Cold and Hot Forging: Fundamentals and Applications / Edited by Taylan Altan, Gracious Ngaile, Gangshu Shen

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340 / Cold and Hot Forging: Fundamentals and Applications

Multiaction press 328, 330(F)

Multislide press 326, 328, 329(F)

Near-net shape forging 319–331(F)

Necking 26(F)

Nickel aluminides, for dies 285

Nickel and nickel alloys. See also Superalloys

hot forging temperatures 163(T)

lubrication 75(T)

Niobium and niobium alloys, hot forging temperatures

163(T)

Nosing 14(F)

Open-die forging 12, 13(F)

Orbital forging 12–13(F), 145, 148(F), 245(F),

329–331(F)

Personnel training 332–334

Petroforge 111(T)

Pinions, automotive, FEM simulation 241, 242(F)

Plane stress 19–20(F)

Plastic deformation

of die steels 280–281(F)

ﬂow rules 55–56

power and energy 56–57(F)

strain and strain rate 17–23(F), 57

stress state 51–52(F)

yield criteria 52–55(F), 56(F)

Plastic strain. See True strain

Postforging heat treatment, in isothermal and hot-die

forging 269–271

Powder metal (P/M) forging 13(F)

Precision forging. See Near-net shape forging

Presses. See Hydraulic presses; Mechanical presses;

Multiaction press; Multislide press; Screw presses;

Servomotor press

Pressure, in impression-die forging 169–170(F), 171(F)

Process modeling

applications/examples 239–245(F)

in cold forging 237–246(F)

for equipment selection 199(F), 201

ﬁnite-element analysis for 193–209(F), 237–246(F)

Product geometry and variables 8(F)

Production rate, and manufacturing process 3–4

Race, cross-groove inner, FEM analysis of 243–244(F)

Radial forging 11, 12(F), 145–149(F)

Recrystallization

dynamic 248–249(F), 250(F)

meta-dynamic 249–251(F), 252(F), 253(F)

Reducer rolling 141–142(F), 143(F), 144(F)

Ring rolling 143–144, 146(F), 147(F)

Ring testing

of Al 6061-T6 87–89(F, T)

and ﬂow stress 35, 38(F)

for lubricity 75(F), 76–77(F, T), 78(T)

Rocking die forging. See Orbital forging

Roll forging 141–142(F), 143(F), 144(F)

Rotary forging. See Orbital forging

Scale, and friction/lubrication 70

Screw presses 110, 111(T), 131–135(F)

Servomotor press 328, 330(F), 331(F)

Shape complexity. See Geometry

Shearing, of billets 151–157(F)

Simulation code 196–197

Slab analysis 91, 92(T), 93–97(F), 170–171(F), 177–182,

185–192(F, T), 216–217, 218(F)

Slip-line ﬁeld analysis 91–92(T)

Stainless steels

cold forging of 213

ﬂow stress-strain curves 32(F)

hot forging temperatures 163(T)

lubrication 73, 74(T)

Steels. See also Carbon steels; Low-alloy steels; Maraging

steels; Stainless steels; Tool steels

cold forging of 213–215(T)

for dies 277–289(F, T)

ﬂow stress-strain relation 39(T), 41–43(F)

lubrication 72(T), 74(T)

Strain. See also Engineering strain; True strain

effective 57

overview 20–21(F)

Strain rate, effective 57

Stress tensor

overview 17–18(F)

and plastic deformation 51–52(F)

properties of 18–19(F)

Stribeck curve 68(F)

Superalloys

for dies 284–285

ﬂow stress-strain curves 33(F)

hot forging temperatures 163(T)

isothermal and hot-die forging of 257–275(F, T)

microstructure modeling 199(F), 200, 201–202,

247–255(F, T)

yield strengths 268(F), 269(F)

Superplastic deformation 259, 261(F)

Surface ﬁnish

for dies 303–304

and manufacturing process 4(F)

Surgical blades, microforming of 241–243(F), 331(F)

Swing forging. See Orbital forging

Tantalum and tantalum alloys, hot forging

temperatures 163(T)

Cold and Hot Forging: Fundamentals and Applications (#05104G)

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Index / 341

Temperature, and metal forming 59–66(F, T),

162–163(T)

Tensile testing, and ﬂow stress 25(F), 26(F), 27–29

Titanium and titanium alloys

aircraft component, process modeling for 203(F),

205–206

alpha and beta stabilizers for 262(T)

beta transus and forging temperatures for 262(T)

ﬂow stress-strain 46(T)

hot forging temperatures 163(T)

isothermal and hot-die forging of 259–262(F, T),

263(F), 264(F), 265(F)

lubrication 73(T), 75(T)

preform dies 174, 175(T)

ring compression testing 65(T)

Tolerances

and die design 164

and manufacturing process 2–3(F), 4(F)

in precision forging 319–323(F)

Tool steels

AISI classiﬁcation and composition 278(T)

for cold forging 286(T), 287(T)

Tooling

advances in 323–326(F)

automotive, failure investigation using FEM 202(F),

203–205

for cold forging 225–228(F), 230–233(F), 286–289(T)

and friction/lubrication 69–70

for isothermal and hot-die forging 263–264

materials for 277–289(F, T)

as process variable 8(F), 9, 196, 237–238

Torsion testing, and ﬂow stress 36

Toughness, of die steels 281–283(F)

Training 332–334

Transverse rolling 142, 144(F), 145(F)

Trapped-die forging. See Enclosed-die forging

Tresca yield criterion 52–53(F), 54–55(F)

True strain 23(F)

Tungsten and tungsten alloys

hot forging temperatures 163(T)

lubrication 75(T)

Tungsten carbide, for tooling 287, 288(T)

Upper-bound analysis 92(T), 97–98

Upset forging. See also Electro-upsetting

closed-die 216–217(F)

cold 215–217(F, T)

and ﬁnite element analysis 101–102, 103(F), 312–314(F,

and friction 67(F)

and horizontal machines 144–145, 147(F)

load vs. displacement 109(F)

overview 13–14(F)

and slab analysis 93–97(F), 216–217, 218(F)

and upper-bound analysis 97–98

Uranium and uranium alloys, ﬂow stress-strain 47(T)

Velocity ﬁeld

and local deformation 20

and slab analysis 93–94(F), 95–96

and strain rate 21

Visioplasticity analysis 92

Von Mises yield criterion 53–55(F), 56(F)

Warm forging. See Hot forging

Wear mechanisms, in die failure 296–297(F), 298(F, T)

Wear resistance, of die steels 279–280(F)

Yield criteria, and plastic deformation 52–55(F), 56(F)

Zinc phosphate, for lubrication 71–73(F, T), 214(T)

Zirconium and zirconium alloys, ﬂow stress-strain

47(T)

Cold and Hot Forging: Fundamentals and Applications (#05104G)

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Cold and Hot Forging: Fundamentals and

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