Colin Mark. The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Гэльско-английский словарь
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
air feadh an t-saoghail gu lèir throughout the whole world
a bheil airgead gu leòr agad? do you have plenty of money?
e) os
os ìseal / os ìosal y covertly, quietly, privately os làimh in hand
f) (bh)o
(bh)o chionn since, ago o shean of old
o chèin from abroad / from overseas
g) various prepositions
on taigh out (not at home)
aig an taigh in (at home)
aig toiseach gnothaich first adv, initially, ‘for a kick-off’
thar cheann / thar a chèile on average, overall
chun / a chum an taobh a-muigh outwards
eadar-a-chor / eadar-dhà-chor adv in two minds
□
bha mi eadar-a-chor co-dhiù
dh’fhalbhainn no dh’fhuirichinn I was in two minds whether I should go or stay
da-rìribh / dha-rìribh / da-rìreadh in earnest
às a’ chumantas abnormal out of the ordinary
cèile is found in the form a chèile adv & pron both, together, each other, one another
where the len is caused by the usually suppressed poss adj The preceding preposi-
tion varies according to the verb. e.g. le chèile, ri chèile thar a chèile etc.
h) a few particularly associated with sin:
às às a sin / às an àite sin from there, thence
le le sin / leis a sin thereby, therewith etc.
mar mar sin then (⫽ therefore), so
o o sin thence, therefrom
an dèidh an dèidh sin* after(wards), then (afterwards)
” an dèidh sin / na dhèidh sin notwithstanding
* also an dèidh làimhe
Notice also:
uime sin then, so on àm sin thenceforth
o sin suas / o sin a-mach thenceforward uaithe sin therefrom
13.0 Adjectives nouns and pronouns used in compound adverbs
13.1 The adjective fad(a) is used with a number of
adverbs to form other adverbs
fad às distant, far-off fad air falbh far away / far off
fad air ais backward, old-fashioned fad a-mach distant (of relationship)
13.2 Similarly with the noun leth
leth an rathaid halfway / midway leth na slighe halfway
leth-char somewhat leth-taobh (one) side
13.3 A number of adverbs are associated with làmh hand
ro làimh previously, beforehand an dèidh làimh after(wards),
subsequent(ly)
air a làimh fhèin* for himself, on his ro làimh beforehand,
own account previously
ri làimh to hand, available cùl na làimhe in reserve
*Cf. air a cheann fhèin
Appendix 4: adverbs 672
Note also aghaidh ri aghaidh adv face to face, vis-a-vis and bun-os-cionn head over
heels, topsy-turvy, upside-down.
13.4 A few nouns are used as modifiers, and often translate as adverbs
beagan a little, somewhat caran a little bit, rather, somewhat
rud beag a little / somewhat rud eile another thing …, furthermore
mòran much, a lot
13.5 A number of nouns are used on their own as adverbs:
cuideachd also, jointly, too
□
chaidh e ann cuideachd he went there too
tacan awhile. But note also
□
… co-dhiù car tacain … at least for a little while
tuilleadh more, any more
□
tha fhios agam nach eil gaol agad orm tuilleadh I know that
you don’t love me any more
turas on one occasion, once
□
bha e turas a’ searmonachadh air Sabaid Comanachaidh
he was once preaching on a Communion Sunday
uair on one occasion, once
□
chunnaic mi e uair ’s e a’ sabaid anns an t-sràid I saw him
once, [as he was] fighting in the street
13.6 A few indefinite pronouns are employed as adverbs
latha-eigin some day an àiteigin somewhere
uaireigin sometime rudeigin somewhat
air choreigin or other am badeigin somewhere
14.0 The numerals are used with uair to make adverbs of frequency
aon uair once dà uair twice trì uairean thrice etc. Note also the following usage: aon
some, about, approximately, fully
□
aon ochd bliadhna mun tàinig e an seo some eight
years before he came here.
15.0 A few verbal constructions are used as adverbs:
dh’fhaoite, ma dh’fhaoite (gu(n)) perchance, perhaps, possibly cha mhò / ni mò neither,
nor as ùr anew, afresh ’s e sin / is e sin / sin ri ràdh namely, viz.
673 Appendix 4: adverbs
Appendix 5: Conjunctions
1.0 There are many different types of subordinate clauses in English, but these
can all be rendered in Gaelic by only three main types of clause. These are
1.1 Co-ordinate clauses
Co-ordinate clauses use the independent form of the verb, and are introduced by the
conjunctions:
ach but agus and oir for
Tha e mòr agus tha e làidir.
He is big and he is strong.
Tha e beag ach tha e làidir.
He is small but he is strong.
Chan urrainn dha tighinn oir tha e tinn.
He cannot come for he is ill.
Bithidh e aig an taigh no bithidh e anns an eaglais.
He’ll be at home or he’ll be in the church / at church.
1.1.1 Co-ordinate clauses use the simple future tense
Tha Iain a’ tighinn dhachaigh agus bidh Seònaid air a dòigh.
John is coming home and Janet will be pleased.
1.2 Relative clauses
1.2.1 Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, and most interrogative
pronouns (see App.6 Pronouns). In addition many compound conjunctions
contain the relative pronoun a e.g.
Chunnaic sinn iad nuair a bha sinn anns a’ mhonadh.
We saw them when we were on the moor.
On a bha e cho beag cha b’urrainn dha an sgeilp a ruigsinn.
Since he was so little he couldn’t reach the shelf.
Ged a bha e àrd, cha b’urrainn dha an sgeilp a ruigsinn.
Though he was tall, he couldn’t reach the shelf.
Chan fhaca i e on a dh’fhalbh e.
She hasn’t seen him since he left.
Bha am baile mar a bha e riamh.
The town was as it always had been.
Ma tha seo ceàrr, cuir ceart e.
If this is wrong, put it right.
Bhruidhinn mi ris nuair a thill e.
I spoke to him when he returned.
Cho fad ’s / fhad ’s a bha e aig an taigh cha b’urrainn do dhuine sam bith a bheul
fhosgladh.
As long as / while he was at home nobody could open his mouth.
1.2.2 Relative clauses use a special form of the future called the relative future
(see Appendix 1 – The Gaelic verb, Sections 1.4.5 and 4.7)
Ma dùineas tu an doras fosglaidh mi na h-uinneagan.
If you shut the door, I will open the windows.
Ged a bhitheas e air ais a dh’aithghearr, cha bhi mi an seo.
Though he will be back soon, I won’t be here.
1.3 Dependent clauses
1.3.1 Dependent clauses use the dependent form of the verb,
whether positive or negative
Seo an t-àite far an d’fhuair mi an sgian.
This is the place where I found the knife.
Nan coiticheamaid iad, dh’fhuiricheadh iad.
If we were to persuade them, they would stay.
Chuala mi iad mun do ràinig mi an taigh.
I heard them before I reached the house.
Fuiricheamaid an seo gus an till iad.
Let’s stay here until they return.
Mur dèan e sin, nì mi e.*
If he doesn’t do that, I will do it.
*It should be noted that mur does not need an, but is followed by a i.e. mura
(see dictionary entry).
1.3.2 Many dependent clauses are introduced by compound conjunctions based on gun /
gum which themselves are made up of the preposition gu and the interrogative
particle an
Tha e ag ràdh gun do rinn iad seo.
He says that they did this.
Bha i ag ràdh gum bitheadh iad a’ tighinn a dh’aithghearr.
She was saying that they would be coming soon.
A thaobh gun robh e sgìth den obair, chaidh e dhachaigh.
Because he was tired of the work, he went home.
A chionn gun do chaill i an iuchair, cha b’urrainn dhi an doras fhosgladh.
Because she had lost the key, she couldn’t open the door.
Sheall i orm mar gun robh mi às mo chiall.
She looked at me as if I was out of my senses.
Thug mi an t-òrd dha air chùmhnant gun toireadh e air ais dhomh an ath latha.
I gave him the hammer on condition that he returned it to me the next day.
Bha i diombach dhiom airson gun do dhìochuimhnich mi cairt a chur thuice.
She was displeased with me because I had forgotten to send her a card.
675 Appendix 5: conjunctions
Chaidh e am falach air eagal gun tilleadh iad.
He went into hiding for fear that they would return.
Thug e airgead dha a chum ’s gun ceannaicheadh e biadh.
He gave him money so that he could buy food.
1.4 Both relative clauses and dependent clauses are made negative by the use of
the conjunction nach
Thuirt e nach bitheadh e a’ ceannachd an taighe.
He said that he wouldn’t be buying the house.
Sin rud nach dèanainn a-chaoidh.
That’s something I would never do.
Cha deach e don dannsa a chionn ’s nach robh airgead aige.
He didn’t go to the dance because he didn’t have any money.
Appendix 5: conjunctions 676
Appendix 6: Pronouns
1.0 Personal pronouns
Singular Plural
simple emphatic simple emphatic
mi I mise sinn we sinne
thu (tu) you thusa (tusa) sibh you sibhse
e he esan iad they iadsan
i she ise
1.1 The personal pronouns are used after the verb
Tha mi sgìth I am tired A bheil thu sgìth? Are you tired?
Chan eil sinn We aren’t going Cha robh iad aig They weren’t at home
a’ dol ann. an taigh.
etc.
1.2 The emphatic particles
The emphatic particles -se, sa, -san and -e are added to the personal pronouns as shown
above. These, as the name implies, serve to lay emphasis on the pronouns
ⵧ
:
Cha bhac mise thu
I won’t hinder you
Bha na daoine mòran na bu bhochda na bha sinne
The people were much poorer than we were
Tha nithean ann a thogas iadsan bhuainne
There are things which they will pick up from us
Is ise mo phiuthar.
She’s my sister.
An dara cuid thusa no mise
Either you or I
An do thadhail sibhse riamh dùthaich Israel?
Did you ever visit the country of Israel?
Ach, ma leig mise leis, cha do leig esan
But even though I left it alone, he didn’t
etc.
The forms tu and tusa are used with the Assertive Verb and forms ending in -a / -as / -adh,
-aidh, -idh in the Active Voice only.
2.0 Possessive pronouns – see possessive adjectives – Appendix 3 Section 4.0
3.0 Demonstrative pronouns
seo this (near at hand) sin that (further away)
siud that (far away over there)
tha seo math this is good thuit sin that fell
seall siud look at that
3.1 Sin, seo and siud are often used with the assertive verb understood
Sin an taigh anns an d’rugadh mi. That’s the house in which I was born.
Seo an leabhar air an robh mi a’ bruidhinn. This is the book I was talking about.
3.2 The definite article, the demonstrative pronoun and a noun are used
together to represent the demonstrative adjective
an cù seo this dog an cat sin that cat a’ bho (si)ud that cow
(over there)
4.0 Relative pronouns
There are three relative pronouns:
a who; which; that
na what; that which
nach that not; who not; which not
Sin am fear a rinn seo. That’s the man who did this.
Sin am fear a bhreab e.* That’s the man who kicked him.
Cùm na tha anns a’ bhogsa. Keep what is in the box.
Sin am balach nach do choisinn duais That’s the boy who didn’t win a prize.
* Note: As there is no distinction between the nominative and accusative case of the
relative pronouns, this example could also mean ‘That’s the man whom he kicked.’
5.0 Interrogative pronouns
5.1 All Interrogative pronouns are based on the three words cò, cia and ciod
a) Cò? Who? Which?
Cò tha aig an doras? Who is at the door?
It it used with a number of prepositions, in which case it loses its stress:
Co leis a tha an sgian seo? Whose knife is this?
Co dhiubh a rinn seo? Which of them did this? (usually of two)
Co aca a rinn seo? Which of them did this? (usually of more than two)
Co às a thàinig iad? Where did they come from?
Co bhuaithe a thàinig an t-airgead sin? Where did that money come from?
Co dha a bha e na bhuannachd? To whom was it a gain?
b) Cia is now usually only found in combination:
Cia mheud fear a bha anns an talla? (also co mheud? / cia meud / co meud)*
How many men were in the hall?
Cia lìon is an equivalent of cia mheud used in the Bible.
Ciamar a tha thu?** How are you?
Cuin a bhitheas tu [a’] tighinn air ais? When will you be coming back?
Cait a bheil thu [a’] dol?*** Where are you going?
*The noun following cia mheud? / co mheud? etc. is in the nom sing
**also dè mar a tha thu?
***This is the only interrogative to be followed by the dependent form of the verb.
Appendix 6: pronouns 678
c) Ciod? ‘What?’ is seldom now used, having been replaced by its derivatives gu dè?
and by (much the most common) dè?
Dè tha thu ag iarraidh? What do you want?
Carson a thuirt thu sin? Why did you say that?
Note that all these interrogatives may be used in Indirect Questions:
Dh’innis e dhomh dè bha e ag iarraidh.
He told me what he wanted.
Dh’fhaighnich e dhiom co mheud ugh [a] bha anns a’ bhasgaid.
He asked me how many eggs were in the basket.
Am faca tu cò bha anns a’ chàr?
Did you see who was in the car?
6.0 Indefinite pronouns
6.1 Fear man, tè female, neach one, a person and aon one are all used as indefinite
pronouns either by themselves or in combination with some of the other
indefinite pronouns shown below
a) Càch The rest, the others.
Thàinig càch a-steach. The others came in.
b) Càch-a-chèile Each other.
Cha robh iad a’ bruidhinn ri càch a-chèile.
They weren’t talking to each other.
c) Cuid Some (often used with dhiubh or aca i.e. some of them).
Bha cuid aca anns an t-sabhal agus cuid eile anns an achadh.
Some of them were in the barn and some others in the field.
d) The word eigin, a shortened form of the noun eiginn ‘necessity’ is often affixed to
certain nouns to make them indefinite:
cuideigin someone (common) feareigin someone (masc or common)
tè-eigin someone fem rudeigin something
Tha cuideigin a’ tighinn. Someone is coming.
Bha rudeigin anns a’ bhogsa. There was something in the box.
6.2 The indefinite pronouns gin ‘anyone, anything, any’ and càil, nì, sian, stuth
(Islay) and dad all meaning ‘anything’, in common with all indefinite pronouns,
have no negative counterparts. They are made negative by being used with a
negative verb
A bheil gin anns a’ phoca? Are there any in the bag?
Chan eil gin aca. They don’t have any / They have none.
A bheil thu ag iarraidh càil? Do you want anything?
Chan eil mi ag iarraidh càil. I don’t want anything / I want nothing.
6.3 The phrases sam bith and air bith, which are derived from bith ‘existence’, are
used with nouns or indefinite pronouns
Cha robh rud sam bith ann.
There wasn’t anything there / There was nothing there.
6.4 The expressions
uile, a h-uile and na h-uile, are used with the meaning ‘all’
Bha iad uile air dol dhachaigh.
They had all gone home.
Thàinig a h-uile duine a-staigh / Thàinig na h-uile a-staigh.
Everyone / All came in.
679 Appendix 6: pronouns
Singular Plural
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person masc 3rd Person fem 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
Prepositions Personal Personal Personal Personal Personal Personal Personal
pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun
mi thu e i sinn sibh iad
aig at agam at me agad at you aige at him aice at her againn at us agaibh at you aca at them
air on orm on me ort on you air on him oirre on her oirnn on us oirbh on you orra on them
ann in annam annad ann innte annainn annaibh annta
às out of asam asad às aiste asainn asaibh asta
bho from bhuam bhuait /bhuat bhuaithe bhuaipe bhuainn bhuaibh bhuapa
o ” uam uait /uat uaithe uaipe uainn uaibh uapa
de of, off dhiom* dhiot* dheth* dhith dhinn dhibh dhiubh
do to dhomh* dhuit /dhut* dha* dhi dhuinn dhuibh dhaibh
fo under fodham fodhad fodha — eadarainn eadaraibh eatorra
eadar between — — — foidhpe fodhainn fodhaibh fodhpa
➯
gu /thun ** to thugam thugad thuige thuice thugainn thugaibh thuca
chun ** ” chugam chugad chuige chuice chugainn chugaibh chuca
le with leam leat leis leatha leinn leibh leotha /leò
mu about umam umad uime uimpe umainn umaibh umpa
ri to rium riut ris rithe ruinn ribh riutha
ro (roimh)† before romham romhad roimhe roimhpe romhainn romhaibh romhpa
tro (troimh)† through tromham tromhad troimhe troimhpe tromhainn tromhaibh tromhpa
thar over tharam tharad thairis air thairt tharainn tharaibh tharta
Emphatic forms
➯ agamsa agadsa aigesan aicese againne agaibhse acasan
ormsa etc. ortsa etc. airsan etc. oirrese etc. oirnne etc. oirbhse etc. orrasan etc.
Figure 6 Table of Prepositional Pronouns
*though found in older texts, the unlenited forms of these are no longer used.
**the form thun is not used now, but, conversely, the forms thugam etc. are more common than the forms chugam etc.
† the simplified forms ro and tro are used now.