Богатиков А.Н., Красицкий В.А., Лапков К.Н. и др. Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии
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121
`+
2
SO
4
dhgpjZa[+ C, P, I
2
→
a) Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ Cl
2
→
b) Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
→
d) H
2
S + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl
→
e) SO
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O
→
f) Na
2
SO
3
+ K
2
S + H
2
SO
4
→
g) H
2
SeO
4
+ Au
→
h) SO
2
+ NO
2
→
i) As
2
S
3
+ HNO
3
+ H
2
O
→
j) Se + NaOH
→
k) Al
2
Te
3
+ H
2
O
→
l) H
2
S + HNO
3
→
m) SO
2
+ SeO
2
→
n) H
2
Se + S
→
o) Na
2
SeO
3
+ HI
→
p) Na
2
S
2
O
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
→
q) K
2
S
2
O
8
+ FeSO
4
→
20. Fh`gh eb ihemqblv+
2
O
2
g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf \aZbfh^_ckl\b_f
\h^hjh^Zbdbkehjh^Z"Hl\_lh[hkgh\Zlv
21. MdZaZlvkihkh[u ihemq_gbyi_jhdkb^Z\h^hjh^Zijb\_klb mjZ\
g_gbyj_Zdpbc
22. HibkZlvkljh_gb_fhe_dmeu+
2
O
2
Ihq_fmwlZfhe_dmeZiheyjgZ"
23. GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb jZaeh`_gby i_jhdkb^Z\h^hjh^ZD
dZdhfmlbimhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_ZdpbchgZhlgh
kblky"
24. Ijb\_klb ijbf_ju hdbkebl_evgh]h b \hkklZgh\bl_evgh]h ^_ckl
\byG
2
H
2
GZq_fhkgh\Zghijbf_g_gb_G
2
H
2
\f_^bpbg_
25. GZibkZlv \ bhggh-fhe_dmeyjghc nhjf_ mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb ]b^
jhebaZ1D
2
O
2
KhojZgbleb jZkl\hj i_jhdkb^ZgZljbyk\hb[_ey
sb_k\hckl\Z\dbiys_fjZkl\hj_"
26. GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\aZbfh^_ckl\byi_jhdkb^Z\h^hjh^Z
k i_jfZg]ZgZlhfdZeby \dbkehckj_^_ bh^b^hf dZeby \dbkehc
kj_^_ojhfblhfdZeby\s_ehqghckj_^_
27. Ijb\_klbijbf_jubgZibkZlvkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeui_jhdkhdbk
ehl
28. DZdhc ba hkmrbl_e_c – dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx k_jgmx dbkehlm
l\_j^mxs_ehqvbeb[_a\h^gucoehjb^dZevpby–fh`ghbkihev
ah\Zlv^eyhkmr_gbyk_jh\h^hjh^Z"
122
29. DZdb_khebk_jghcdbkehlubihq_fmijbf_gyxl\f_^bpbgkdhc
ijZdlbd_"
30. AZdhgqblvmjZ\g_gbyke_^mxsboj_Zdpbc
Z+
2
O
2
+ NaI
→
[) Na
2
O
2
+ NaBr + H
2
SO
4
→
\+
2
O
2
+ KMnO
4
→
]) H
2
O
2
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl
→
^) H
2
O
2
+ As
2
S
3
+ NaOH
→
_) Na
2
SH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
→
`) TeO
2
+ KOH
→
a) PoO
2
+ HNO
3
→
b) TeO
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ H
2
O
→
d) O
3
+ CrCl
3
+ KOH
→
e) O
3
+ PbS
→
f) H
2
O
2
+ I
2
→
31. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc ijbihfhsbdhlhjuo fh`ghhkm
s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby
Z) S
→
H
2
S
→
Na
2
S
→
Na
2
S
n
→
SO
2
→
S;
[) SO
2
→
NaHSO
3
→
Na
2
SO
3
→
Na
2
SO
4
→
NaHSO
4
→
Na
2
S
2
O
7
;
\) KMnO
4
→
O
2
→
Na
2
O
2
→
H
2
O
2
→
I
2
;
]) NaHSO
3
→
Na
2
S
2
O
5
→
NaHSO
3
→
Na
2
SO
3
→
Na
2
S
2
O
3
→
Na
2
S
4
O
6
.
J
-
WE?F?GLU9=JMIIU
1. JZkkfhljbl_ hkh[_gghklb kljh_gby ZlhfZ ZahlZ b _]h \Ze_glguo
khklhygbc\kjZ\g_gbbklZdh\ufb^eynhknhjZbhklZevguowe_
f_glh\ih^]jmiiu
2. DZd baf_gyxlky jZ^bmk ZlhfZ b wg_j]by _]h bhgbaZpbb \ jy^m
Zahl – \bkfml" DZdh\Z bo \aZbfhk\yav k nbabq_kdbfb b obfbq_
kdbfbk\hckl\Zfbkh_^bg_gbcwlbowe_f_glh\"
3. DZdbaf_gy_lkymklhcqb\hklvkh_^bg_gbc\kl_i_gbhdbke_gby
\jy^mnhknhj–\bkfml"
4. KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ihemq_gby ZahlZ b nhknhjZ ba bo
kh_^bg_gbc
5. DZdh\umkeh\bykbgl_aZZffbZdZbaijhkluo\_s_kl\"Hl\_lfh
lb\bjmcl_
6. DZdbaf_gyxlkywg_j]bybiheyjghklvk\yabW-G\jy^mZffbZd–
\bkfmlbgbdZdh\hbo\ebygb_gZnbabq_kdb_bobfbq_kdb_k\hc
kl\Zwlbokh_^bg_gbc"
123
7. DZdh\uhkh[_gghklbijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbbhdbke_gbyZffbZdZdb
kehjh^hf\ha^moZ"
8. DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxlky ijb ijhimkdZgbb q_j_a jZkl\hj Zf
fbZdZ]Zah\&2
2
, NO, NO
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
?
9. Ijb\_^bl_ oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey ZffbZdZ j_Zdpbbijbkh_^bg_gby
aZf_s_gby
10. DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey hkmrdb ]Zahh[jZagh]h
ZffbZdZ nhknhjguc Zg]b^jb^ dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx k_jgmx db
kehlmdZmklbq_kdmxkh^ml\_j^ucDHG"Hl\_lfhlb\bjmcl_
11. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc l_jfbq_kdh]h jZaeh`_gbygbljZlZ
gbljblZ nhknZlZ oehjb^Z b ^bojhfZlZ Zffhgby DZd ^hdZaZlv
qlhi_j_qbke_ggu_kheby\eyxlkykheyfbZffhgby"
12. Bah[jZabl_kljmdlmjmhdkb^h\ZahlZbgZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zd
pbcbo\aZbfh^_ckl\byk\h^hcbjZkl\hjhfs_ehqb
13. Hlghkylkyebj_Zdpbb\aZbfh^_ckl\by^bhdkb^ZZahlZk\h^hcbk
jZkl\hjhf s_ehqb d hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguf" Hl\_l
ih^l\_j^bl_mjZ\g_gbyfbj_Zdpbc
14. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\dhlhjuoZahlbklZydbkehlZy\ey
_lkyZ\hkklZgh\bl_e_f[hdbkebl_e_f
15. Bah[jZabl_kljmdlmjmZahlghc dbkehluKhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gb_j_
Zdpbb__jZaeh`_gby
16. <u^_ey_lky eb \h^hjh^ ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb jZa[Z\e_gghc Zahl
ghcdbkehlukZdlb\gufbf_lZeeZfb"
17. DZdh\h ^_ckl\b_ dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc Zahlghc dbkehlu gZ f_lZe
eu" >h dZdhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ijb wlhf \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
Zahl"QlhlZdh_iZkkb\Zpbyf_lZeeZ"
18. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcl_jfbq_kdh]hjZaeh`_gbygbljZlh\
dZebyf_^b,,k\bgpZbk_j_[jZ
19. Q_f h[mkeh\e_gZ jZaebqgZy obfbq_kdZy Zdlb\ghklv [_eh]h b
djZkgh]hnhknhjZ"Bah[jZabl_bokljmdlmjm
20. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc]hj_gbynhknbgZbZffbZdZ
21. KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc \aZbfh^_ckl\byk\h^hc nhknb^h\
dZevpbyZexfbgbybpbgdZbkihevam_fuo\dZq_kl\_y^hobfbdZ
lh\Y\eyxlky eb^Zggu_j_Zdpbbhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_ev-
gufb"
22. KhklZ\vl_]jZnbq_kdb_nhjfmeuhdkb^h\bdbkehlnhknhjZHi
j_^_ebl_\Ze_glghklvdhhj^bgZpbhggh_qbkehbkl_i_gvhdbke_
gby nhknhjZ \ wlbo fhe_dmeZo Z lZd`_ hkgh\ghklv nhknhjguo
dbkehl
124
23. KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ihemq_gby nhknhjghc dbkehlu
^\mfykihkh[Zfb\ijhfure_gghklbZlZd`_nhknhjguom^h[
j_gbcijhklh]h b ^\hcgh]hkmi_jnhknZlZij_pbiblZlZ bZffh
nhkZ
24. GZibrbl_\bhgghcbbhggh-fhe_dmeyjghcnhjf_mjZ\g_gbyj_
Zdpbb ]b^jhebaZ nhknZlZ gZljby DZdh\Z j_Zdpbykj_^u \h^guo
jZkl\hjh\nhknZlZb^b]b^jhnhknZlZgZljby"
25. DZdb_ ihebf_jgu_ kh_^bg_gby nhknhjZ b]jZxl \Z`gmx jhev \
`bag_^_yl_evghklb`b\uohj]Zgbafh\"
26. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gby]b^jhebaZoehjb^h\nhknhjZQlhlZdh_]Z
eh]_gZg]b^jb^"
27. DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jhdkb^h\
j-we_f_glh\9]jmiiu"
28. <khklZ\dZdbo[bhfhe_dmehj]ZgbafZ\oh^ylnhknhjbZahl"
29. <k_hdkb^uZahlZiheghklvxj_Z]bjmxlkjZkdZe_gghcf_^vxh[
jZamy CuO bN
2
DZdh\Z nhjfmeZhdkb^Z ZahlZ _kebfZkkZihem
q_ggh]h CuO khklZ\beZ ] b Zahl \u^_ebeky h[t_fhf
200 kf
3
gm"
30. AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcbjZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb_glu
Z/L1
2
→
[) Mg
3
N
2
+ H
2
O
→
\+12
2
+ H
2
O
2
→
]) HNO
2
+ H
2
S
→
^) KNO
2
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
→
_) KNO
2
+ KI + H
2
SO
4
→
`) NO
2
+ H
2
O
→
a) N
2
O
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
→
b1
2
H
4
+ O
2
→
d1+
4
Cl + CuO
→
e+12
3
dhgp+ Cu (Ag, Zn, Fe, Al, Mg)
→
f+12
3
jZa[+ Cu (Ag, Zn, Fe, Al, Mg)
→
g) Sb
2
O
5
+ KOH + H
2
O
→
h) H
3
PO
3
+ AgNO
3
+ H
2
O
→
i) H
3
PO
4
+ CaCl
2
→
j) As
2
S
5
+ HNO
3
(dhgp.)
→
k) PH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
→
l) HNO
3
+ Cu
2
S
→
m) NaBiO
3
+ NaI + H
2
SO
4
→
n) Sb + HNO
3
(dhgp.)
→
125
31. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc ijbihfhsbdhlhjuo fh`ghhkm
s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby
Z) NH
3
→
N
2
→
NO
→
NO
2
→
KNO
3
→
O
2
;
[) Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
→
P
4
→
H
3
PO
4
→
(ZnOH)
3
PO
4
→
Zn(H
2
PO
4
)
2
→
Zn
3
(PO
4
)
2
;
\) P
4
→
Ca
3
P
2
→
PH
3
→
P
4
O
10
→
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
→
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
;
]) HNO
3
→
NH
3
→
(NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
→
N
2
→
Na
3
N
→
NH
4
NO
3
.
J
-
WE?F?GLU,9=JMIIU
1. JZkkfhljbl_kljh_gb_Zlhfh\b\hafh`gu_\Ze_glgu_khklhygby
j-we_f_glh\,9]jmiiuDZdb_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyijhy\eyxlmdZ
aZggu_we_f_glu\kh_^bg_gbyo"
2. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ baf_g_gb_ Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bb bhgbaZ
pbb kjh^kl\Zd we_dljhgmb we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb\ jy^m K –
Pb.
3. DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv kh_^bg_gbc mdZaZgguo
we_f_glh\\bo\ukr_ckl_i_gbhdbke_gby\jy^mC – Pb?
4. DZdb_ijhklu_\_s_kl\Zh[jZamxlj-we_f_glu,9]jmiiu"DZdb_
lbiudjbklZeebq_kdboj_r_lhdoZjZdl_jgu^eygbo"JZkkfhljbl_
kljh_gb_ ZefZaZ ]jZnblZ dZj[bgZ ihebdmfme_gZ nmee_j_gh\
\b^u k\ya_c lbiu ]b[jb^baZpbbZlhfguohj[blZe_cijhkljZg
kl\_ggh_jZkiheh`_gb_Zlhfh\Ihq_fmg_kms_kl\m_l]jZnblh
ih^h[gZyfh^bnbdZpbydj_fgby"
5. DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky wg_j]by k\yab W – W \ jy^m m]e_jh^ –
]_jfZgbc"Q_fh[tykgy_lkykihkh[ghklvZlhfh\m]e_jh^Zkh_^b
gylvky\^ebggu_p_ib"
6. DZd baf_gyxlky hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ijh
kluo \_s_kl\ ijb i_j_oh^_ hl m]e_jh^Z d k\bgpm" HoZjZdl_jb
amcl_bohlghr_gb_d\h^_dbkehlZfs_ehqZfkheyfGZibrbl_
mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
7. JZkkfhljbl_ kljh_gb_ fhe_dme mklhcqb\hklvhdbkebl_evgh-\hk-
klZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\h^hjh^guokh_^bg_gbcDZdbaf_gy_l
kyl_fi_jZlmjZdbi_gby\jy^m&+
4
– SnH
4
kjZ\gblvkZgZeh]bq
gufb aZ\bkbfhklyfb ^ey ]b^jb^h\ j-we_f_glh\9–9,, ]jmii"
<hafh`gh eb kms_kl\h\Zgb_ g_ij_^_evguo kbeZgh\ ijb klZg
^Zjlguomkeh\byo"
8. IjhZgZebabjmcl_ kljh_gb_fhe_dmeu KHQ_f fh`gh h[tykgblv
\ukhdmxwg_j]bxk\yab\g_c"DZdwg_j]byk\yabkdZau\Z_lkygZ
mklhcqb\hklbbobfbq_kdhcZdlb\ghklbhdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,,"
126
9. Ihq_fmwg_j]byk\yabSi – O[hevr_wg_j]bbk\yabK–H"
10. Ihq_fm hdkb^ dj_fgby ,9 \ hlebqb_ hl KH
2
, – l\_j^h_ \_-
s_kl\h"
11. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ aZ\bkbfhklv dbkehlgh-hkgh\guo k\hckl\ hdkb
^h\b]b^jhdkb^h\mdZaZgguowe_f_glh\hlkl_i_gbbohdbke_gby
DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z h^ghlbiguo hdkb
^h\b]b^jhdkb^h\\jy^mm]e_jh^–k\bg_p"Ijb\_^bl_khhl\_l
kl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
12. H[tykgbl_jZaebqby\kljh_gbbb\obfbq_kdbok\hckl\Zo]Zeh]_
gb^h\j-we_f_glh\,9]jmiiuDdZdbfdeZkkZfkh_^bg_gbchlgh
kylky6L&O
4
, GeCl
4
, SnCl
4
; SnCl
2
,PbCl
2
"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zd
pbc]b^jhebaZSiCl
4
bSiF
4
.
13. DZdh\Z kl_i_gv hdbke_gby k\bgpZ \ hdkb^Zo 3E2 3E2
2
, Pb
3
O
4
?
DZdwlbkh_^bg_gby\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlkjZa[Z\e_ggufbbdhgp_g
ljbjh\ZggufbjZkl\hjZfb+&O+
2
SO
4
?
14. DZdb_ ba kh_^bg_gbc j-we_f_glh\,9]jmiiu bkihevamxlky \
eZ[hjZlhjghc ijZdlbd_ \ dZq_kl\_ lbibqguo hdbkebl_e_c" <
dZq_kl\_ \hkklZgh\bl_e_c" Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju j_Zdpbc c bo
mqZklb_f
15. DZdihemqZxlKH
2
\eZ[hjZlhjbb"DZdb_baijb\_^_gguo\_s_kl\
fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv^eyhkmrdbm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZdhgp_gljbjh
\Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlml\_j^uc_^dbcgZljnhknhjgucZg]b^
jb^"
16. DZdb_bamdZaZgguokhe_c ]b^jhebamxlkykbevg__Sn(NO
3
)
2
beb
Pb(NO
3
)
2
; Na
2
CO
3
bebNa
2
SiO
3
"Ihq_fm"
17. Ihq_fm\\h^guojZkl\hjZog_\hafh`ghkbgl_abjh\ZlvdZj[hgZ
lu`_e_aZ ,,,ojhfZ,,,Zexfbgby"DZdb_\_s_kl\Zfh]mlih
emqblvkyijbkf_rb\ZgbbjZkl\hjh\3E12
3
)
2
b1D
2
CO
3
?
18. <hafh`gheb\mkeh\byo[ebadboda_fguf\hagbdgh\_gb_`ba
gb g_ gZ hkgh\_ kh_^bg_gbc m]e_jh^Z Z gZ hkgh\_ kh_^bg_gbc
dj_fgby"
19. Qlhij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcZdlb\bjh\Zggucm]hev"=^_hgbkihevam
_lky"Q_fh[tykgy_lky_]h\ukhdZykhj[bjmxsZykihkh[ghklv"
20. Kf_kvdj_fgbykhdkb^hfdj_fgbyIVh[jZ[hlZebba[uldhfjZk
l\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h \u^_ebeky ]Za h[t_
fhfegmBah[jZah\Z\r_]hkyjZkl\hjZ[ue\u^_e_gf_lZ
kbebdZlgZljbyfZkkhc ] <uqbkeblvagZq_gb_fZkkh\hc^heb
dj_fgby\bkoh^ghckf_kb
21. Kf_kvm]e_jh^Zkhk\bgphfh[jZ[hlZebijbgZ]j_\Zgbbba[uldhf
dhgp_gljbjh\Zggh]hjZkl\hjZZahlghcdbkehlu\j_amevlZl_q_]h
127
\u^_ebeZkvkf_kv]Zah\h[t_fhfegmIjbijhimkdZgbb
wlhc kf_kb q_j_a ba[ulhd ba\_kldh\hc \h^u h[jZah\Zeky hkZ^hd
fZkkhc ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkkh\hc ^heb m]e_jh^Z \ bk
oh^ghckf_kb
22. AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gbyke_^mxsboj_Zdpbc
Z) NaOH + H
2
O + Si (C,Sn,Pb)
→
[) NaOH + H
2
O
2
+ Ge
→
\) H
2
SO
4 ( )
+ Sn (C,Si,Pb)
→
]+12
+ Sn (C,Si,Pb)
→
^) MgSi + H
2
SO
4( .)
→
_) MnSO
4
+ PbO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
→
`) Sn + KOH + H
2
O
→
a) SiO
2
+ HF
→
b) SnCl
2
+ NaBiO
3
+ HCl
→
H
2
[SnCl
6
] + ...
d) GeCl
2
+ O
2
+ NaOH + H
2
O
→
e) Pb + KOH + H
2
O
→
f) PbS + H
2
O
2
→
.
23. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc ijbihfhsbdhlhjuo fh`ghhkm
s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby
Z) CO
2
→
COCl
2
→
CO
2
→
C
→
Al
4
C
3
→
CH
4
;
[) Si
→
Na
2
SiO
3
→
H
4
SiO
4
→
SiO
2
→
SiCl
4
→
K
2
SiO
3
;
\) CO
2
→
NH
4
HCO
3
→
BaCO
3
→
CO
2
→
CO
→
COBr
2
;
]) Pb :3E2+
2
:3E2
2
:3E
3
O
4
:3E&O
2
:+
2
[PbCl
6
].
P
-
WE?F?GLU,,,=JMIIU
1. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_kljh_gb_Zlhfh\j-we_f_glh\III]jmiiuDZdh\u
we_dljhggu_dhgnb]mjZpbbbo \g_rgbowg_j]_lbq_kdbo mjh\g_c
\ hkgh\ghf b \ha[m`^_gghf khklhygbyo" DZdb_ hj[blZeb \ Zlh
fZo mdZaZgguo we_f_glh\ y\eyxlky \Ze_glgufb" Ihq_fm wlb
we_f_gluhlghkylkydk_f_ckl\mj-we_f_glh\"
2. IjhZgZebabjmcl_oZjZdl_jbaf_g_gbyZlhfguojZ^bmkh\wg_j]bc
bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\Z dwe_dljhgmb we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb Zlh
fh\ \ jy^m < – AlQ_f h[mkeh\e_gZ g_fhghlhgghklvbaf_g_gby
wlbo Zlhfguo oZjZdl_jbklbd \ hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo ]jmii j-we_-
f_glh\"
3. DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ijhy\eyxl mdZaZggu_ we_f_glu \ kh
_^bg_gbyo" DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv h^ghlbiguo
kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\ \ \ukrbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby ijb
i_j_oh^_hl[hjZdlZeebx"
128
4. DZd fh`gh h[tykgblvj_adh_ hlebqb_nbabq_kdbo b obfbq_kdbo
k\hckl\ijhkluo\_s_kl\[hjZbZexfbgby"KjZ\gbl_bohlghr_
gb_d \h^_ jZkl\hjZfdbkehls_ehq_c b khe_cKhklZ\vl_ mjZ\
g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
5. Q_ffh`ghh[tykgblvqlhZexfbgbc\h[uqguomkeh\byokh\_j
r_gghg_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lkqbklhc\h^hcohly_]hwe_dljh^guc
ihl_gpbZeagZqbl_evghf_gvr_gh[mjgh\ul_kgy_l\h^hjh^ba
\h^guojZkl\hjh\s_ehq_c"
6. DZdbihq_fmbaf_gyxlky\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\\
jy^mAl – Tl? CjZ\gbl_oZjZdl_jbo\aZbfh^_ckl\byk\h^hcjZk
l\hjZfbdbkehls_ehq_cbkhe_cQ_ffh`ghh[tykgblvkihkh[
ghklvlZeebyj_Z]bjh\Zlvk\h^hcijbdhfgZlghcl_fi_jZlmj_"
7. Q_fihobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\ZfhlebqZxlkyhdkb^[hjZhlhdkb^Z
Zexfbgby]b^jhdkb^[hjZhl]b^jhdkb^ZZexfbgby"Mkh_^bg_
gbcdZdh]hwe_f_glZkbevg__\ujZ`_gudbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z"GZ
ibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
8. DZdfh`ghh[tykgblvqlhijbdhfgZlghcl_fi_jZlmj_Zexfbgbc
ijZdlbq_kdb g_j_Z]bjm_l\jZkl\hj_ k CuSO
4
gh [mjgh \aZbfh
^_ckl\m_lkCuCl
2
?
9. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^h\ b ]b^jh
dkb^h\Al, Ga, InbTlKjZ\gbl_bohlghr_gb_djZkl\hjZfdbkehl
bs_ehq_cIjbkmsZebZfnhl_jghklvkh_^bg_gbyflZeeby"
10. DZdb_ijhp_kkuijhl_dZxlijbihkl_i_gghf^h[Z\e_gbbba[uldZ
jZkl\hjZ _^dh]h gZljZ djZkl\hjm gbljZlZ Zexfbgby"GZibrbl_
mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_ZdpbcgZah\bl_ijh^mdlu<\b^_
dZdboqZklbpZexfbgbckh^_j`blky\s_ehqguog_cljZevguob
dbkeuojZkl\hjZo"
11. DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky kl_i_gv ]b^jhebaZ khe_c \ jy^m
Al(NO
3
)
3
– Ga(NO
3
)
3
– In(NO
3
)
3
– Tl(NO
3
)
3
\jZkl\hjZokboh^bgZ
dh\hc dhgp_gljZpb_c"DZdZy ba khe_c TlNO
3
bebTl(NO
3
)
3
]b^
jhebam_lkykbevg__"Ihq_fm"
12. CmevnZlZexfbgbyrbjhdhbkihevam_lky^eyhqbkldb\h^ugZ\h
^hhqbklbl_evguo klZgpbyo GZ q_f hkgh\Zgh _]h ijbf_g_gb_ \
^Zgghf ijhp_kk_" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zd
pbc\bhgghcbbhggh-fhe_dmeyjguonhjfZo
13. F_^bpbgkdbcij_iZjZl©:efZ]_evªij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcklZ[beb
abjh\Zggmxkmki_gabx]b^jhdkb^h\ZexfbgbybfZ]gbyGZq_f
hkgh\Zgh_]hijbf_g_gb_ijbba`h]_"Fh`ghebijbgbfZlv^Zg
guc ij_iZjZl ijb ]bihZpb^ha_ihgb`_gghc dbkehlghklb `_em
^hqgh]hkhdZ"
129
14. DZdh\obfbq_kdbckhklZ\ZexfhdZeb_\uod\Zkph\"GZq_fhkgh
\Zgh bkihevah\Zgb_ wlh]h \_s_kl\Z \ f_^bpbg_ \ dZq_kl\_ djh
\_hklZgZ\eb\Zxs_]hkj_^kl\Z"
15. DZdb_ ijhp_kku ijhl_dZxl ijb himkdZgbb Zexfbgby \aylh]h \
ba[uld_ \ \h^guc jZkl\hj oehjb^Z Zexfbgby" GZibrbl_ mjZ\
g_gbyj_ZdpbcgZah\bl_ijh^mdlu
16. Fh`gh eb ihemqblv kmevnb^ Zexfbgby kf_rb\Zgb_f \h^guo
jZkl\hjh\kmevnZlZZexfbgbybkmevnb^ZdZeby"Ihq_fm"DZdb_
khebZexfbgbyijbgpbibZevghg_\hafh`ghkbgl_abjh\Zlv\\h^
guojZkl\hjZo"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
17. <q_fijbgpbibZevgh_hlebqb_\h^hjh^guokh_^bg_gbc[hjZhl
]b^jb^h\^jm]boj-we_f_glh\III]jmiiu"DZdh\ukhklZ\bkljh_
gb_ ijhkl_cr_]h ]b^jb^Z [hjZ" < q_f hkh[_gghklv obfbq_kdbo
k\ya_c\g_f"DZd fh`ghh[tykgblvg_\hafh`ghklvkms_kl\h\Z
gbyfhe_dmeuBH
3
?
18. AZkq_lq_]hfhe_dmeuBF
3
ijbkh_^bgyxldk_[_^jm]b_fhe_dmeu
bebbhgu gZijbf_j H
2
O, NH
3
, F
-
"<hafh`ghebijbkh_^bg_gb_
fhe_dmeuCH
4
"Ihq_fm"DZd\j_amevlZl_ijbkh_^bg_gbybaf_gy
_lkylbi]b[jb^baZpbbhj[blZe_c[hjZb _]h ]_hf_ljbq_kdh_hd
jm`_gb_"
19. < \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ [hjghc dbkehlu ijbkmlkl\mxl Zgbhgu
[B(OH)
4
]
-
Mqblu\ZywlhgZibrbl_mjZ\g_gb_we_dljheblbq_kdhc
^bkkhpbZpbb [hjghc dbkehlu \ jZkl\hj_ Q_fm jZ\gZ __ hkgh\
ghklv"
20. Qlhh[jZam_lkyijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb[hjghcdbkehlukjZkl\hjhf
]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby" Qlh lZdh_©[mjZª" DZdh\__ obfbq_kdbckh
klZ\" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ]b^jhebaZ l_ljZ[hjZlZ gZ
ljby\aZbfh^_ckl\by_]hkk_jghcdbkehlhc\jZkl\hj_
21. DZdb_\_s_kl\Zh[jZamxlkyijb]b^jheba_nlhjb^Zboehjb^Z[h
jZ"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
22. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ [bheh]bq_kdmx jhev [hjZ \ ijhp_kkZo `bag_
^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gbc `b\hlguo bq_eh\_dZ DZdb_kh_^bg_gby
[hjZbkihevamxlky\f_^bpbg_\k_evkdhfohayckl\_\[ulm"
23. Kh_^bg_gbydZdh]hbajZkkfZljb\Z_fuowe_f_glh\gZb[he__lhd
kbqgu"=^_hgbgZoh^ylijbf_g_gb_"DZdb_f_juij_^hklhjh`
ghklbg_h[oh^bfhkh[ex^ZlvijbjZ[hl_kgbfb"
24. Kf_kv Zexfbgby k kmevnb^hfZexfbgbyjZa^_ebeb gZjZ\gu_
qZklbIjb\g_k_gbbh^ghcbagbo\\h^m\u^_ebeky]Zah[t_fhf
egmIjb\g_k_gbb^jm]hcqZklbkf_kb\jZkl\hjoehjh
130
\h^hjh^Z \ayluc \ ba[uld_ \u^_ebeZkv kf_kv ]Zah\ h[t_fhf
egmJZkkqblZlvfZkkmbkoh^ghckf_kbbfZkkh\u_^heb
\_s_kl\\g_c
25. >eyih^dhjfdbdhfgZlguojZkl_gbcbkihevam_lkyjZkl\hj\fe
dhlhjh]hkh^_j`blky[hjfZkkhcÂ
-4
]JZkkqblZcl_fZkkm[mju
g_h[oh^bfhc^eyijb]hlh\e_gbylZdh]hjZkl\hjZh[t_fhfe
26. AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcjZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb_glu
ZB + HNO
:
[) B
2
H
6
+ NaH :
\Na[BH
4
] + H
2
O :
]H
3
BO
3
+ NaOH :
^) Na
2
B
4
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O :
_) Al + KOH + H
2
O :
`) Al+ NaOH
( )
:
a) Al + HNO
3(
. .)
:
b
) Al + NaNO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O
:
d
) Al
2
O
3
+ K
2
CO
3
→
t
e
) Al
2
O
3
+ KOH + H
2
O
:
f
) Na
3
[Al(OH)
6
] + CO
2
:
g
) Na[Al(OH)
4
(H
2
O)
2
]
→
t
h
) K
3
AlO
3
+ H
2
O
:
i
) AlN + HCl
( )
:
j
) Al(OH)
3
+ NaF
( )
:
k
) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
:
l
) Al(NO
3
)
3
→
t
m
) Al(OH)
3
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
:
n
) Al
2
S
3
+ KOH
( )
+ H
2
O
:
o
Al
4
C
3
+ H
2
O
:
27.
GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijbihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`ghhkm
s_kl\blvke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby
Z
) Al
:1D
3
AlO
3
:$O
2
O
3
:>$O2+
2
]
2
SO
4
:$O&O
3
;
[
) Na
3
[Al(OH)
6
]
:$O
2
(SO
4
)
3
:$O
2
O
3
:$O2+
3
:$O
2
O
3
;
\
) Al(NO
3
)
3
:$O&O
3
:1D
3
[Al(OH)
6
]
:$O2+
3
:$O
2
S
3
;
]
) Al
:$O1:$O12
3
)
3
:$O:.$O2
2
:$O
2
O
3
.
S
-
WE?F?GLU,B,,=JMII
1.
K mq_lhf we_dljhgghc kljmdlmju Zlhfh\ hoZjZdl_jbamcl_ \ha
fh`gu_\Ze_glgu_khklhygby
s
-
we_f_glh\,b,,]jmii<q_fkh
klhbl hkh[_gghklv \Ze_glguo khklhygbc
s
-
we_f_glh\ ih kjZ\g_
gbxkj
-
we_f_glZfb"