Colin Mark. The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Гэльско-английский словарь
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Appendix 3: the Gaelic adjective 662
mo do a ar ur an /am
aig gam gad ga gar gur gan /gam
ann nam nad na nar nur nan /nam
bho bhom bhod bho a bho ar bho ur bho an /am
de dem ded de a de ar de ur de an /am
do dom dod do a do ar do ur do an /am
fo fom fod fo a fo ar fo ur fo an /am
gu gum gud ga gar gur gun /gum
le lem led le le ar le ur len /lem
mu mum mud mu a mu ar mu ur mun /mum
ri rim rid ri ri ar ri ur rin /rim
Figure 3 Table of prepositional possessive adjectives.
Some of the lesser-used forms are considered ugly by some, who advocate the use of the
full form e.g. le mo / le do etc., and care should be exercised in their use.
Here are some examples with other prepositions:
far comhair, before us (under our observation); le ur cead, fom chasan, under my feet;
with your permission; rim bheò during my life(time)
A full list of possible forms (with a word of caution) is shown in Fig. 3.
Appendix 4: Adverbs
1.0 Any suitable adjective may be made into an adverb by preceding
it by the particle gu
mall slow gu mall slowly
math good gu math well
1.1 When the adjective begins with a vowel, an h- is inserted between it and gu
àraidh special gu h-àraidh especially
obann sudden gu h-obann suddenly
This also applies to past participles: gu fosgailte openly. It should be noted that gu is not
repeated in lists of adverbs
□
sheas a’ chraobh gu dìreach, dàna, calma ris a’ ghaoith the
tree withstood the wind uprightly, boldly, bravely.
Note that gu math is also used to qualify adjs with the meanings ‘fairly’, ‘quite’,
‘rather’, ‘considerably’, ‘somewhat’, ‘very’
□
tha e gu math àrd it’s fairly high.
Note also: gu seachd àraidh most particularly.
1.2 In some circumstances, the gu is regularly or usually dropped. This occurs
a) with some adjectives:
moch and anmoch: air a chuairteachadh moch is anmoch conducted early and late
i.e. morning and evening
ceart right, correct
□
bha e ceart mar a thuirt thu it was exactly as you said
dìreach direct
□
rinn e dìreach air an t-solas he made directly for the light
trast means diagonal, but as an adv means across, athwart, crosswise, diagonally,
traversely
tràth early Dh’èirich mi tràth an-diugh. I rose early today.
Similarly, deiseal means ‘in the direction of the sun’, ‘sunwise’ but is also used adver-
bially
□
bha iad a’ dol deiseal mun taigh they were going sunwise round the house
tarsainn means ‘traverse’, but as an adverb means ‘across’, ‘transversely’, ‘obliquely’
glan clean, pure
□
chòrd sin rium glan I really enjoyed that
b) when the adverb itself qualifies an adjective
□
cha bhiodh e buileach fìor a ràdh gu
bheil e … it wouldn’t be completely true to say that it is …
□
geamhradh fuathasach
fuar a dreadfully cold winter
□
cha robh e air a bhith a’dèanamh uabhasach math an
sin he had not been doing terribly well there. Cf. also fìor, anabarrach
c) when the adverb itself is qualified
□
cho luath ’s a fhuair sinn àite suidhe as soon as
we got a seat
□
tha an t-eun seo cho ainmig ra fhaicinn this bird is so seldom seen
d) after the assertive verb
□
is minig a bha mi air a’ mhuir ri droch thìde I’ve often been
on the sea in bad weather
□
bu treun a ghleachd iad it is bravely that they struggled
□
… agus a bhith a’ dol nas fhaide … and to go further
e) in some common expressions
□
tha mi an dòchas gun dèan cuideigin feum dheth luath
no mall I hope someone will make use of it sooner or later
2.0 A few adjectives precede a verb / adjective as an intensifying adverb
deagh fine, good
□
bha e air a dheagh chur air he was well dressed
□
deagh-aithnichte
well-known
dian fervent, intense etc.
□
a’ dian chòmhradh talking furiously
sìor continual, incessant
□
tha ar ceann-uidhe a’ sìor fhàs nas soilleire our destination is
continually becoming clearer
grad is rather more specialised, being often used before the past tense of a verb
□
ghrad
dh’èirich a’ ghaoth the wind rose suddenly (It should be noted that grad is lenited as if
it were part of the verb, though the verb itself is also lenited)
làn full
□
bha e làn deiseil air son cleasan sam bith a dh’fhaodadh iad fheuchainn air he
was fully prepared for any tricks they might try on him
cianail melancholy, sorrowful etc.
□
bha an t-sìde cianail fuar the weather was exceed-
ingly cold (garbh is used similarly in the Ness district of Lewis)
3.0 Many adverbs are preceded by a and are lenited where possible
a chlisge / a chlisgeadh suddenly a chòrr extra, left over
a thaobh aside a theagamh perhaps
a bharrachd over* a thuilleadh in addition, moreover*
a bhàrr** besides, over a dhìth lacking, missing, wanting
a thuilleadh (air sin) forbye a latha by day
a Shàbaid on Sundays a sheachdain on weekdays
3.1 Some of these are often used without the a e.g. theagamh
With dhachaigh home, homeward(s) the a has been dropped completely
□
chaidh sinn
dhachaigh we went home.
*These often translate as an adjective
□
fear a bharrachd an additional one
□
fear a
thuilleadh an additional one, another one (in addition).
**Notice also: a bhàrr (air seo) moreover
□
a bhàrr air sin besides that, furthermore.
3.2 Those beginning with a vowel are preceded by a dh’
a dh’aon àm simultaneously a dh’oidhche by night
a dh’aon bhàgh expressly, all at once a dh’aithghearr soon
a dh’easbhaidh missing, lacking a dh’aon bheum expressly, all
at once
a dh’aon rùn by design, designedly a dh’aon ruith at once,
immediately
a dh’aon(a) gnotha(i)ch purposely, by express purpose
a dh’aon(a) chrìch expressly, for the sole purpose
a dh’aindeoin in the phr. a dheòin willy-nilly, nolens volens
no a dh’aindeoin
a dh’aon oidhche in (the course of) one night
Note: bha iad ag obair a latha is a dh’oidhche they were working day and night.
4.0 Many adverbs are prefixed by a-
a-nis(e) now, next a cheana already
a-rithist / a-rìs again, later a-nochd tonight
a-raoir / an-raoir last night a-mhàin alone, only
a-riamh ever, never (ref. to the past)
a-rèist then (⫽ in that case)
a-màireach tomorrow, on the morrow
Appendix 4: adverbs 664
a-chaoidh ever (with ref. to the fut)
a-ghnàth continually, always
5.0 Very many adverbs consist of air and a noun, the air causing lenition in
many cases (see air prep in the dictionary)
air chuthach frantic, furious air bhàinidh furious
air bhiod agog, on tenterhooks air bhog afloat, floating
air bhior / on tenterhooks air bhraise agog
air bhioran
air bhonn / afoot air cheann on end
air bonn
air bhrath to be found air chluainidh retired
air choreigin or other air chrith shaking
air fhad lengthwise air chuimhne remembered
air chuairt on a journey air dhàil on credit
air chùl behind air fheabhas however good
air fhaobhar edgeways / edgewise air chall lost
air thùs first, originally air chois afoot, on foot
air ghlugaman in an unstable air thuar seeming
condition
air mhàgaran on all fours, crawling air thoiseach ahead, in front
air chomas able
air thuairmeas / air thuaiream approximately, at a guess
air fhiaradh / air fiaradh askew, at an angle
air choigrich among strangers, abroad
air bhoil demented, distracted (of wits)
5.1 In some cases two nouns are linked together by air
car air char* rolling, tumbling
làmh air làimh hand in hand
mean air mhean by degrees, gradually
beag air bheag** little by little, gradually
turach-air-tharach topsy-turvy
dromach-air-shearrach topsy-turvy
truimeach-air-shearrach topsy-turvy
To which we might add ioc-ar-nac adv willy-nilly (uncommon).
*also car ma / mu char
**also beag is beag
5.2 Many, however, have no lenition
air allaban wandering air oir edgewise
air adhart forward(s), onward(s) air tìr ashore
air iomrall astray air aineol as a stranger
air bòrd on board, aboard air ais ago, back, fro
air falbh away, off, gone air uair* sometimes
air fleòdradh afloat, floating air fleod afloat
air deireadh behind, last, late air làimh by the hand
air iomadan adrift air fad downright, in all, altogether
air uairibh sometimes air gnothach on an errand/on business
air seachran astray air èiginn scarcely, with difficulty
665 Appendix 4: adverbs
air fàrsan roaming, roving air tì on purpose, designedly
air aghaidh** forward, ahead air toiseach first
air leth† exceptional(ly), individual(ly)
air cheann gnothaich on an errand / on business
*Note also air uair eile at other times
□
uair is uair again and again / time and again.
**also an aghaidh
†often translating as an adj e.g. cànanaiche air leth an exceptional linguist
5.3 In a few instances a possessive adjective is required before the noun
air a chois up (masc subj)
□
bha e air a chois tràth he was up early
□
bha i air a cois tràth
she was up early
air a cheann-dìreach headfirst (masc subj)
□
air a ceann-dìreach headfirst ( fem subj)
air a bheul fodha face down (masc subj) air am beul fòdhpa face down (3rd person
pl subj)
5.4 Some phrases require a definite article
air an dòigh seo / sin so (⫽ therefore), thus
air an tuath landward
air na barrachan adv high and dry
air a’ bhlàr-a-muigh adv outdoor(s), al fresco (also air a’ chnoc)
Notice also: air làrna-mhàireach adv on the morrow, the following morning.
6.0 The preposition ann, usually abbreviated to an / am, is frequently associated
with adverbs
an seo* here, hither an impis on the point of, about to
an siud over there, yonder an asgaidh* free, gratis, for nothing
am fad in length / long am bliadhna this year
am falach in hiding, hidden am feast(a) ever, never (after neg verb)
an làthair extant, present an còmhnaidh always, continually, habitually
an sin* there, therein, then an dubhar hidden, secret (fig.)
an cèin overseas, abroad am bitheantas frequently, commonly
an toiseach at first, first an sàs aground, engaged, stuck
an àird(e) up (motion to – the e is often omitted)
*These may be found as ann a sheo, ann a shin and ann a shiod in the Hebrides.
6.1 Some of the constructions are a little more elaborate
an comhair a thaoibh sideways (of a masc subj)
an comhair a chùil backwards (of a masc subj)
an comhair a chinn headlong (of a masc subj)
san àite sin there / in that place
an ìre mhath moderately, pretty, quite
[ann] an ùine gheàrr soon
an àite sin
instead
sa spot / sa bhad immediately
an deireadh a’ bhàta / na luinge astern (already there)
an còmhdhail to meet
□
thàinig an duine am chòmhdhail the man came to meet me
nam dhùisg, nad dhùisg etc. awake, wakeful
□
bha mi nam dhùisg greis mhath I was
awake a good while
□
bha i na làn dùisg a-nise she was fully awake now
Appendix 4: adverbs 666
7.0 A few adverbs incorporate the definite article or what is, rightly or wrongly,
generally thought of as being the definite article
an uiridh / last year a’ bhòn-dè the day before
an uraidh yesterday
an-diugh today, nowadays an-dràsta now, just now
an-earar the day after tomorrow a’ bhòn-raoir the night before last
a’ bhòn-uiridh* the year before last am fear** each (masc subj)
an-dè yesterday an ath oidhche tomorrow night
an treas oidhche the night after tomorrow night
*also a’ bhèan-uiridh
**also an tè each ( fem subj) an aon each (masc / fem subj) an urra each (masc / fem subj)
7.1 To these may be added
an ceart uair presently, right now, right away
an uair sin / an uairsin* then (at that time)
an dara taobh by (lit. the second side)
an taobh seo hither, this way
*Note also on nuair sin⫽ since then.
8.0 Simple adverbs
eadhon even fhathast hitherto, still (of time), yet
araon both glè exceedingly, very
ro too / very (with adjs) rù-ra haphazard, jumbled
seachad by, over, past thairis across
timcheall about, around, round uile quite, completely, wholly
cho so, as, such (exclam.) còmhla together, simultaneously*
daonnan always, incessantly idir at all, on any account
fiù (’s) even uaireannan sometimes, occasionally
ionnas / ionns / ions almost
*Note also cruinn còmhla / cruinn cothrom còmhla all together, in a body.
9.0 The 3rd person sing forms of the prepositional pronouns are
frequently used adverbially
air on
□
cuir air an solas put on the light
ann there, present etc.
□
a bheil thu dol ann? are you going (there)?
às off, out
□
chaidh a’ mhaidse às na mheòirean the match went out in his fingers
(b)huaithe into decline, downhill (fig.)
□
tha na bailtean seo air a dhol bhuaithe these
townships have declined
dheth off
□
cuir dheth an solas put off the light
fo under
□
chaidh am bàta fodha the boat went under, sank
roimhe before
□
chan fhaca mi e riamh roimhe I had never seen him before (in some areas
reimhid is the form used
□
bha siud ann reimhid
⫽
bha siud ann roimhe there was
once … / once upon a time there was…
thuige
□
thuige is bhuaithe off and on
□
thàinig mi thuige I revived / I came to
□
thuige
seo so far, up to now
Note also co-dhiù (from co dhiubh which of them?) anyway, at least, at any rate, besides,
in any case, at all events, however
667 Appendix 4: adverbs
10.0 Adverbs of motion and rest
A number of adverbs, not shown above, concern the concepts of ‘in motion’ or ‘at rest’.
In Gaelic the words for ‘up’, -down’, ‘over’, in(side) and out(side), vary according to the
following criteria:
At rest In motion
Moving away from Moving towards
shìos below, down sìos down a-nìos up, from below
shuas above, aloft, up suas up, upward(s) a-nuas down, from above
a-staigh in(side) a-steach in(side)
a-muigh out(side) a-mach out(side)
a-bhos over (here), on
this side
thall over (there), on a-null over a-nall over (from
the other side yonder)
Note: a-staigh in some dialects denotes motion – thig a-staigh come in.
Reference should now be made to the diagram in Fig. 4 which you may wish to imagine
as two sets of ladders, one going up from, and one going down from S, and a bridge cross-
ing from S to the word thall. Remember that all the examples given are from the point of
view of Seòras (George). The letter ‘S’ in the diagram stands for subject (or Seòras!).
Tha Seòras air taobh a-bhos na drochaid.
George is on this side of the bridge. (this side from his point of view)
Tha duine eile air taobh thall na drochaid.
There is another person on the far side of the bridge. (or ‘over the bridge’ from George’s
point of view)
Tha càr a’ dol a-null air an drochaid.
A car is going over the bridge. (away from George)
Tha bus dearg a’ tighinn a-nall.
A red bus is coming over. (from the other side, towards George)
Tha Seòras a’ dìreadh suas.
George is climbing up. (from his own point of view)
Tha duine eile a’ dìreadh a-nìos.
Another man is climbing up. (lit. ‘from down’ – and towards George)
Appendix 4: adverbs 668
suas
shuas
a-nuas
a-bhos
sìos
a-nìos
a-null
a-nall
s
shìos
thall
Figure 4 Adverbs of motion and rest (a) at, to or from a point.
Tha clach mhòr a’ tuiteam a-nuas.
A big stone is falling down. (lit. ‘from up’ – and towards George)
Tha balach beag a’ dìreadh sìos.
A small boy is climbing down. (from George’s and his own point of view)
Tha luidhear shuas air mullach an togalaich.
There is a chimney up on top of the building. (at rest – not moving up)
Tha duine àrd shìos air an làr.
There is a tall man down on the ground. (‘at rest’)
Some more examples:
Trobhad a-nìos an seo. Come up here.
Bithidh Calum a-nuas an ceartuair
Calum will be down right away. (from upstairs)
Bha am ball shuas air mullach an taighe.
The ball was up on the roof of the house.
Chaidh e a-null chun na h-uinneig.
He went over to the window.
Thàinig e a-nall chun na h-uinneig.
He came over to the window.
Dh’èigh e a-nuas rium.
He shouted down to me.
Thàinig iad o thaobh thall a’ bhealaich.
They came over the pass. (from the far side of the pass)
A bheil thu a’ faicinn na creige mòire ud shìos?
Do you see that large rock down there?
Bha a’ chlann a’ ruith a-null’s a-nall.
The children were running to and fro.
Sheall e suas le iongnadh.
He looked up in surprise.
Tha suas ri deachnar dhaoine anns gach buidhinn.
There are up to ten people in each team.
Note: a-nuas is used in some dialects for both a-nios and a-nuas i.e. motion from below
or from above.
sìos, suas etc. are frequently used as prepositions. The nouns following these words may
be assumed to be in the accusative case which, of course is identical to the nominative, or
basic form of the noun.
Choisich e sìos an staidhre.
He walked downstairs.
Ruith e suas an staidhre.
He ran upstairs.
Thuit e a-nuas an staidhre.
He fell down the stairs. (towards the relater)
Thàinig i a-nìos an staidhre.
She came upstairs.
Bha i a’ coimhead a-mach air an uinneig shuas an staidhre fhad ’s a bha mi shìos an
staidhre.
She was looking out of the upstairs window while I was downstairs.
669 Appendix 4: adverbs
Note also: thall thairis overseas, abroad
a-bhàn adv down, downwards (irrespective of direction)
□
chaidh sinn uile a bhàn chun
a’chladaich we all went down to the beach
thall ’s a-bhos here and there
a-null ’s a-nall hither and thither
a-nall thairis from overseas / from abroad
a-null thairis abroad / overseas (going there)
In the preceding pages the word ‘subject’ is frequently used. It must be understood that this
need not necessarily mean the grammatical subject of any particular sentence, but may
mean the relater of the incident i.e. the speaker / writer. (See Thuit e a-nuas an staidhre
above.)
In(side) and out(side).
The following notes are with reference to the table above and to Fig. 5 which represents
a room or building with three openings which could be either doors or windows.
Tha Seumas a-staigh.
James is inside. (at rest)
Tha a charaid a-muigh.
His friend is outside. (no motion)
Tha caraid Sheumais a’ tighinn a-steach.
James’ friend is coming in(side) (motion)
Thilg Seumas an damhan-allaidh a-mach air an uinneig.
James threw the spider out through the window.
Thàinig seillean a-steach air an uinneig eile.
A bee came in through the other window.
Further examples:
A bheil Calum a-staigh?
Is Calum in?
Thig a-steach*
Come in.
Gabh a-mach!
Get out(side)!
Cheannaich e glas a chum mèirlich a chumail a-muigh.
He bought a lock to keep thieves out.
Nach eil eagal ort gum faigh iad a-mach?
Aren’t you scared they’ll find out? (or ‘get out’)
Shìn e a-mach a làmh.
He stretched out his hand.
Appendix 4: adverbs 670
a-steach a-steacha-staigh
a-muigh
a-mach
Figure 5 Adverbs of motion and rest (b) inside, outside, into or out of a place.
*Thig a-staigh is also very common for ‘come in’.
These adverbs are frequently combined with other words to form compound nouns and
compound prepositions.
Dè an dol-a-mach a tha seo?
What carry-on is this? (also dol air adhart)
Sa chiad dol-a-mach.
At the outset.
Bhon chiad dol-a-mach.
From the outset.
11.0 Adverbs of direction, based on the words below, are dealt
with in detail in App. 9. Points of the compass
deas south iar west
ear east tuath north
12.0 Many adverbial phrases are composed of a preposition ⫹ a noun
a) mu (in some cases written as ma)
ma sgaoil * free, loose, mu rèir free (at liberty)
released, out
mu chuairt about, approximately, mu seach alternately, in turn,
around turn about
mu dheireadh** last, at last mu thràth already
mun cuairt around, about ma làimh indifferent, so-so
*Also fa sgaoil **also bho dheireadh
Note also:
mu dheireadh thall eventually, at long last
mu thimcheall sin thereabout
b) mar
mar an ceudna likewise, too mar-aon/maraon as one, as a team,
in concert, together
mar siud thus, in yon way mar seo thus, in this way
mar sin thus, in that way
c) fo – often written as fa-
fa-dheòidh at length, at last, fo chùram anxious, troubled
ultimately, finally
fa-near* under consideration fo làimh** in hand
*from fo’n aire under the attention
**More usually os làimh as in gabhail os làimh undertaking
d) gu
gu ìre to a certain extent gu beagnaich pretty well
gu ìre bhig
almost, slightly gu suthainn sìor forever
gu suthainn forever gu bràth forever
gu siorraidh bràth forever gu deireadh astern
a’ bhàta/na luinge (going there)
gu a chùl completely, every gu lèir/uile completely,
inch, through gu lèir* entire(ly)
and through
(masc subj)
gu leòr* enough, sufficiently
*frequently need to be translated as an adjective or noun
671 Appendix 4: adverbs