Богатиков А.Н., Красицкий В.А., Лапков К.Н. и др. Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

195. JZkkqblZcl_k(H

\`_em^hqghfkhd_b\djh\bq_eh\_dZ_kebS+

`_em^hqgh]hkhdZ bdjh\ba^hjh\h]h q_eh\_dZ jZ\gukhhl\_lkl

\_gghb

196. DZdbaf_gblkyS+ F&+

&22+_kebjZkl\hjblv]Zp_lZ

lZgZljby\ewlh]hjZkl\hjZ"

197. GZ hkgh\Zgbb lZ[ebqguo ^Zgguo ih \_ebqbgZf ijhba\_^_gbc

jZkl\hjbfhklb$J&O$J%U$J,b$J

6jZkkqblZcl_jZkl\hjbfh

klbwlbokhe_c\fheveb\]e

198. Kdhevdh]bhgh\$J

kh^_j`blky\fegZkus_ggh]hjZkl\hjZ

"IJ$J

) = 1,6 · 10

–5

199. <h kdhevdh jZa mf_gvrblky dhgp_gljZpby3E

 \ gZkus_gghf

jZkl\hj_3E&O

 _keb \  fe lZdh]h jZkl\hjZ ^hihegbl_evgh

jZkl\hjblvfhev1D&O"

200. <uiZ^Z_lebhkZ^hd_kebkf_rZlvfejZkl\hjZ$J12

kdhg

p_gljZpb_ck(AgNO

) = 2,5 ·10

–3

fhevebfejZkl\hjZ&D&l

dhgp_gljZpb_ck(CaCl

 fheve"

201. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby ]b^jhebaZ \ fhe_dmeyjghc b bhggh-

fhe_dmeyjghcnhjfZoihdZ`^hcklmi_gb^eyke_^mxsbokhe_c

AlI

, K

, ZnSO

, Al

(SO

)

, NH

CN, NH

HCO

, Al

202. Ijb]hlh\e_guF jZkl\hju ke_^mxsbo\_s_kl\ .&O2 1+

1D&1JZkkqblZcl_kl_i_gb]b^jhebaZkhe_cbjGjZkl\hjh\

203. KjZ\gbl_]b^jhebam_fhklvkhe_c

Z) FeCl

– FeCl

;

[)Na

– Na

SiO

;

\)NaHCO

– Na

;

]) Be(NO

)

– Mg(NO

)

;

^) Na

– (NH

)

;

_) Na

S – Na

Se.

204. DZdh\Z kj_^ZdbkeZy s_ehqgZy g_cljZevgZy \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ

dZ`^hc ba ke_^mxsbokhe_c NaHCO

, KHSO

, Cs

, K

HPO

RbH

GKHHNH

, Ba(OH)Cl"Hl\_lh[hkgh\Zlv

205. Ijb\_^bl_ fhe_dmeyjgu_ b bhggh-fhe_dmeyjgu_ mjZ\g_gby j_

Zdpbc ijhl_dZxsbo\ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo f_`^mdZj[hgZlhfgZ

ljbybZoehjb^hf`_e_aZIII[kmevnZlhfZexfbgby\gbl

jZlhfojhfZIIIoehjb^hff_^bIIDZdb_[m^mlh[jZah\u\Zlv

ky ijh^mdlu j_Zdpbb _keb dZj[hgZl gZljby aZf_gblv gZ ]b^jh

dZj[hgZlgZljby

=  E  :  <  : 9,,

KLJH?GB?:LHF:

BI?JBH>BQ?KDBCA:DHG>BF?G>?E??<:

1. MdZ`bl_hkgh\gu_oZjZdl_jbklbdbfZkkmaZjy^bhlghkbl_evgu_

jZaf_juwe_f_glZjguoqZklbp\oh^ysbo\khklZ\ZlhfZ

2. >Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihgylbc fZkkh\h_ qbkeh Zlhfguc ghf_j

bahlhiubah[Zjubahlhgugmdeb^u.

3. QlhlZdh_jZ^bhZdlb\ghklv"DZdh\u__ijbqbgu"Ijb\_^bl_ijb

f_juhkgh\guolbih\jZ^bhZdlb\guoij_\jZs_gbc

4. H[tykgbl_ ijbqbgu dhjimkdmeyjgh-\hegh\hc ^\hckl\_gghklb

fbdjhh[t_dlh\

5. Qlh lZdh_ we_dljhggh_ h[eZdh \hegh\Zy nmgdpby we_dljhggZy

iehlghklvZlhfgZyhj[blZev"<q_fjZaebqb_ihgylbchj[blZevb

hj[blZ?

6. DZdhckfukebf_xld\Zglh\u_qbkeZoZjZdl_jbamxsb_khklhygb_

we_dljhgZ\ Zlhf_" DZdb_qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby hgbfh]mlijbgb

fZlv"

7. >Zcl_ lhedh\Zgb_ ihgylbc we_dljhggZy h[hehqdZ wg_j]_lbq_

kdbcmjh\_gvwe_dljhgguckehcih^mjh\_gvZlhfgZyhj[blZev

8. QlhlZdh_wnn_dlb\gucaZjy^y^jZ"

9. Ihykgbl_hkgh\gu_ijbgpbiujZkij_^_e_gbywe_dljhgh\ihhj[b

lZeyf\Zlhf_

10. >Zcl_ nhjfmebjh\dm ijZ\beZ De_qdh\kdh]h DZd hgh hij_^_ey_l

ihjy^hd aZiheg_gby Zlhfguo hj[blZe_c:H" DZdb_ :H bf_xl

h^bgZdh\u_agZq_gb_kmffunOjZ\gh_beb"

11. GZibrbl_ nhjfmeu we_dljhgguo dhgnb]mjZpbc Zlhfh\ i_j\uo

q_luj_oi_jbh^h\, La, Ru, W, Hg, Po, U, Bk, Md&Gwe_f_glh\k

Zlhfgufb ghf_jZfb   Bah[jZabl_ ]jZnbq_kdb kljmdlmjm

bo^\moihke_^gbowg_j]_lbq_kdbomjh\g_c

12. DZdb_jZaebqby\ihgylbyogmdeb^ubbahlhiu?

13. Q_fhlebqZ_lkyjZ^bhgmdeb^hlklZ[bevgh]hgmdeb^Zlh]h`_we_

f_glZ"

14. Qlhy\ey_lky]eZ\ghcoZjZdl_jbklbdhcZlhfZ"

15. >Zcl_ kh\j_f_ggmxoZjZdl_jbklbdmi_jbh^bq_kdh]haZdhgZbih

ykgbl__]hnbabq_kdbckfuke

16. DZdh\uhkgh\gu_lbiubah[jZ`_gbyi_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fuwe_

f_glh\"MdZ`bl_bokoh^kl\ZbjZaebqby

17. DZdh\nbabq_kdbckfukeghf_jZi_jbh^Zghf_jZ]jmiiu"

18. Qlh lZdh_ s-, p-, d-, f-we_f_glu" DZdh\h bo jZkiheh`_gb_ ih i_

jbh^Zfb]jmiiZf"DZdh\ufZdkbfZevgu__fdhklbi_jbh^h\"

19. < q_fijhy\ey_lkykoh^kl\hbjZaebqb_we_f_glh\]eZ\guobih

[hqguoih^]jmii"Ihykgbl_ihgylb_we_f_glu-ZgZeh]b.

20. DZdh\unZdlhjuhij_^_eyxsb_oZjZdl_jbaf_g_gbyobfbq_kdbo

k\hckl\we_f_glh\ihi_jbh^Zfb]jmiiZf"

21. >Zlv lhedh\Zgb_ ihgylbc wnn_dlb\guc dh\Ze_glguc bhgguc

\Zg-^_j-<ZZevkh\kdbc f_lZeebq_kdbc hj[blZevguc jZ^bmku <

q_fbokoh^kl\hbjZaebqb_"

22. DZdb_ jZ^bmku hl\_qZxl ih kfukem ihgylbx Zlhfguc jZ^bmk?

Ihykgbl_ dZd\ebyxl gZ\_ebqbgmZlhfgh]h jZ^bmkZke_^mxsb_

nZdlhjuwnn_dlb\gucaZjy^y^jZdhgnb]mjZpby\g_rg_]hwe_d

ljhggh]hkehyqbkehwe_dljhgguokeh_\lbiobfbq_kdhck\yabb

__djZlghklv

23. Qlh lZdh_ ihl_gpbZe bhgbaZpbb b wg_j]by bhgbaZpbb" Hl dZdbo

nZdlhjh\aZ\bkbl_]h\_ebqbgZ"

24. IjhZgZebabjmcl_baf_g_gb_i_j\h]hbhgbaZpbhggh]hihl_gpbZeZ

mwe_f_glh\\lhjh]hi_jbh^Z

25. >Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_ihgylbykjh^kl\hdwe_dljhgm.

26. DZdb_ nZdlhju hij_^_eyxl \_ebqbgm kjh^kl\Zd we_dljhgm"DZd

fh`gh h[tykgblv jZaebqgu_ agZdb wlhc oZjZdl_jbklbdb ^ey jZa

ebqguowe_f_glh\"

27. Fh]ml eb kms_kl\h\Zlv \ k\h[h^ghf khklhygbb Zgbhgu2

Ø 6

Ø

Ø"Ihq_fm"

28. Qlh lZdh_ we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklv" DZdmx kihkh[ghklv ZlhfZ

hgZoZjZdl_jbam_l"

29. DZdh\u ijbgpbiu ihkljh_gby rdZeu we_dljhhljbpZl_evghkl_c

we_f_glh\" DZd baf_gy_lky wlZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ih i_jbh^Zf b

]jmiiZfi_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fu"

=  E  :  <  : 

VIII

OBFBQ?KD:YK<YAV

BF?@FHE?DMEYJGH?<A:BFH>?CKL<B?

1. Qlh lZdh_ obfbq_kdZy k\yav" MdZ`bl_ mkeh\by __ h[jZah\Zgby b

hkgh\gu_iZjZf_lju

2. DZdh\Zijbjh^Zobfbq_kdhck\yab"

3. DZdh\u hkgh\gu_ lbiu obfbq_kdhc k\yab" MdZ`bl_ koh^kl\h b

jZaebqbyf_`^mgbfb

4. >Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_dh\Ze_glghck\yabDZdh\Zko_fZ__h[jZah\Z

gbygZijbf_j_fhe_dme+

, Cl

b+&O"

5. GZah\bl_bijhbeexkljbjmcl_dhgdj_lgufbijbf_jZfbhkgh\gu_

kihkh[uh[jZah\Zgbydh\Ze_glghck\yab

6. Knhjfmebjmcl_hkgh\gu_iheh`_gbyf_lh^Z\Ze_glguok\ya_c

7. I_j_qbkebl_hkgh\gu_k\hckl\Zdh\Ze_glghck\yab

8. H[tykgbl_f_oZgbafh[jZah\Zgby

-b

-k\ya_c

9. QlhlZdh_djZlghklvk\yab"DZdh\h__\ebygb_gZ^ebgmbijhq

ghklvk\yabf_`^mZlhfZfb"

10. QlhlZdh_\Ze_glghklv"Q_fhij_^_ey_lkydhebq_kl\_ggZyoZjZd

l_jbklbdZ\Ze_glghklb"

11. DZdh\umkeh\byh[jZah\Zgbyiheyjghcbg_iheyjghcdh\Ze_glghc

k\yab"Ihykgbl_ihgylb_wnn_dlb\gucaZjy^ZlhfZgZdhgdj_l

guoijbf_jZo

12. QlhlZdh_we_dljbq_kdbc^bihev"<dZdhfkhhlghr_gbbgZoh^ylky

^ebgZ^biheyb^ebgZk\yab\^\moZlhfghcfhe_dme_"

13. Qlhy\ey_lkyf_jhciheyjghklbk\yab"

14. IjhZgZebabjmcl_\kjZ\gbl_evghfieZg_iheyjghklvfhe_dme&2

b62

, NH

b1)

, H

2b+

15. QlhlZdh_kl_j_hobfby"

16. Q_fhij_^_ey_lky]_hf_ljbykljmdlmjfhe_dmekdh\Ze_glguflb

ihfk\ya_c"

17. >Zcl_h[tykg_gb_dhgp_ipbb]b[jb^baZpby.

18. Ihykgbl_hkgh\gu_mkeh\bymklhcqb\hc]b[jb^baZpbb

19. DZdh\ulbiu]b[jb^baZpbbb]_hf_ljbq_kdb_kljmdlmjudhlhju_

bfkhhl\_lkl\mxl"

20. Qlh lZdh_ k\yau\Zxsb_ b g_k\yau\Zxsb_ hj[blZeb" DZdh\h bo

\ebygb_gZ]_hf_ljbxdh\Ze_glguokljmdlmj"

21. DZd\eby_l ijbjh^Z eb]Zg^Z bdjZlghklv k\yabgZ]_hf_ljbxh^

ghlbiguokljmdlmj"

22. QlhlZdh_dhhj^bgZpbhggh_qbkehDZdh\Z_]hdhebq_kl\_ggZybg

l_jij_lZpby"

23. Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_jukljmdlmjkfgh]hp_gljh\ufbk\yayfb

24. Q_fm jZ\gZ \Ze_glghklv b kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ZahlZ b m]e_jh^Z \

fhe_dmeZo 1

, NH

, N

, NH

OH, NF

, CH

, CCl

, C

, CO

, CO?

25. IjhZgZebabjmcl_ke_^mxsb_fhe_dmeyjgu_kljmdlmjumklZgh\b

l_oZjZdl_jjZkij_^_e_gby\Ze_glguowe_dljhgh\lbi]b[jb^baZ

pbbp_gljZevguoZlhfh\m]euk\ya_ciheyjghklv\Ze_glghklvb

kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyhl^_evguoZlhfh\&2&2

, N

O, NO

, N

HNO

, H

, BF, BF

, NH

, NF

, CO

−

, ClO

−

, ClO

−

, HN

, SO

−

, NO

−

, NH

, BF

−

26. >Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ bhgghc k\yab DZdh\Z __ ijbjh^Z b f_oZgbaf

h[jZah\Zgby"

27. QlhlZdh_^heybhgghklbk\yab?

28. I_j_qbkebl_bh[tykgbl_hkgh\gu_oZjZdl_jbklbdbbhgghck\yab

MdZ`bl_\q_f__koh^kl\hbjZaebqb_\kjZ\g_gbbkdh\Ze_glghc

k\yavx"

29. Q_fhij_^_ey_lky\_ebqbgZdhhj^bgZpbhggh]hqbkeZ\bhgguokh

_^bg_gbyo"

30. DZdZyk\yav\dZ`^hfbakh_^bg_gbc+&O21D+62

, KOH, H

bf__lgZb[he__bhggucoZjZdl_j"

31. >Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_f_lZeebq_kdhck\yabDZdh\Z__ijbjh^Zbf_

oZgbafh[jZah\Zgby"

32. < q_f aZdexqZxlky hkh[_gghklb lj_o lbih\ f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h

\aZbfh^_ckl\by.

33. JZkkfhljbl_f_oZgbafh[jZah\Zgby\h^hjh^ghck\yab__hlebqb_

hlobfbq_kdhck\yabbkbef_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h\aZbfh^_ckl\by

34. DZd \eby_l gZebqb_ \h^hjh^ghc k\yab gZ nbabq_kdb_ b obfbq_

kdb_k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\"Ihykgbl_gZ ijbf_j_baf_g_gbyk\hckl\

\_s_kl\\jy^Zo+)– HJ; H

O – H

Te; NH

– SbH

; CH

– SnH

35. Ihykgbl_ jhev \h^hjh^ghc k\yab \ [bheh]bq_kdbo h[t_dlZo gZ

ijbf_j_\h^u[_edh\ihebi_ilb^h\>GDJGD

=  E  :  <  : ,;

HDBKEBL?EVGH

<HKKL:GH<BL?EVGU?J?:DPBB

Dhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgufhlghkylkyj_Zdpbbijhl_

dZxsb_kbaf_g_gb_fkl_i_g_chdbke_gbyZlhfh\\oh^ysbo\khklZ\

j_Z]bjmxsbo\_s_kl\

Kl_i_gvhdbke_gby

– mkeh\gucaZjy^ZlhfZjZkkqblZggucbk

oh^yba^hims_gbyqlh\_s_kl\hkhklhblbabhgh\

IhkdhevdmlZdh_^hims_gb_y\ey_lkymkeh\gufihgylb_kl_i_gv

hdbke_gbyghkbllZd`_mkeh\gucoZjZdl_jby\ey_lky\_ebqbghcnhj

fZevghc g_ hljZ`Zxs_c j_Zevgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby aZjy^h\ f_`^m

ZlhfZfb H^gZdh wlhihgylb_ rbjhdhbkihevam_lkyijbkhklZ\e_gbb

mjZ\g_gbcH<J

&l_i_gbhdbke_gbywe_f_glh\ijbgbfZxlagZq_gbyhl–^h\

khhl\_lkl\bbkijZ\beZfb

 Kl_i_gv hdbke_gby we_f_glh\ \ ijhkluo \_s_kl\Zo jZ\gZ

gZijbf_j2

D

, S

<h^hjh^\[hevrbgkl\_k\hbokh_^bg_gbcgZoh^blky\kl_i_gb

hdbke_gby jZ\ghcH^gZdh \ kh_^bg_gbyo kh s_ehqgufb b s_

ehqgha_f_evgufbf_lZeeZfbhgijhy\ey_lkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyjZ\gmx

–gZijbf_j1D+

-1

<ZG

−

Dbkehjh^\ih^Z\eyxs_f[hevrbgkl\_kh_^bg_gbcgZoh^blky

\kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyjZ\ghc–gZijbf_jKZH

-2

, HNO

−

<i_jhdkb

^Zo hg ijhy\ey_l kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jZ\gmx – gZijbf_j G

−

<ZH

−

Iheh`bl_evgu_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbydbkehjh^ijhy\ey_lebrv

\kh_^bg_gbyoknlhjhfgZijbf_jH

 Nlhj \ kh_^bg_gbyo \k_]^Z ijhy\ey_l lhevdh h^gm kl_i_gv

hdbke_gbyjZ\gmx–1.

We_f_glu]jmiiu,-$s_ehqgu_f_lZeeu\kh_^bg_gbyo\k_

]^Zijhy\eyxlkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyjZ\gmx

We_f_glu]jmiiu,,-$%H0Js_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeuZ

lZd`_=Qb&G\ kh_^bg_gbyo ijhy\eyxl \k_]^Z kl_i_gv hdbke_gby

jZ\gmx

:exfbgbc\kh_^bg_gbyoijhy\ey_lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby

Kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ^jm]bo we_f_glh\ fh]ml bf_lv i_j_f_ggu_

agZq_gbybjZkkqblu\Zxlkybkoh^ybalh]hqlhkmffZkl_i_g_chdbk

e_gbywe_f_glh\\fhe_dme_bebnhjfmevghc_^bgbp_jZ\gZZ\bh

g_–_]haZjy^m

Ijbf_j

 JZkkqblZlv kl_i_gv hdbke_gby nhknhjZ \ hjlhnhknZl_

dZevpbyKZ

JH

)

P_r_gb_

H[hagZqbfbkdhfmxkl_i_gvhdbke_gbynhknhjZq_j_aoMqblu

\ZyqbkehZlhfh\dZ`^h]hwe_f_glZ\nhjfmevghc_^bgbp_bagZq_gby

kl_i_g_cbohdbke_gbykhklZ\bfmjZ\g_gb_

3 · (+2) + 2 · o + 8 · (– hldm^Zo= +5.

<oh^_ex[hcH<Jh^gh\j_f_gghijhl_dZxlijhp_kkZ–hdbk

e_gb_b\hkklZgh\e_gb_Klhqdbaj_gbywe_dljhgghcl_hjbbhdbke_

gb_–ijhp_kkhl^Zqbwe_dljhgh\\oh^_dhlhjh]hkl_i_gvhdbke_gby

ZlhfZih\urZ_lkyZ\hkklZgh\e_gb_–ijhp_kkijbkh_^bg_gbywe_d

ljhgh\\oh^_dhlhjh]hkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZlhfZihgb`Z_lky

QZklbpudhlhju_\oh^_j_Zdpbbhl^Zxlwe_dljhgugZau\Zxl

ky\hkklZgh\bl_eyfbQZklbpudhlhju_\oh^_j_Zdpbbijbkh_^bgy

xlwe_dljhgugZau\Zxlkyhdbkebl_eyfb.

LZdbf h[jZahf \ oh^_ H<J \hkklZgh\bl_ev hl^Z\Zy we_dljh

gu hdbkey_lky Z hdbkebl_ev ijbgbfZy we_dljhgu \hkklZgZ\eb\Z

_lkyIjbwlhfqbkehwe_dljhgh\hl^Zgguo\hkklZgh\bl_e_f\k_]^Z

jZ\ghqbkemwe_dljhgh\ijbgyluohdbkebl_e_f

Hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\_s_kl\fh`ghhij_

^_eblvbkoh^ybaagZq_gbckl_i_g_chdbke_gbywe_f_glh\\oh^ysbo

\bokhklZ\

?keb\khklZ\\_s_kl\Z\oh^ylZlhfuwe_f_glZ\fbgbfZevghc

kl_i_gbhdbke_gbylh hghfh`_lijhy\eylvlhevdh\hkklZgh\bl_ev

gu_k\hckl\Z

?keb\khklZ\\_s_kl\Z\oh^ylZlhfuwe_f_glZ\fZdkbfZevghc

kl_i_gb hdbke_gby lh hgh fh`_l ijhy\eylv lhevdh hdbkebl_evgu_

k\hckl\Z

?keb\khklZ\\_s_kl\Z\oh^ylZlhfuwe_f_glZ\ijhf_`mlhq

ghckl_i_gbhdbke_gbylhhghfh`_lijhy\eylvdZd\hkklZgh\bl_ev

gu_lZdbhdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Z

<Z`g_crb_\hkklZgh\bl_eb

Z ijhklu_ \_s_kl\Z– \k_f_lZeeu b g_dhlhju_ g_f_lZeeu gZ

ijbf_jG

K6L3

b^j

[ \h^hjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gby s_ehqguo b s_ehqgha_f_evguo f_

lZeeh\ Z lZd`_ \h^hjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gby g_dhlhjuo g_f_lZeeh\ gZ

ijbf_j +, +%U +

, H

S, H

Se, H

Te, NH

, PH

, AsH

, SbH

, SiH

SnH

;

\hdkb^uwe_f_glh\ZlhfudhlhjuogZoh^ylky\ijhf_`mlhqghc

kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyWlhhdkb^ujy^Zg_f_lZeeh\–KH62

, NO, P

ZlZd`_gbarb_hdkb^ug_dhlhjuoj-bd-we_f_glh\–6Q2)H2KU2

92bkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_bfkhebgZijbf_j6Q&O

, FeSO

b^j

] g_dhlhju_ dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsb_ dbkehlu b bo kheb \ khklZ\

dhlhjuo\oh^ylZlhfuwe_f_glh\\ijhf_`mlhqguokl_i_gyohdbke_

gbygZijbf_j+

, H

bbokhebZlZd`_lbhkmevnZlu

(Na

^bkmevnblu1D

^blbhgblu1D

gbljblu

^ g_dhlhju_ hj]Zgbq_kdb_ \_s_kl\Z gZijbf_j kibjlu Zev^_

]b^ug_dhlhju_dZj[hgh\u_dbkehlu+–COOH, HOOC–&22+ m]

e_\h^uK

<Z`g_crb_hdbkebl_eb

Zijhklu_\_s_kl\Z–]Zeh]_guhahgdbkehjh^k_jZ

[hdkb^ug_dhlhjuoj-bd-we_f_glh\\\ukhdbokl_i_gyohdbk

e_gbygZijbf_j&O

, ClO

, I

, SO

, SeO

, N

, NO

, PbO

, MnO

, CrO

, V

;

\ Dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsb_ dbkehlu g_dhlhjuo j- b d-we_f_glh\ \

\ukhdbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby gZijbf_j +&O2

, H

, HIO

, HBrO

HBrO

, H

SeO

, H

SeO

, HNO

, H

CrO

, H

, HMnO

bkheb

wlbo dbkehl D hdbkebl_eyf hlghkylky lZd`_ dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsb_

dbkehlu]Zeh]_gh\\dhlhjuohgbijhy\eyxlb[he__gbadb_kl_i_gb

hdbke_gbygZijbf_j+&O

O, HCl

ZlZd`_bokheb

]

i_jhdkb^ \h^hjh^Z G

 i_jhdkb^u s_ehqguo b s_ehqgha_

f_evguof_lZeeh\Na

, BaO

DeZkkbnbdZpbyhdbkebl_evgh

\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_Zdpbc

DeZkkbnbdZpbyihkh^_j`Zgbx\hkklZgh\bl_eybhdbkebl_ey\

h^ghfbeb\g_kdhevdbobkoh^guo\_s_kl\Zo

Z_keb\hkklZgh\bl_evbhdbkebl_evkh^_j`Zlky\h^ghfbkoh^

ghf \_s_kl\_ lh H<J hlghkblky d j_Zdpbyf

\gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h

hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gbygZijbf_j

–3

)

:1

0 + Cr

+ H

< ^Zgghcj_Zdpbb hdbkebl_evCr

b \hkklZgh\bl_evN

–3

 kh

^_j`Zlky\h^ghf\_s_kl\_

[_keb\hkklZgh\bl_evbhdbkebl_evkh^_j`Zlky\jZaguobkoh^

guo \_s_kl\Zo lh H<J hlghkblky d j_Zdpbyf

f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h

hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gbygZijbf_j

–3

+ KCl

:1

+ KCl

–

+ H

< wlhc j_Zdpbb hdbkebl_evCl

 b \hkklZgh\bl_evN

–3

 gZoh-

^ylky\jZaguo\_s_kl\Zo

 DeZkkbnbdZpby ih oZjZdl_jm baf_g_gby kl_i_gb hdbke_gby

Zlhfh\h^gh]hwe_f_glZ

Z_keb\bkoh^ghf\_s_kl\_Zlhfuwe_f_glZgZoh^ylky\h^ghc

kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyZ\ijh^mdlZoj_Zdpbb–\^\mo^jm]bo[he__\u

khdhcb[he__gbadhcihhlghr_gbxdbkoh^ghckl_i_gbhdbke_gby

lh khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ H<J hlghkylky d j_Zdpbyf

^bkijhihjpbhgbjh

\Zgby

beb^bkfmlZpbbgZijbf_j

+ H

O :+1

+ HN

;

[_keb\bkoh^guo\_s_kl\Zoh^bgblhl`_we_f_glgZoh^blky\

^\mojZaguokl_i_gyohdbke_gbyZ\ijh^mdl_j_Zdpbb–lhevdh\h^

ghcijhf_`mlhqghcihhlghr_gbxdbkoh^gufkl_i_gyfhdbke_gby

lh khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ H<J hlghkylky d j_Zdpbyf

dhfijhihjpbhgbjh

\Zgby

bebdhgfmlZpbbgZijbf_j

–2

+ H

O :6

+ H

JZkklZgh\dZdhwnnbpb_glh\\mjZ\g_gbyoH<J

f_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ

H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_gZlhqlh\kemqZ_j_Zdpbcf_`fhe_dmeyjgh

]hhdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gbyjZkklZgh\dZdhwnnbpb_glh\ijh\h^blky

ke_\Z gZijZ\hijbf_jZ \ kemqZ_ j_Zdpbc \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h

hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby–kijZ\ZgZe_\hijbf_j

Ijbf_j

F_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb

_glu\mjZ\g_gbbj_Zdpbbijhl_dZxs_cihko_f_

-1

+ K

+ H

+ Cr

(SO

)

+ K

+ H

J_r_gb_

1. >ZggZyH<Jhlghkblkydj_Zdpbyff_`fhe_dmeyjgh]hhdbke_

gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby ihwlhfm jZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h^bf

ke_\ZgZijZ\h

2. Hij_^_ey_fwe_f_gluZlhfudhlhjuo\oh^_j_Zdpbbbaf_gb

ebkl_i_gvhdbke_gby<^ZgghfkemqZ_wlhdbkehjh^bojhfDbkeh

jh^baf_gbekl_i_gvhdbke_gbyhl–^hZojhf–hl^h

3. AZibku\Z_f we_dljhggu_ mjZ\g_gby ijhp_kkh\ hdbke_gby b

\hkklZgh\e_gby<wlbomjZ\g_gbyoqbkehZlhfh\dZ`^h]hwe_f_glZ

jZ\ghboqbkem\nhjfmeZokhhl\_lkl\mxsbobkoh^guo\_s_kl\GZ

oh^bfgZbf_gvr__h[s__djZlgh_qbkeZhl^ZgguobqbkeZijbgyluo

we_dljhgh\bkhklZ\ey_fko_fmwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ

–1

–:2

–1

–\hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky

2Cr

:&U

–hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky

4. GZoh^bfqbkehZlhfh\dbkehjh^ZbojhfZmfgh`b\dZ`^h_ba

mjZ\g_gbcgZkhhl\_lkl\mxsbcfgh`bl_evi_j\h_mjZ\g_gb_–gZ

\lhjh_ – gZIhemqZ_f qbkeh Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z baf_gb\rbo kl_

i_gvhdbke_gbydhlhjh_jZ\ghÂ ZqbkehZlhfh\ojhfZjZ\gh

2 · 1=2.

5. JZkklZgh\dmdhwnnbpb_glh\ijh\h^bf\ke_^mxs_fihjy^d_

Z mjZ\gb\Z_fqbkeZZlhfh\ojhfZihklZ\b\i_j_^nhjfmeZfb

bCr

(SO

)

[ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z baf_gb\rbo kl_i_gv

hdbke_gbyihklZ\b\i_j_^nhjfmeZfbO

bH

dhwnnbpb

_glu©ª

\ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ dZeby ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmehc

] mjZ\gb\Z_fqbkeZdbkehlguohklZldh\62

−

ihklZ\b\i_j_^

^ mjZ\gb\Z_fqbkeZ Zlhfh\\h^hjh^Z ihklZ\b\i_j_^ nhjfm

_ ijh\_jy_fh^bgZdh\uebqbkeZZlhfh\dbkehjh^Z\e_\hcb

ijZ\hcqZklyomjZ\g_gby

+ K

+ 4H

= 3O

+ Cr

(SO

)

+ K

+ 7H

Ijbf_j

F_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb

_glu\mjZ\g_gbbj_Zdpbb

−

)

:)H

+ N

+ O

J_r_gb_

>ZggZyH<Jhlghkblkydj_Zdpbyf\gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]hhdbk

e_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby ihwlhfm jZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h

^bfkijZ\ZgZe_\h

Hij_^_ey_fwe_f_gluZlhfudhlhjuobaf_gbebkl_i_gvhdbk

e_gby < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ wlh Zahl b dbkehjh^ :ahl baf_gbe kl_i_gv

hdbke_gbyhl^hdbkehjh^–hl–^h

 AZibku\Z_f we_dljhggu_ mjZ\g_gby ijhp_kkh\ hdbke_gby b

\hkklZgh\e_gby<wlbomjZ\g_gbyoqbkehZlhfh\dZ`^h]hwe_f_glZ

jZ\ghboqbkem\nhjfmeZoijh^mdlh\j_ZdpbbGZoh^bfgZbf_gvr__

h[s__djZlgh_qbkeZhl^Zgguobijbgyluowe_dljhgh\bkhklZ\ey_f

ko_fmwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ

H

-2

–:H

:1

GZoh^bfqbkehZlhfh\ZahlZbdbkehjh^Zmfgh`b\dZ`^h_ba

we_dljhgguo mjZ\g_gbc gZ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc fgh`bl_ev i_j\h_

mjZ\g_gb_mfgh`Z_fgZ\lhjh_–gZIhemqZ_fqlhqbkehZlhfh\

dbkehjh^Zbaf_gb\rbokl_i_gvhdbke_gbyjZ\ghÂ Zkhhl\_l

kl\mxs__ qbkeh Zlhfh\ ZahlZ jZ\ghÂ Gh ihkdhevdm \ nhj

fmevghc _^bgbp_ Fe(NO

)

 kh^_j`blkyZlhfZ ZahlZ i_j_^ ^Zgghc

nhjfmehc ijb^_lky ihklZ\blv ^jh[guc dhwnnbpb_glqlh g_kh

\k_f m^h[gh Ihwlhfm ^ey ba[Z\e_gby hl ^jh[gh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ