Богатиков А.Н., Красицкий В.А., Лапков К.Н. и др. Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии
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101
<ebygb_dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby
gZgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J
?keb \ j_amevlZl_ H<J h[jZamxlky dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby \
dhlhjuo jhev dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey b]jZxl ihl_gpbZehij_^_eyx
sb_bhgulhdhgp_gljZpbywlbobhgh\\jZkl\hj_j_adhmf_gvrZ_lky
<ke_^kl\b_ wlh]h ihl_gpbZeu khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ihemj_Zdpbc baf_
gyxlkyqlhfh`_lijb\_klbdbaf_g_gbxgZijZ\e_gbyH<J
Ijbf_j
Hij_^_eblv gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbc ijb
25
K
\kbkl_fZo
ZHg + 4HBr <H
2
+ H
2
[HgBr
4
];
[Hg + 4HI <H
2
+ H
2
[HgI
4
],
_kebdhgp_gljZpbbHBrbHI\jZkl\hjZojZ\gufhevedhgp_gljZ
pbbbhgh\>HgBr
4
]
2–
b>HgI
4
]
2–
jZ\gufheve^Z\e_gb_\h^hjh^ZjZ\
ghdIZ
J_r_gb_
JZkkqblZ_fdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\Hg
2+
h[jZamxsboky\j_amev
lZl_ ^bkkhpbZpbb bhgh\>HgBr
4
]
2–
Ijb wlhf ^himkdZ_f qlh dhgp_g
ljZpby bhgh\ Br
–
\ jZkl\hj_ jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpbb HBr b khklZ\ey_l
2 fheve
D
[HgBr
4
]
2–
=
22
2
4
4
2
10
2
)
]
HgBr
([
)
Br
(
)
Hg
(
−
−
−+
⋅=
⋅
c
ck
.
Hlkx^Z
[]
=
⋅
=
−
−
+
)
(Br
)
HgBr
(
)
Hg
(
4
2
4
)
(
2
c
kK
c
.
fheve
10
25
,
1
2
1
10
2
23
4
22
−
−
⋅=
⋅⋅
JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ
0
2
Hg
Hg
+
E
ijb
^Zgghcdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\Hg
2+
:
.
174
,
0
10
25
,
1
1
lg
2
059
,
0
85
,
0
)
Hg
(
1
lg
2
059
,
0
23
2
0
Hg
Hg
Hg
Hg
0
2
0
2
B
c
E
E
=
⋅
⋅−=
=⋅−=
−
+
++
JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ
0
2
H
2H
+
E
^himklb\ qlh dhg
p_gljZpbybhgh\G
+
jZ\gZdhgp_gljZpbbHIbkhklZ\ey_lfheve
B
c
E
E
018
,
0
2
1
lg
2
059
,
0
0
)
H
(
1
lg
2
059
,
0
2
2
H
2H
H
2H
0
2
0
2
=⋅−=⋅−=
+
+
+
.
102
Hij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb©ZªIhkdhevdm\
^ZgghfkemqZ_[he__\ukhdbfy\ey_lkyagZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZjlmlblh
bhguHg
2+
h[jZah\Z\rb_kyba>HgBr
4
]
2–
hdbkeyxlfhe_dmeu\h^hjh
^Zbj_Zdpby©Zªijhl_dZ_l
kijZ\ZgZe_\h
.
JZkkqblZ_fdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\Hg
2+
h[jZamxsboky\j_amev
lZl_^bkkhpbZpbbbhgh\>HgI
4
]
2-
Ijbwlhf^himkdZ_fqlhdhgp_gljZ
pbybhgh\I
-
\jZkl\hj_jZ\gZdhgp_gljZpbbHIbkhklZ\ey_lfheve
D
[HgI
4
]
2–
=
30
2
4
4
2
10
48
,
1
)
]
HgI
([
)
I
(
)
Hg
(
−
−
−+
⋅=
⋅
c
cc
.
Hlkx^Z
.
fheve
10
25
,
9
2
1
10
48
,
1
)
I
(
)
]
HgI
([
)
Hg
(
32
4
30
4
2
4
)
(
2
−
−
−
−
+
⋅=
⋅⋅
=
⋅
=
c
kK
c
JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ
0
2
Hg
Hg
+
E
ijb
^Zgghcdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\Hg
2+
:
.
065
,
0
10
25
,
9
1
lg
2
059
,
0
85
,
0
)
Hg
(
1
lg
2
059
,
0
32
2
0
Hg
Hg
Hg
Hg
0
2
0
2
B
c
E
E
−=
⋅
⋅−=
=⋅−=
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+
++
Hij_^_ebf gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbb©[ª Ihkdhevdm\
^ZgghfkemqZ_[he__\ukhdbfy\ey_lkyagZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZ\h^hjh^Z
lhbhgu+
+
hdbkeyxljlmlvbj_Zdpby©[ªijhl_dZ_l
ke_\ZgZijZ\h.
Ih wlhc`_ ijbqbg_ f_^v \ul_kgy_l \h^hjh^ba\h^guojZkl\h
jh\pbZgb^h\
<hijhku^eykZfhklhyl_evghcih^]hlh\db
1. Qlh lZdh_ kl_i_gvhdbke_gby"DZdb_ agZq_gbyhgZ fh`_lijbgb
fZlv" Q_fm jZ\gZkmffZ kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby Zlhfh\ \fhe_dme_
\ bhg_"
2. DZdb_j_Zdpbbhlghkylkydhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguf"
3. <q_faZdexqZxlkyklhqdbaj_gbywe_dljhgghcl_hjbbijhp_kku
hdbke_gby b \hkklZgh\e_gby"DZd baf_gyxlkyagZq_gbykl_i_g_c
hdbke_gbyZlhfh\\j_amevlZl_wlboijhp_kkh\"
4. DZdaZ\bkylhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\_s_kl\hl
agZq_gbckl_i_g_chdbke_gbyZlhfh\\oh^ysbo\bokhklZ\"
5. Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_julbibqguo\hkklZgh\bl_e_c
103
6. DZdb_\_s_kl\Zy\eyxlkylbibqgufbhdbkebl_eyfb"
7. Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju \_s_kl\ dhlhju_ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hlmkeh\bc
fh]ml ijhy\eylv dZd hdbkebl_evgu_ lZd b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_
k\hckl\Z"
8. DZd deZkkbnbpbjmxlky hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ j_Zd
pbb" Q_f hlebqZxlky j_Zdpbb f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby-
\hkklZgh\e_gby hl j_Zdpbc \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby-
\hkklZgh\e_gby j_Zdpbb ^bkijhihjpbhgbjh\Zgby hl j_Zdpbc
dhfijhihjpbhgbjh\Zgby"
9. Qlh y\ey_lky dhebq_kl\_gghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc hdbkebl_evgh-
\hkklZgh\bl_evguo k\hckl\ \_s_kl\" Qlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc
klZg^Zjlgucwe_dljh^guchdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgucih
l_gpbZe"
10. DZdb_ihl_gpbZeugZau\ZxlkyjZ\gh\_kgufb"DZdhgbk\yaZgukh
klZg^Zjlgufb we_dljh^gufb ihl_gpbZeZfb" Hl dZdbo nZdlhjh\
aZ\bkbl\_ebqbgZjZ\gh\_kgh]hihl_gpbZeZ"
11. DZd k\yaZgu hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\
khagZq_gbyfbwe_dljh^guoihl_gpbZeh\khhl\_lkl\mxsboihem
j_Zdpbc"
12. DZdhp_gb\Z_lkyijbgpbibZevgZy\hafh`ghklvijhl_dZgbyH<J\
mdZaZgghfgZijZ\e_gbb"
13. DZdhij_^_ey_lkygZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J"
14. DZd fh`gh hij_^_eblv gZb[he__ \_jhylgmx H<J ba g_kdhevdbo
\hafh`guoj_Zdpbc"
15. DZdh\Z aZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZglu obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby H<J hl
agZq_gbcwe_dljh^guoihl_gpbZeh\ihemj_Zdpbc"
16. DZdb_ nZdlhju hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ gZ gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby
H<J"HoZjZdl_jbamcl_\ebygb_dZ`^h]hbagbo
17. DZdh\Z jhev hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguo j_Zdpbc \ijhp_k
kZo`bag_^_yl_evghklb"
18. <q_faZdexqZ_lkyijbgpbibZevgh_hlebqb_H<Jijhl_dZxsbo\
`b\uohj]ZgbafZohlH<Jijhl_dZxsbo\g_`b\hcijbjh^_"
AZ^Zqb^eyj_r_gby
206. F_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb_glu \
mjZ\g_gbyoH<JmdZaZlvhdbkebl_evb\hkklZgh\bl_ev
Z) SnCl
2
+K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+H
2
SO
4
:
: SnCl
4
+Sn(SO
4
)
2
+Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+K
2
SO
4
+G
2
H;
[) FeSO
4
+HNO
3
:)H
2
(SO
4
)
3
+Fe(NO
3
)+NO
2
+H
2
O;
\) P
4
+Sr(OH)
2
:3+
3
+Sr(H
2
PO
2
)
2
+H
2
O;
104
]) KMnO
4
+FeSO
4
+H
2
O :
: K
2
SO
4
+MnO
2
+Fe(OH)SO
4
+[(Fe(OH)
2
]
2
SO
4
;
^) Al+HClO
3
:$O&O
3
+Al(ClO
3
)
3
+H
2
O;
_) FeS
2
+KOH+Cl
2
:.
2
FeO
4
+K
2
SO
4
+KCl+H
2
O;
`) H
2
O
2
+Mn
3
O
4
+H
2
SO
4
:2
2
+MnSO
4
+H
2
O;
a) Fe(OH)
2
+ NO
2
:)H12
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O;
b) P
2
S
3
+H
2
SO
4( .)
:+
3
PO
4
+SO
2
+H
2
O;
d) (NH
4
)
2
CrO
4
:1
2
+NH
3
+Cr
2
O
3
+H
2
O.
207. AZdhgqblv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc f_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ
jZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb_glumdZaZlvhdbkebl_evb\hkklZgh\bl_ev
Z) I
2
+Cl
2
+H
2
O :+&O«
[) Ba(OH)
2
+Br
2
:%D%U2
3
)
2
+ …
\) KMnO
4
+PH
3
+H
2
SO
4
:+
3
PO
4
+ …
]) H
3
AsO
4
+Al+H
2
SO
4
:$V+
3
+ …
^) Ca(ClO)
2
+HCl :&O
2
+ …
208. Hij_^_eblv gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby \ klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo
ke_^mxsboj_Zdpbc
Z) H
2
O
2
+HOCl <+&O2
2
+H
2
O;
[) H
3
PO
4
+2HI < H
3
PO
3
+I
2
+H
2
O;
\) 2FeCl
3
+Cu <)H&O
2
+CuCl
2
;
]) SnCl
4
+2KI <6Q&O
2
+I
2
+2KCl;
^) H
2
SO
3
+Cl
2
+H
2
O <+
2
SO
4
+2HCl.
209. DZdb_ bamdZaZgguoj_Zdpbcfh]mlijhl_dZlv\klZg^Zjlguomk
eh\byo
Z) MnO
−
4
+Ag
0
:0Q2
−
2
4
+Ag
+
;
[) MnO
−
4
+3Ag
0
+2H
2
O :0Q2
2
+3Ag
+
+4OH
-
;
\) MnO
−
4
+8H
+
+5Ag
0
:0Q
2+
+5Ag
+
+4H
2
O?
210. < \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ k(Hg
2+
fheve c(Fe
3+
fheve
c(Fe
2+
fheve DZdZyba j_Zdpbc fh`_l ijhl_dZlvkZfh
ijhba\hevgh
ZFeCl
3
+Hg :FeCl
2
+HgCl
2
;
[) HgCl
2
+2FeCl
2
:+J)H&O
3
?
211. AZdhgqblvmjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc^bkfmlZpbbjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb
_gluf_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ
Z) K
2
SO
3
:.
2
S + …
[) HClO
3
:&O2
2
+ …
\) P
4
O
6
+H
2
O :3+
3
+ …
]) NO
2
+Ca(OH)
2
:&D12
2
)
2
+ …
^) Se+KOH :.
2
SeO
3
+ …
105
212. AZdhgqblvmjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcdhgfmlZpbbjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb
_gluf_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ
Z) SO
2
+H
2
S :
[) Ca(ClO
3
)
2
+HCl
( .)
:
\) H
2
S+H
2
SO
4( .)
:
]) KMnO
4
+MnSO
4
+H
2
O :
213. Fh`gheboehjb^hf`_e_aZIII\jZkl\hj_hdbkeblvkmevnb^gZ
ljby^hk_ju^hkmevnblZgZljby^hkmevnZlZgZljby"Ijh\_^b
l_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZkq_lu KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gb_ \hafh`ghc
H<J
214. ;m^_lebhdbkeylvkynhknhjbklZydbkehlZijbklZg^Zjlguomkeh
\byoihke_^mxsbfko_fZf"
Z) H
3
PO
3
+ I
2
+ H
2
O :
[) H
3
PO
3
+ AgNO
3
+H
2
O :$J
0
+
\) H
3
PO
3
+ Cd(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O :&G
0
+
]) H
3
PO
3
+ Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O :+J
0
+
AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gby\hafh`guoj_ZdpbcjZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb
_glu
215. Fh`gh eb ijb klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo ijb]hlh\blv jZkl\hj kh
^_j`Zsbch^gh\j_f_ggh
ZDMnO
4
bKI; [CuSO
4
bNaBr; \H
2
O
2
bH
2
S;
]Cu(NO
3
)
2
b<ZI
2
; ^Cl
2
bCrCl
2
; _D
2
Kr
2
O
7
bK
2
S?
Ijh\_^bl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZkq_lu KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby \ha
fh`guoH<J
216. JZkkqblZcl_ agZq_gby dhgklZgl jZ\gh\_kby j_Zdpbc \ klZg^Zjl
guomkeh\byo
Z) SnCl
4
+ 2TiCl
3
= SnCl
2
+ 2TiCl
4
;
[) SnCl
4
+ 2CrCl
2
= SnCl
2
+ 2CrCl
3
.
<dZdhcba^Zgguoj_Zdpbcijhbkoh^bl[he__ihegh_\hkklZgh\
e_gb_bhgh\heh\Z"
217. DZdb_bamdZaZgguogb`_\_s_kl\fh]mlijhy\eylvlhevdhhdbk
ebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zlhevdh\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_dZdhdbkebl_ev
gu_lZdb\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z
Z) KMnO
4
; MnO
2
; V
2
O
5
; KI;
[) PbO
2
; NH
3
; KNO
2
; (NH
4
)
2
S;
\) K
2
SO
3
; HNO
3
; CaCrO
4
; P
4
O
6
?
218. Hp_gblv\hafh`ghklvijhl_dZgbyH<Jf_`^m\_s_kl\Zfb
ZHNO
3
bP
2
O
5
; [H
2
SbH
2
SO ; \K
2
Cr
2
O
7
bHClO
4
;
]H
2
SbNH
3
; ^SnObCrO
3
; _KH
2
ObO
2
.
GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gby\hafh`guoH<JjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb_glu
106
219. < dZdhf gZijZ\e_gbbijhl_dZxlmdZaZggu_j_Zdpbb \klZg^Zjl
guomkeh\byo
Z) NO
−
3
+ Cr
3+
+ H
2
O <12&U
2
O
−
2
7
+ H
+
;
[) Fe
2+
+ MnO
−
4
+ H
+
<)H
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ H
2
O;
\) Co
2+
+ MnO
−
4
+ H
+
<&R
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ H
2
O.
220.
Fh`ghebbkihevah\Zlvhdkb^k\bgpZ
IV
\dZq_kl\_hdbkebl_ey
^eyhkms_kl\e_gby\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byomdZaZgguoj_Zdpbc
Z
) I
2
+ 6H
2
O -
:,2
3
-
+ 12H
+
;
[
) Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O -
:0Q2
4
-
+ 8H
+
;
\
Sn
2+
-
:
Sn
4+
;
]
Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O -
:
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
.
221.
Hij_^_eblvgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb\kbkl_f_
2Co
2+
+ Pb
4+
<&R
3+
+ Pb
2+
,
_kebdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\jZ\gu
c
(Co
2+
) = 1·10
–1
fhevec
(Co
3+
) = 1 · 10
–5
fheve
c
(Pb
2+
) = 1·10
–4
fhevec
(Pb
4+
) = 1 · 10
–2
fheve
222.
DZd\eby_lihgb`_gb_\_ebqbgujGjZkl\hjZgZ\_ebqbgmhdbk
ebl_evgh
-
\hkklZgh\bl_evgh]hihl_gpbZeZihemj_Zdpbb
Z
MnO
4
Ø
H
+
:
Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O;
[
) Fe
3+
:)H
2+
;
\
) CrO
−
2
4
+2H
2
2:&U2
−
4
+ 4OH
–
.
223.
DZdZybaj_ZdpbcgZb[he__\_jhylgZ\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byo
Z
) SnCl
4
+ Fe
:6Q&O
2
+ FeCl
2
;
[
) SnCl
4
+ 2Fe
:6Q)H&O
2
.
224.
Fh]mleb\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byoijhl_dZlvj_Zdpbb
Z
) Ag + H
2
SO
4 ( .)
:$J
2
SO
4
+ H
2
;
[
) Fe + FeCl
3
:)H&O
2
;
\
) Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
:&X62
4
+ FeSO
4
;
]
) Hg + H
2
S
:+
2
+ HgS?
225.
Kihfhsvxkhhl\_lkl\mxsbojZkq_lh\ihdZ`bl_dZdbaf_gblky
ihl_gpbZeihemj_Zdpbb
Cr
2
O
−
2
7
+ 14H
+
:
Cr
3+
+7H
2
O
ijb
m\_ebq_gbb jG jZkl\hjZ hl^h_keb dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\
Cr
2
O
−
2
7
b
Cr
3+
jZ\gufheve
226.
DZdhcbahdbkebl_e_c
– KMnO
4
.
, PbO
2
beb
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ijbklZg^Zjl
guo mkeh\byo y\ey_lkygZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf ihhlghr_gbxd
HCl
ijbihemq_gbboehjZ"Ijh\_^bl_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_jZkq_lu
khklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbckmqZklb_fmdZaZgguohdbkebl_e_c
jZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb_glu
107
227. We_dljh^guc ihl_gpbZe pbgdZ ihf_s_ggh]h \ jZkl\hj gbljZlZ
pbgdZjZ\_g–0,85 <<uqbkeblvagZq_gb_fheyjghcdhgp_gljZ
pbbbhgh\pbgdZ\^ZgghfjZkl\hj_
228. Hij_^_ebl_ gZb[he__ \_jhylgu_ ijh^mdlu j_Zdpbc \ klZg^Zjl
guomkeh\byo
Z) KMnO
4
+ K
2
S + H
2
O :
[) NaNO
2
+ NaI + HCl :
\H
2
O
2
+ HI :
229. <dZdhckj_^_i_jfZg]ZgZluijhy\eyxlgZb[he__kbevgu_hdbk
ebl_evgu_k\hckl\Z"Ihq_fm"KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyH<J\aZbfh
^_ckl\byi_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZebyk kmevnblhf gZljby \jZaguo kj_
^ZojZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb_glu
230. >hibrbl_ ijb\_^_ggu_ gb`_ ko_fu \ dhlhjuo mdZaZgu bhgu
lhevdhbkoh^guo\_s_kl\Ih^[_jbl_dhwnnbpb_glubgZibrbl_
khhl\_lkl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\fhe_dmeyjghcnhjf_
Z) Fe
3+
+ I
[
)
K
r
2
O
−
2
7
+ NO
−
2
+ H
+
:\
) NO
−
3
+ Zn + H
+
:
231.
JZkkqblZcl_fZkkmi_jfZg]ZgZlZdZebyg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyijb]h
lh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf^f
3
k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c
wd\b\Ze_glZ^Zgghckhebfheve_kebba\_klghqlhijb]h
lh\e_ggucjZkl\hj[m^_lbkihevah\Zg^eyhdbke_gby\g_cljZev
ghckj_^_
232.
<uqbkebl_ fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx wd\b\Ze_glZ ^bojhfZlZ dZ
eby\jZkl\hj_kfZkkh\hc^he_c_]h
biehlghklvxjZkl\hjZ
d]f
3
_keb^bojhfZl
-
bhg\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky^h
Cr
3+
.
233.
DZdhc ba hdbkebl_e_c
MnO
2
; PbO
2
; K
2
Cr
2
O
7
y\ey_lky gZb[he__
wnn_dlb\gufihhlghr_gbxd
HCl
ijbihemq_gbboehjZ"
= E : < :
X
DHHJ>BG:PBHGGU?KH?>BG?GBY
GZb[he__ h[rbjguc b jZaghh[jZagucdeZkkg_hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_
s_kl\ij_^klZ\eyxldhfie_dkgu_bebdhhj^bgZpbhggu_kh_^bg_gby
DK < ihke_^g__ \j_fy \ gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_ gZjy^m k l_jfbghf
dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby qZklh mihlj_[ey_lky lh`^_kl\_gguc _fm
l_jfbg dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ kh_^bg_gby H^gZdh l_jfbg dhfie_dkgh_
kh_^bg_gb_ \ gZmqghc obfbq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ ijh^he`Z_l rbjhdh
ijbf_gylvky<gZklhys__\j_fy_]hqZs_ijbf_gyxldbhgZf
–
dhf
ie_dkgucbhgªIjhp_kkh[jZah\Zgbydhfie_dkguokh_^bg_gbcgZau
\Zxlijhp_kkhfdhfie_dkhh[jZah\ZgbyIhf_j_lh]hdZdddhhj^bgZ
108
pbhgguf hlghkbeb \k_ gh\u_ lbiu kh_^bg_gbc klZgh\behkv \k_
ljm^g__ ^Zlv bf hij_^_e_gb_ ;_amkeh\gh [_amij_qgh_ hij_^_e_gb_
dhhj^bgZpbhgghfm kh_^bg_gbx ^Zlv hq_gv ljm^gh L_f g_ f_g__
fh`gh ij_^eh`blv ke_^mxs__ Dhhj^bgZpbhggufb gZau\Zxlky kh
_^bg_gby\maeZodjbklZeebq_kdboj_r_lhddhlhjuogZoh^ylkydhf
ie_dkgu_ qZklbpu kihkh[gu_ d kms_kl\h\Zgbx \ jZkl\hjZo Wlb
qZklbpuh[jZah\ZguaZkq_ldhhj^bgZpbbwe_dljhgh^_nbpblgufZlh
fhf bebdZlbhghfZdp_ilhjuwe_dljhgh\we_dljhg_cljZevguo qZk
lbpbebZgbhgh\^hghjuwe_dljhgh\
Hkgh\gu_iheh`_gbydhhj^bgZpbhgghcl_hjbb
Lbiudhfie_dkguokh_^bg_gbc
Kljh_gb_bk\hckl\Zdhhj^bgZpbhgguokh_^bg_gbch[tykgyxlky
dhhj^bgZpbhgghcl_hjb_chkgh\udhlhjhc[uebaZeh`_gu\]h
^m:<_jg_jhfHgijbr_edaZdexq_gbxqlh\khklZ\dhfie_dkgh]h
kh_^bg_gby \oh^bl keh`gZy qZklbpZ khklhysZy ba
p_gljZevgh]h
ZlhfZ
lZd`_ gZau\Z_fh]h
dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f
bhgf_lZeeZ
\hdjm]dhlhjh]hjZkiheZ]Zxlkydhhj^bgbjmxlkyg_cljZevgu_fhe_
dmeubeb Zgbhgu gZau\Zxsb_ky
eb]Zg^Zfb
Qbkeh dhhj^bgbjh\Zg
guoeb]Zg^h\qZs_\k_]hjZ\ghbebDhhj^bgZpby©m^_j`b\Z
gb_ªeb]Zg^h\hdhehp_gljZevgh]hZlhfZhkms_kl\ey_lkyaZkq_lh[
jZah\Zgbyobfbq_kdbok\ya_cWlbk\yabgZau\Zxl
dhhj^bgZpbhggu
fbk\yayfb
Dhebq_kl\hdhhj^bgZpbhgguok\ya_cdhlhju_h[jZam_l
h^bg eb]Zg^ k dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f gZau\Z_lky
^_glZlghklvx
eb]Zg^Z^b-ljb-l_ljZ^_glZlgucbl^H[s__qbkehobfbq_kdbo
k\ya_cdhlhjh_dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_evh[jZam_lkeb]Zg^ZfbgZau\Z
_lky
dhhj^bgZpbhggufqbkehf
dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey
Kh\hdmighklv bhgZ f_lZeeZ b hdjm`Zxsbo _]h eb]Zg^h\ [ueZ
gZa\ZgZ<_jg_jhf
\gmlj_gg_ckn_jhcdhfie_dkZ
<nhjfmeZodhhj
^bgZpbhgguokh_^bg_gbc__aZdexqZxl\d\Z^jZlgu_kdh[db<k_qlh
gZoh^blky aZ d\Z^jZlgufb kdh[dZfb khklZ\ey_l
\g_rgxx kn_jm
<
aZ\bkbfhklbhlagZdZaZjy^Z\gmlj_gg_ckn_jujZaebqZxl
Zgbhggu_
dhfie_dkugZijbf_j.
2
[Zn(CN)
4
@]^_\gmlj_ggyykn_jZ>=Q&1
4
]
2–
–
Zgbhg
;
dZlbhggu_
dhfie_dku
– [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]SO
4
]^_\gmlj_ggyykn_jZ
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
–
dZlbhg b
g_cljZevgu_
dhfie_dku>3W1+
3
)
2
Cl
2
]
0
.
G_cljZevgu_dhfie_dkgu_kh_^bg_gbyg_bf_xl\g_rg_ckn_juAZ
jy^\gmlj_gg_ckn_ju jZ\_gZe]_[jZbq_kdhckmff_aZjy^Zp_gljZev
gh]hbhgZbaZjy^Zeb]Zg^h\
Ijbf_j
JZkkfhljbfkljh_gb_dhfie_dkgh]hkh_^bg_gbykhklZ
\Z.
4
[Fe(CN)
6
].
109
J_r_gb_
BhguD
+
–\g_rgyykn_jZ>)H&1
6
]
4–
–\gmlj_ggyykn_jZdhf
ie_dkgh]h kh_^bg_gby khklhysZy ba dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_eybhg
Fe
3+
b eb]Zg^h\bhgh\&1
–
H^bg eb]Zg^&1
–
k\yau\Z_lky k dhf
ie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f)H
3+
lhevdhh^ghck\yavxihwlhfm^_glZlghklv
wlh]heb]Zg^ZjZ\gZDhebq_kl\hdhhj^bgZpbhgguok\ya_cdhlhju
fb dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_evk\yaZg kh \k_fb eb]Zg^Zfb jZ\ghke_
^h\Zl_evgh dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh `_e_aZ \ ^Zgghf dhfie_dkghf
kh_^bg_gbbjZ\gh
< ijb\_^_gghc lZ[ebp_ jZkkfhlj_gh kljh_gb_ g_dhlhjuo dhf
ie_dkguokh_^bg_gbc
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]Cl
3
K[Ag(CN)
2
] [Pt(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
] K
3
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
<gmlj_ggyykn_jZ
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
[Ag(CN)
2
]
–
[Pt(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
]
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3
Ø
<g_rgyy
c
n_jZ
Cl
-
K
+
— K
+
P_gljZevgucZlhf
Cr
3+
Ag
+
Pt
2+
Ag
+
Eb]Zg^
H
2
O CN
-
NH
3
; Cl
-
S
2
O
−
2
3
>_glZlghklv
1 1 1, 1 2
Dhhj^bgZpbhggh_
qbkeh
6 2 4 4
Ijbdhhj^bgZpbbbaf_gyxlkyk\hckl\ZdZdeb]Zg^h\lZdbbhgZ
f_lZeeZ
-
dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_eyQZklhdhhj^bgbjh\Zggu_eb]Zg^ub
bhgf_lZeeZg_\hafh`ghh[gZjm`blv\jZkl\hj_dhfie_dkgh]hkh_^b
g_gbyijbihfhsbobfbq_kdboj_ZdpbcoZjZdl_jguo^eygbo\k\h
[h^ghfg_dhhj^bgbjh\Zgghf khklhygbb l d hgb gZoh^ylky \ k\y
aZgghfkhklhygbb\khklZ\_dhfie_dkghcqZklbpu
Ghf_gdeZlmjZdhhj^bgZpbhgguokh_^bg_gbc
Ihjy^hd gZa\Zgby dhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc ZgZeh]bq_g gZa\Z
gbyfh[uqguokhe_cl_kgZqZeZmdZau\Z_lkyZgbhg\bf_gbl_evghf
iZ^_`_ZaZl_fdZlbhg\jh^bl_evghfih^_`_Nhjfmeudhfie_dkh\
qblZxlky kljh]h kijZ\Z gZe_\h kh[ex^Zy mdZaZgguc \ gbo ihjy^hd
jZkiheh`_gbyeb]Zg^h\
?keb kh_^bg_gb_ g_we_dljheblgh]h lbiZ\gmljbdhfie_dkgh_
kh_^bg_gb_lh_]hgZau\Zxl\
h^ghkeh\h
DZlbhggu_bebg_cljZev
gu_DKg_ihemqZxl\gZa\Zgbyoki_pbZevguohdhgqZgbc\gZa\Zgb
yoZgbhgguodhfie_dkh\dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_evgZau\ZxleZlbgkdbf
l_jfbghf k ^h[Z\e_gb_fkmnnbdkZ(-Zlb mdZaZgb_fjbfkdbfb qbk
110
eZfb kl_i_gb hdbke_gby p_gljZevgh]h ZlhfZ_keb hg fh`_l bf_lv
i_j_f_ggu_kl_i_gbhdbke_gby
GZa\Zgbyg_cljZevguoeb]Zg^h\g_baf_gyxlkyZgZa\ZgbyZgb
hgguoeb]Zg^h\hdZgqb\ZxlkygZ– h>eyh[hagZq_gbyqbkeZh^bgZdh
\uo eb]Zg^h\ \h \gmlj_gg_c kn_j_ dhfie_dkZ \ dZq_kl\_ ijbklZ\db
i_j_^ gZa\Zgb_f eb]Zg^h\bkihevamxl ]j_q_kdb_ qbkebl_evgu_^b-;
ljb-l_ljZi_glZ]_dkZ-bl^IjbklZ\dmfhghg_mihlj_[eyxl
GZa\Zgb_\gmlj_gg_ckn_juaZibku\Zxl\h^ghkeh\h
<h^ZbZffbZdy\eyxlkyg_cljZevgufbeb]Zg^ZfbbgZau\Zxlky
khhl\_lkl\_gghZd\Z-bZffbg
DZd ihdZaZgh \ gZa\Zgbyo _keb eb]Zg^ k\yaZg k p_gljZevguf
Zlhfhfg_kdhevdbfbkihkh[ZfbwlhjZaebqb_hlf_qZ_lkykihfhsvx
kbf\heh\ Zlhfh\ q_j_a dhlhju_ h[jZam_lky dhhj^bgZpbhggZy k\yav
dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_eykeb]Zg^hf
GZa\Zgbyg_cljZevguoeb]Zg^h\djhf_+
2
O, NH
3
, NO, NO
2
, CO
b&6aZdexqZxlky \ djm]eu_ kdh[db b i_j_^ kdh[dhc ijb\h^yl qb
keh\u_ijbklZ\db
Ijbf_j
Ijb\_klb ijbf_ju dhhj^bgZpbhgguo kh_^bg_gbc
jZaebqguolbih\bgZa\Zlvbo
J_r_gb_
DZlbhggu_dhfie_dku
[Co(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
Cl
3
–oehjb^]_dkZZffbgdh[ZevlZ (III);
[Co(NH
3
)
5
H
2
O]
3+
Cl
3
–oehjb^Zd\Zi_glZZffbgdh[ZevlZIII).
:gbhggu_dhfie_dku
(NH
4
)
2
[PdCl
4
]
2–
–l_ljZoehjhiZeeZ^Zl,,Zffhgby
K[PtNH
3
Br
5
]
–
–i_glZ[jhfoZffbgieZlbgZlIVdZeby
K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] –]_dkZpbZghn_jjZlIIdZeby
G_cljZevgu_dhfie_dku
[Fe(H
2
O)
3
(ClO
4
)(SCN)
2
] –^blbhpbZghi_joehjZlhljbZd\Z`_e_ahIII);
[Co(N
2
H
4
)
2
(NO
2
)
2
] –^bgbljblh^b]b^jZabgdh[Zevl,,
[Hg(H
2
O)
2
(NCS)
2
] –^bbahlbhpbZgh^bZd\Zjlmlv,,
Dhhj^bgZpbhggu_kh_^bg_gby\\h^guojZkl\hjZo
Ijb jZkl\hj_gbb djbklZeebq_kdh]h dhhj^bgZpbhggh]h kh_^bg_
gby\\h^__]hdjbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZjZajmrZ_lkyZdhhj^bgZpb
hggZykn_jZb\g_rg_kn_jgu_bhgu]b^jZlbjmxlky^bihevgufbfh
e_dmeZfb \h^u Wlhl ijhp_kk ijhl_dZ_l ih f_oZgbafm ^bkkhpbZpbb
kbevguowe_dljheblh\GZijbf_j
K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] :K+ [Fe(CN)
6
]
4–