty one (trout)
32. dà (bhreac) dheug air fhichead thirty two (trout)
33. trì (bric) dheug air fhichead thirty three (trout)
34. ceithir (bric) dheug air fhichead thirty four (trout)
35. còig (bric) dheug air fhichead thirty five (trout)
etc. etc.
e) At 40 the pattern changes to ‘two twenty (trout)’ and continues with ‘two twenty
(trout) and one’ up to 49.
40. dà fhichead (breac) forty (trout)
41. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a h-aon forty one (trout)
42. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a dhà forty two (trout)
43. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a trì forty three (trout)
44. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a ceithir forty four (trout)
45. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a còig forty five (trout)
etc.
f) Fifty becomes ‘forty and ten’ and continues with ‘forty and eleven’ etc.
50. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a deich * fifty (trout)
51. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a h-aon deug fifty one (trout)
52. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a dhà dheug ** fifty two (trout)
53. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a trì deug fifty three (trout)
54. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a ceithir deug fifty four (trout)
55. dà fhichead (breac) ’s a còìg deug fifty five (trout)
etc.
*or leth-cheud (breac)
**for a dhà, a trì etc. see Cardinal Numbers without a Noun below
707 Appendix 11: numerals
g) Sixty is ‘three twenty’ and the pattern continues as for forty and fifty up to seventy-
nine. Then eighty is ‘four twenty’and, again, the pattern is continued up to ninety-nine.
60. trì fichead (breac) sixty (trout)
61. trì fichead (breac) ’s a h-aon, etc. sixty-one (trout)
70. trì fichead (breac) ’s a deich etc. seventy (trout)
80. ceithir fichead (breac), etc. eighty (trout)
90. ceithir fichead (breac) ’s a deich etc. ninety (trout)
h) from 100 to 199 the noun follows one hundred and the rest of the numeral follows the
same pattern as for 1–19, but thereafter the counting continues in twenties.
100. ceud (breac) one / a hundred (trout)
101. ceud (breac) ’s a h-aon, etc. a hundred and one (trout)
110. ceud (breac) ’s a deich etc. a hundred and ten (trout)
120. sia fichead (breac) a hundred and twenty (trout)
130. sia fichead (breac) ’s a deich etc. a hundred and thirty (trout)
140. seachd fichead (breac) a hundred and forty (trout)
150. seachd fichead (breac) ’s a deich etc. a hundred and fifty (trout)
160. ochd fichead (breac) a hundred and sixty (trout)
170. ochd fichead (breac) ’s a deich etc. a hundred and seventy (trout)
180. naoi fichead (breac) a hundred and eighty (trout)
190. naoi fichead (breac) ’s a deich etc. a hundred and ninety (trout)
Like fichead, ceud takes the nominative singular form of the noun.
i) The ‘hundreds’ all follow the same pattern:
200. dà cheud (breac) two hundred (trout)
300. trì cheud (breac) three hundred (trout)
400. ceithir cheud (breac) four hundred (trout)
500. còig cheud (breac) five hundred (trout)
600. sia ceud (breac) six hundred (trout)
700. seachd ceud (breac) seven hundred (trout)
800. ochd ceud (breac) eight hundred (trout)
900. naoi ceud (breac) nine hundred (trout)
j) The numbers 1,000 to 10,000 are equally straightforward:
1 000 mìle (breac) a thousand (trout)
2 000 dà mhìle (breac) two thousand (trout)
3 000 trì mìle (breac) three thousand (trout)
10 000 deich mìle (breac) ten thousand (trout)
100 000 ceud mìle (breac) a hundred thousand (trout)
1 000 000 millean (breac) a million (trout)
2.2 Cardinal numbers without a noun
When a numeral is not accompanied by a noun, the numeral is preceded by a (a h- before
vowels) up to thirty-nine. From forty onwards numerals with or without a noun are identical.
1. a h-aon 14. a ceithir deug
2. a dhà 15. a còig deug
3. a trì 16. a sia deug
4. a ceithir 17. a seachd deug
5. a còig 18. a h-ochd deug
6. a sia 19. a naoi deug
7. a seachd 20. a fichead
8. a h-ochd 21. a h-aon air fhichead
9. a naoi 22. a dhà air fhichead
10. a deich 23. a trì air fhichead
11. a h-aon deug 31. a h-aon deug air fhichead
12. a dhà dheug 32. a dhà dheug air fhichead
13. a trì deug 40. dà fhichead
Appendix 11: numerals 708
e.g. Co mheud ugh a tha air fhàgail? Chan eil a h-aon.
How many eggs are left? Not one.
Co mheud cearc a tha anns an taigh-chearc? Tha a h-aon air fhichead.
How many hens are there in the henhouse? Twenty-one.
2.3 Ordinal numbers with a noun
a) 1st to 10th:
a’ cheud (fhear) the first (one) an siathamh (fear) the sixth (one)
an dara (fear)* the second (one) an seachdamh (fear) the seventh (one)
an treas (fear)** the third (one) an t-ochdamh (fear) the eighth (one)
an ceathramh (fear) the fourth (one) an naoidheamh (fear) the ninth (one)
an còigeamh (fear) the fifth (one) an deicheamh (fear) the tenth (one)
*or an dàrna (fear)
**or an trìtheamh (fear)
The preposition thar is often used instead of air, particularly with the ordinal numbers
an còigeamh fear thar an fhichead the 25th one.
an siathamh fear thar an t-sia fichead the 126th one
b) The pattern continues with:
an t-aona (fear) deug the eleventh (one)
an dara (fear) deug the twelfth (one)
am ficheadamh (fear) the twentieth (one)
an t-aona (fear) fichead the twenty-first (one)
an dara (fear) fichead the twenty-second (one)
an dà fhicheadamh (fear) the fortieth (one)
an dà thicheadamh (fear) ’s a h-aon the forty-first (one)
an leth-cheudamh (fear) the fiftieth (one)
an leth-cheudamh (fear) ’s a h-aon the fifty-first (one)
an ceudamh (fear) the hundredth (one)
an ceudamh (fear) ’s a h-aon the hundred and first (one)
an sia ficheadamh (fear) ’s a h-aon the hundred and twenty-first (one)
am mìleamh (fear) the thousandth (one)
2.4 Numerical nouns
Gaelic also has numerical nouns ranging from one to ten, and used only of persons. From
dithis upwards, they govern the genitive plural case, e.g. dithis mhac two sons.
aonar one person sianar six persons
dithis two persons seachdnar seven persons
triùir three persons ochdnar eight persons
ceathrar four persons naoinear nine persons
còignear five persons deichnear ten persons
2.5 Dates
These take the following form, with the words in brackets being optionally omitted in
English:
Anns a’ bhliadhna ochd ceud deug trì fichead ’s a deich.
In (the year) eighteeen (hundred and) seventy.
Anns a’ bhliadhna naoi ceud deug trì fichead ’s a còig.
709 Appendix 11: numerals
In (the year) nineteeen (hundred and) sixty-five.
Anns a’ bhliadhna sia ceud deug ’s a fichead.
In (the year) sixteen (hundred and) twenty.
2.6 Some further phrases:
Tha mi ag iarraidh dusan ugh.
I want a dozen eggs (Note that dusan is followed by the nominative singular of the noun)
Tha e mu ochd òirlich gu leth a dh’ fhaid.
It is about eight and a half inches in length / long.
Note that gu here is an old preposition, otherwise obsolete, meaning ‘with’.
Co mheud iasg a tha anns a’ bhasgaid? Chan eil ach a h-aon / Tha sia ann (or Sia
alone).
How many fish are there in the basket? There is only one / There are six.
3.0 The new Gaelic counting system
3.1 The new system is based on tens, and is much simplified
a) It is identical to the old system as far as twenty.
b) From twenty-one to twenty-nine the forms are:
fichead ’s h-aon 21 fichead’s a sia 26
fichead ’s a dhà 22 fichead’s a seachd 27
fichead ’s a trì 23 fichead’s a h-ochd 28
fichead ’s a ceithir 24 fichead’s a naoi 29
fichead ’s a còig 25
c) Above twenty-nine, old resurrected decimal forms (or newly-coined ones) are
employed. These are:
trithead 30 seasgad 60 naochad 90
ceathrad 40 seachdad 70
caogad 50 ochdad 80
Fichead (20) and ceud (100) have not changed.
3.2 Without a noun, the numbers from 30 to 39 are as follows
trithead 30 trithead ’s a còig 35
trithead’s h-aon 31 trithead ’s a sia 36
trithead’s a dhà 32 trithead ’s a seachd 37
trithead’s a trì 33 trithead ’s a h-ochd 38
trithead’s a ceithir 34 trithead ’s a naoi 39
3.3 With a noun, these would be
trithead sgillinn 30 p trithead ’s a còig sgillinn 35 p
trithead ’s h-aon sgillinn 31 p trithead ’s a sia sgillinn 36 p
trithead ’s a dhà sgillinn 32 p trithead ’s a seachd sgillinn 37 p
trithead ’s a trì sgillinn 33 p trithead ’s a h-ochd sgillinn 38 p
trithead ’s a ceithir sgillinn 34 p
trithead ’s a naoi sgillinn 39p
Appendix 11: numerals 710
Or:
trithead sgillinn 30 p trithead sgillinn ’s a còig 35 p
trithead sgillinn ’s h-aon 31 p trithead sgillinn ’s a sia 36 p
trithead sgillinn ’s a dhà 32 p trithead sgillinn ’s a seachd 37 p
trithead sgillinn ’s a trì 33 p trithead sgillinn ’s a h-ochd 38 p
trithead sgillinn ’s a ceithir 34 p trithead sgillinn ’s a naoi 39p
It should be noted that, as with the old system, commonly counted objects or units are
normally in the singular.
3.4 Some random examples, without a noun, are
caogad 50 seachdad’s a còig 75
caogad ’s a h-aon 51 ochdad’s a sia 86
seasgad’a dhà 62 ochdad’s a seachd 87
seasgad ’s a trì 63 naochad’s a h-ochd 98
seachdad ’s a ceithir 74 naochad’s a naoi 99
3.5 With a typical noun, these would be
caogad meatair 50 m seachdad ’s a còig meatair 75 m
caogad ’s a h-aon meatair 51 m ochdad ’s a sia meatair 86 m
seasgad ’s a dhà mheatair 62 m ochdad ’s a seachd meatair 87 m
seasgad ’s a trì meatair 63 m naochad ’s a h-ochd meatair 98 m
seachdad ’s a ceithir meatair 74 m naochad ’s a naoi meatair 99 m
Or:
caogad meatair 50m seachdad meatair ’s a còig 75 m
caogad meatair ’s a h-aon 51 m ochdad meatair ’s a sia 86 m
seasgad meatair ’s a dhà 62 m ochdad meatair ’s a seachd 87m
seasgad meatair ’s a trì 63 m naochad meatair ’s a h-ochd 98 m
seachdad meatair ’s a ceithir 74 m naochad meatair ’s a naoi 99 m
3.6 The higher numbers are equally straightforward
ceud, seachdad ’s a ceithir 174 sia ceud, seasgad ’a dhà 662
dà cheud, seasgad ’s a trì 263 seachd ceud, ochdad’s a seachd 787
trì cheud, caogad ’s a h-aon 351 ochd ceud, naochad ’s a naoi 899
ceithir cheud, ochdad ’s a sia 486 naoi ceud is caogad 950
còig cheud, naochad ’s a h-ochd 598 mìle 1000
3.7 With a typical noun this would be
ceud, seachdad ’s a ceithir cilo 174 kilos sia ceud, seasgad ’a dhà chilo 662 kilos
dà cheud, seasgad ’s a trì cilo 263 kilos seachd ceud, ochdad ’s a seachd cilo 787 kilos
trì ceud, caogad ’s a h-aon chilo 351 kilos ochd ceud, naochad ’s a naoi cilo 899 kilos
ceithir ceud, ochdad ’s a sia cilo 486 kilos naoi ceud is caogad cilo 950 kilos
còig ceud, naochad ’s a h-ochd cilo 598 kilos mìle cilo 1000 kilos
3.8 And further, with or without a noun
mìle, dà cheud ’s a ceithir cilo 1204 kilos
dà mhìle, trì cheud’s a h-aon chilo 2301kilos
còig mìle deug, ceithir cheud’s a seachd cilo 15407 kilos
dà mhìle air fhichead, sia ceud, ceathrad’s a còig cilo 22645 kilos
etc. etc.
711 Appendix 11: numerals