Богатиков А.Н., Красицкий В.А., Лапков К.Н. и др. Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии
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71
Mkeh\by ID IJ
KnAm
fh`gh ^hklb]gmlv ijbeb\Zy ^hklZlhqgh
[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hjZkl\hjbl_eyeb[h`_k\yau\Zy\fZeh^bkkhpbb
jmxsb_qZklbpul_bhgudhlhju_hkZ^hdK
n
A
m
ihkueZ_l\jZkl\hj
Ih \_ebqbg_ IJ fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gZ jZkl\hjbfhklv \_s_kl\Z
sfheve>ey[bgZjguowe_dljheblh\gZijbf_j%D62
4
IJ Â
–10
),
jZkl\hjbfhklvs = k(Ba
2+
) = c(SO
4
2–
ihwlhfm
IJ = k(Ba
2+
) · c(SO
4
2–
) = s
2
hldm^Z fheve
10
10
1
,
1
5
10
−−
≅⋅==
IJ
s
Ijbf_j
Ijhba\_^_gb_ jZkl\hjbfhklb$J
2
SO
4
jZ\gh
.
10
–5
(25 KHij_^_eblvjZkl\hjbfhklvwlhckheb\fheveb\]e
J_r_gb_
Khev^bkkhpbbjm_lihko_f_$J
2
SO
4
:Ag
+
+ SO
4
2–
.
H[hagZqbfbkdhfmxjZkl\hjbfhklvkhebq_j_asfheve
Lh]^Zk(Ag
+
) = 2sZk(SO
4
2–
) = s.
IJ$J
2
SO
4
k
2
(Ag
+
Âk62
4
2–
) = (2s)
2
· s = 4s
3
.
Hlkx^Zs =
3
5
3
4
10
6
,
1
4
/
IJ
=
⋅
=
−
3
6
104
−
⋅
≅
1,6·10
–2
fheve
LZd dZd fheyjgZy fZkkZ$J
2
SO
4
jZ\gZ ]fhev lh jZkl\hjb
fhklv$J
2
SO
4
\]e[m^_ljZ\gZÂ
–2
·312
≅
]e
Ijbf_j
JZkl\hjbfhklv3E,
2
ijb KjZ\gZ · 10
–4
fheve
JZkkqblZlvIJ3E,
2
ijb K
J_r_gb_
LZddZdjZkl\hjbfhklv3E,
2
jZ\gZ · 10
–4
fhevelhdhgp_gljZpby
bhgh\3E
2+
\gZkus_gghfjZkl\hj_kheb[m^_llZdZy`_– 6,5 · 10
–4
fheve
dhgp_gljZpby,
–
[m^_l\^\ZjZaZ[hevr_
PbI
2
:3E
2+
+ 2I
–
l_
Bafhev3E,
2
ijb^bkkhpbZpbbh[jZam_lkyfhev,
–
Lh]^Z
IJPbI
2
) = c( Pb
2+
) · c
2
(I
–
) = 6,5 · 10
–4
· (2 Â 6,5 · 10
–4
)
2
≅
1,1 · 10
–9
.
Ijbf_j
.
Kf_rZeb jZ\gu_ h[t_fuF jZkl\hjh\&D&O
2
b
Na
2
SO
4
H[jZam_lkyebhkZ^hd&D62
4
"IJ&D62
4
) = 2,5 · 10
–5
.
J_r_gb_
Ba\_klgh qlh hkZ^hd kheb h[jZam_lky _keb ijhba\_^_gb_ dhg
p_gljZpbckhhl\_lkl\mxsbobhgh\kheb\fhf_glkf_rb\Zgby[m^_l
[hevr_ijhba\_^_gbyjZkl\hjbfhklbwlhckhebLZddZdijbkf_rb\Z
gbbjZ\guoh[t_fh\^\mokhe_cdhgp_gljZpbydZ`^hckhebmf_gvrZ
_lky \^\h_ lh \ fhf_gl kf_rb\Zgby dhgp_gljZpbb khe_c \ gZr_f
kemqZ_ [m^ml jZ\gu ih fheve Dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\&D
2+
b
SO
4
2–
\wlhl`_fhf_gl[m^mljZ\guihfheveKe_^h\Zl_evgh
72
k(Ca
2+
) · k(SO
4
2–
) = 0,0005 ·
0,0005 = 2,5·10
–7
qlhagZqbl_evghf_gvr_
\_ebqbguIJ&D62
4
AgZqblhkZ^hdg_h[jZam_lky
Ijbf_j
KhihklZ\blvjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&Oijb
K\\h^_b\
jZkl\hj_1D&Ok dhgp_gljZpb_cF1D&O fheve IJ$J&O
=1,8·10
–10
.
J_r_gb_
ImklvjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&Oijbwlbomkeh\byo\\h^_jZ\gZVLh
]^Zc(Ag
+
) = c(Cl
–
) = skfijbf_j
IJ$J&O c(Ag
+
)
⋅
c(Cl
–
) = s
2
;
s =
5
10
34
,
1
IJ
−
⋅=
fheve
ImklvjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&O\FjZkl\hj_1D&OjZ\gZs
1
lh]^Z
k(Ag
+
) = s
1
, k(Cl
–
) = s
1
Ih^klZ\bf wlb agZq_gby \ \ujZ`_gb_
IJ$J&O
IJ(AgCl) = s
1
(s
1
+ 0,1) = 1,8 ·10
–10
. LZddZd
>>
s
1
lhs
1
+ 0,1
≅
0,1
bij_^u^ms__\ujZ`_gb_fh`ghmijhklblvs
1
· 0,1 = 1,8 · 10
–10
Hl
kx^Zs
1
= 1,8·10
–9
.
KjZ\gbfjZkl\hjbfhklvAgCl\\h^_b\FjZkl\hj_NaCl.
<FjZkl\hj_1D&OjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&O[m^_lf_gvr_\
3
9
5
1
10
4
,
7
10
8
,
1
10
34
,
1
⋅=
⋅
⋅
=
−
−
s
s
jZa
=b^jhebakhe_c
=b^jhebakheb
–ijhp_kk\aZbfh^_ckl\bykhebk\h^hcijb\h^y
sbc d h[jZah\Zgbx keZ[h^bkkhpbbjmxsbo qZklbpfhe_dme beb bh
gh\=b^jhebakhe_cdZq_kl\_gghfh`ghjZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdj_amevlZl
iheyjbaZpbhggh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by bhgh\ kheb k bo ]b^jZlghc h[h
ehqdhcbmijhs_gghij_^klZ\blvke_^mxsbfbko_fZfb
K
n+
+ HOH
↔
KOH
(n–1)+
+ H
+
,
A
n–
+ HOH
↔
HA
(n–1)–
+ OH
-
.
=b^jheba h[mkeh\e_g h[jZah\Zgb_f fZeh^bkkhpbbjmxsbo qZk-
lbpDHG
(n–1)+
bG:
(n–1)–
.
Q_f [hevr_aZjy^ b f_gvr_jZ^bmkbhgh\kheb l_fkbevg__ bo
iheyjbaZpbhggh_\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k\h^hc keZ[__ ^bkkhpbZpbyh[jZ
amxsbokyqZklbp DHG
(n–1)+
b G:
(n–1)–
b \ [hevr_ckl_i_gbijhbkoh
^bl]b^jheba
Iheyjbamxs__ \ebygb_ gZ fhe_dmeu\h^u g_\_ebdh mdZlbhgh\
s_ehqguobs_ehqgha_f_evguof_lZeeh\h^ghaZjy^guoZgbhgh\gZ
73
ijbf_j&O
–
, Br
–
, NO
−
3
mg_dhlhjuo^\moaZjy^guogZijbf_j62
−
2
4
Ih
wlhfm kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ Zgbhghf kbevghc dbkehlu b dZlbhghf
kbevgh]hhkgh\Zgby]b^jhebamg_ih^\_j]Zxlky
<hafh`gu ke_^mxsb_ kemqZb ]b^jhebaZ khe_c ]b^jheba ih
ZgbhgmihdZlbhgmihdZlbhgmbZgbhgmh^gh\j_f_ggh
=b^jheba ih Zgbhgm
?fm ih^\_j]Zxlky kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ dZ
lbhghf kbevgh]h hkgh\Zgby b Zgbhghf keZ[hc dbkehlu (K
2
CO
3
, Na
2
S,
Na
2
SO
3
, K
3
PO
4
b^jIjb]b^jheba_kha^Z_lkys_ehqgZykj_^ZS+ > 7).
GZijbf_j
CH
3
COONa
→
CH
3
COO
–
+ Na
+
,
Na
+
+ HOH
→
j_Zdpbyg_b^_l
CH
3
COO
–
+ HOH
↔
CH
3
COOH + OH
–
.
Fhe_dmeyjgh_mjZ\g_gb_]b^jhebaZ–
CH
3
COONa + HOH <&+
3
COOH + NaOH.
>Zgguc ijhp_kk h[jZlbfuc jZ\gh\_kb_ ]b^jhebaZ kbevgh kf_
s_gh\e_\hihkdhevdmD+
2
O)
<
D&+
3
COOH).
=b^jheba fgh]haZjy^gh]h ZgbhgZ ijhl_dZ_l klmi_gqZlh b ijb
h[uqguomkeh\byo ]eZ\gufh[jZahfb^_llhevdhihi_j\hcklmi_gb
GZijbf_j:
Na
2
SO
3
→
2Na
+
+ SO
−
2
3
,
Na
+
+ HOH
→
j_Zdpbyg_b^_l
SO
−
2
3
+ HOH <+62
−
3
+ OH
–
klmi_gv
HSO
−
3
+ HOH <+
2
SO
3
+
OH
–
klmi_gv
Fhe_dmeyjgu_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\_gghbf_xl\b^
Na
2
SO
3
GHG<1DG62
3
+NaOH,
NaHSO
3
+ HOH <+
2
SO
3
+ NaOH.
=b^jheba ih dZlbhgm
. ?fm ih^\_j]Zxlky kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ dZ
lbhghf keZ[h]h hkgh\Zgby b Zgbhghf kbevghc dbkehlu (NH
4
Br, ZnCl
2
,
Cu(NO
3
)
2
b^jKj_^Zijb]b^jheba_dbkeZyjG
GZijbf_j
CuCl
2
→
Cu
2+
+ Cl
–
,
Cl
–
+ HOH
→
j_Zdpbyg_b^_l
Cu
2+
+ HOH <CuOH
+
+ H
+
klmi_gv
Fhe_dmeyjgh_mjZ\g_gb_i_j\hcklmi_gb]b^jhebaZ–
CuCl
2
+ HOH <&X2+&O+&O
=b^jhebahf ih \lhjhc klmi_gb ijb h[uqguo mkeh\byo fh`gh
ij_g_[j_qv
74
=b^jheba ih dZlbhgm b Zgbhgm
. Ih dZlbhgmb Zgbhgm]b^jheb
amxlky kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ dZlbhghf keZ[h]h hkgh\Zgby b Zgbhghf
keZ[hcdbkehluGZijbf_j
CH
3
COONH
4
→
CH
3
COO
–
+ NH
4
+
,
CH
3
COO
–
+ HOH <CH
3
COOH + OH
–
,
NH
4
+
+ HOH <NH
4
OH + H
+
,
CH
3
COO
–
+ NH
4
+
+ HOH <CH
3
COOH + NH
4
OH.
Fhe_dmeyjgh_mjZ\g_gb_–
CH
3
COONH
4
+ HOH <CH
3
COOH + NH
4
OH.
=b^jheba\^ZgghfkemqZ_ijhl_dZ_l^h\hevghbgl_gkb\ghH[jZ
amxsb_ky ijb ]b^jheba_ bhgu G
+
b HG
–
k\yau\Zxlky \ fhe_dmeu
G
2
Hqlhmkbeb\Z_l]b^jhebabihdZlbhgmbihZgbhgmJ_Zdpbykj_
^uaZ\bkblhlkhhlghr_gbydhgklZgl^bkkhpbZpbbh[jZamxsbokydb
kehlu b hkgh\Zgby < ^Zgghf kemqZ_S+
≈
lZd dZd K(NH
3
· H
2
O)
≈
§K(CH
3
COOH).
?keb dbkehlZ b hkgh\Zgb_ h[jZamxsb_ky \ ijhp_kk_ ]b^jhebaZ
moh^ylbaahguijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb\\b^_hkZ^dZbeb]ZaZlh]b^
jheba fh`_l ijhl_dZlv ijZdlbq_kdb g_h[jZlbfh LZd gZijbf_j
Al
2
S
3
ijbdhglZdl_k\h^hciheghklvxij_\jZsZ_lky\fZehjZkl\hjb
fuc]b^jhdkb^Zexfbgbyb\]Zahh[jZaguck_jh\h^hjh^
Al
2
S
3
GHG
→
2Al(OH)
3
↓
+ 3H
2
S
↑
.
Ih wlhc `_ ijbqbg_ kf_rb\Zy \h^gu_ jZkl\hju AlCl
3
b Na
2
S,
g_evayihemqblvAl
2
S
3
:
2AlCl
3
+ 3Na
2
S + 6HOH
→
2Al(OH)
3
↓
+ 3H
2
S
↑
+ 6NaCl,
2Al
3+
+ 3S
2–
+ 6H
2
O
→
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
2
S.
Ba-aZ\aZbfgh]hmkbe_gby]b^jhebaZihdZlbhgmbihZgbhgmkh
\f_klgh]h]b^jhebaZ\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_lZd`_g_\hafh`ghkbgl_ab
jh\Zlv dZj[hgZlu Zexfbgby ojhfZIII `_e_aZIII kmevnb^ ojh
fZIIIg_dhlhju_^jm]b_khebIjb\_^_f_s_h^bgijbf_jkh\f_kl
gh]h]b^jhebaZ
2AlCl
3
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ 3HOH
→
2Al(OH)
3
↓
+ 3CO
2
↑
+6NaCl,
2Al
3+
+ 3CO
3
2-
+ 3HOH
→
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3CO
2
.
Dhebq_kl\_ggu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb ]b^jhebaZ
.
Dhebq_kl\_ggh
]b^jhebakheboZjZdl_jbam_lky
kl_i_gvx]b^jhebaZK
b
dhgklZglhc
]b^jhebaZD
.
75
k
c
h
=
,
]^_k
–dhgp_gljZpby]b^jhebah\ZgghcqZklbkhebk –h[sZydhgp_g
ljZpbyjZkl\hj_gghckheb
>ey]b^jhebaZihZgbhgm\h[s_f\b^_:
–
GHG<G:HG
–
ijb[eb`_gghkijZ\_^eb\h
()
,
O
H
)
A
(
)
OH
(
)
HA
(
2
KcK
c
cc
=⋅=
⋅
−
−
]^_D –
dhgklZglZ]b^jhebaZ
.
Bkihevamykhhlghr_gb_
)
H
(
)
OH
(
+
−
=
c
K
c
w
ihemqZ_f
HA
K
K
K
w
=
beb
K
K
K
w
=
.
A^_kvD
–dhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbblhcdbkehludhlhjZyh[jZam
_lky\j_amevlZl_]b^jhebaZ
>ey]b^jhebaZihdZlbhgm.
+
+ HOH <.2++
+
ZgZeh]bqgh
()
(
)
()
,
K
H
KOH
K
K
KK
c
cc
w
==
⋅
+
+
.
A^_kvD
–dhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbblh]hhkgh\Zgbydhlhjh_h[
jZam_lky\j_amevlZl_]b^jhebaZ
>ey]b^jhebaZihdZlbhgmbZgbhgm
K
+
+ A
–
+ HOH <.2++$
,
)
A
(
)
K
(
)
HA
(
)
KOH
(
KK
K
KK
cc
cc
w
⋅
==
⋅
⋅
−+
.
DZ`^Zyklmi_gv]b^jhebaZfgh]haZjy^guobhgh\oZjZdl_jbam_lky
k\h_cD
LZdklmi_gqZlu_dhgklZglu]b^jhebaZ^\moaZjy^gh]hZgbh
gZke_^mxsb_
D
=
,
K
K
w
D =
K
K
w
, D
>
D
,
]^_D
bD –dhgklZglu^bkkhpbZpbbdbkehluihbklmi_gbBa
khhlghr_gbcke_^m_l
q_f keZ[__ dbkehlZ
hkgh\Zgb_h[jZamxsZy
h[jZamxs__ khev
l_f kbevg__ khev ]b^jhebam_lky
b dhgklZglZ
]b^jhebaZ __ [hevr_ =b^jheba –ijhp_kkwg^hl_jfbq_kdbc ihwlhfm
ijbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuD
m\_ebqb\Z_lky
76
>ey]b^jhebaZihdZlbhgmbebihZgbhgmaZ\bkbfhklvf_`^mhbk
hibku\Z_lky\ujZ`_gb_fZgZeh]bqgufaZdhgmjZa[Z\e_gbyHkl\Zev^Z
D
≈
ch
2
bebh
≈
c
K
,
l_jZa[Z\e_gb_jZkl\hjZkhebmkbeb\Z_l__]b^jheba
?kebkhev]b^jhebam_lkyh^gh\j_f_gghbihdZlbhgmbihZgbh
gmlhdhgp_gljZpbykheb\jZkl\hj_ijZdlbq_kdbg_\eby_lgZh:
h
≈
D
< khhl\_lkl\bb k ijbgpbihf E_ RZl_ev_ ]b^jheba ih dZlbhgm
mkbeb\Z_lkyhm\_ebqb\Z_lkyijb^h[Z\e_gbbhkgh\ZgbydjZkl\hjm
khebZ]b^jhebaihZgbhgmmkbeb\Z_lkyijb^h[Z\e_gbbdbkehlu
<hijhku^eykZfhklhyl_evghcih^]hlh\db
Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_
1. DZdh_ khklhygb_ j_Zdpbhgghc kbkl_fu gZau\Z_lky obfbq_kdbf
jZ\gh\_kb_f"
2. DZdhij_^_eblvfhf_glgZklmie_gbyobfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_kby"
3. Fh`ghebkqblZlvihklhygkl\hdhgp_gljZpbcj_Z]_glh\\kbkl_f_
^hdZaZl_evkl\hfbklbgghklbobfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_kby"
4. Qlh lZdh_ dhgklZglZ obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby" DZdh\ __ nbabq_
kdbckfuke"
5. AZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby dhgklZgl jZ\gh\_kby ^ey
kbkl_f
ZHCl
+ O
↔
2Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
[Fe
+ 3Cl
↔
2FeCl
6. DZdh\h \ebygb_ l_fi_jZlmju ^Z\e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb b ijbkml
kl\bydZlZebaZlhjZgZ\_ebqbgmdhgklZgluobfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_
kby"
7. DZdh\h \ebygb_ l_fi_jZlmju ^Z\e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb b ijbkml
kl\bydZlZebaZlhjZgZkhklhygb_obfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_kby"
8. Knhjfmebjmcl_ijbgpbiE_-RZl_ev_
9. < dZdmx klhjhgm kf_klblky jZ\gh\_kb_NO
+ O
↔
2NO
2
;
∆
H
0
= –d>`ijbZmf_gvr_gbb^Z\e_gby[\\_^_gbb\kbk
l_fmdbkehjh^Z\ih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmju"
10. <dZdhfgZijZ\e_gbbijhbahc^_lkf_s_gb_jZ\gh\_kby
Fe
3
O + 4H
↔
3Fe + 4H
2
O
ijbZ\\_^_gbb\kbkl_fm\h^hjh^Z[\\_^_gbb\kbkl_fmijh
dZe_ggh]hhdkb^ZdZevpby\m\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gby"
77
11. DZdb_j_Zdpbbhlghkylkydnhlhobfbq_kdbf"
12. Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju g_jZa\_l\e_gguo b jZa\_l\e_gguo p_iguo
j_Zdpbc
13. DZdh\hagZq_gb_nhlhobfbq_kdboj_Zdpbc^ey`b\hcijbjh^u"
JZkl\hjuwe_dljheblh\
14. <q_fkhklhblkmsghklvl_hjbbwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb"
15. Hlq_]haZ\bkbljZkiZ^gZbhgu\ijhp_kk_jZkl\hj_gby\_s_kl\\
\h^_"
16. JZaebqZxlkyebf_oZgbafu^bkkhpbZpbbijbjZkl\hj_gbb\\h^_
\_s_kl\kbhggufbdh\Ze_glguflbiZfbk\ya_c"
17. Qlh lZdh_ ^bwe_dljbq_kdZy ihklhyggZy jZkl\hjbl_ey b dZdh\h __
\ebygb_gZijhp_kk^bkkhpbZpbb"
18. <q_faZdexqZ_lkydZq_kl\_ggh_jZaebqb_ijhp_kkh\^bkkhpbZpbb
kbevguobkeZ[uowe_dljheblh\"
19. DZd fh`gh dhebq_kl\_ggh hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv ^bkkhpbZpbx
we_dljheblh\"
20. QlhoZjZdl_jbam_ldhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbbwe_dljheblZ"
21. Hl dZdbo nZdlhjh\ aZ\bkbl kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb keZ[h]h
we_dljheblZ"
22. DZdh\Zk\yavf_`^mkl_i_gvx^bkkhpbZpbbbdhgp_gljZpb_ckeZ
[h]hwe_dljheblZ"
23. Ihq_fm ^ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb ^bkkhpbZpbb kbevguo we_dljheblh\
ijbf_gyxll_jfbgdZ`msZykykl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb?
24. QlhlZdh_Zdlb\ghklvbdhwnnbpb_glZdlb\ghklb"
25. >Zcl_hij_^_e_gbydbkehlhkgh\Zgbcbkhe_cklhqdbaj_gbyl_h
jbbwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb
26. GZah\bl_kbevgu_hkgh\Zgbybkbevgu_dbkehlu
27. DZdbaf_gyxlkydbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_k\hckl\Z]b^jhdkb^h\ihi_
jbh^Zfb]jmiiZfI_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fu"
28. <dZdmxklhjhgmkf_klblkyjZ\gh\_kb_^bkkhpbZpbbmdkmkghcdb
kehluijb^h[Z\e_gbbZZp_lZlZgZljby[\h^u\oehjh\h^h
jh^Z]]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby"
29. >h[Z\e_gb_f dZdbo \_s_kl\ fh`gh Z mkbeblv beb [ hkeZ[blv
^bkkhpbZpbxZffbZdZ\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_"
30. DZdb_we_dljheblu^bkkhpbbjmxlklmi_gqZlh"Ihq_fm\_ebqbgu
dhgklZgl dZ`^hc ihke_^mxs_c klmi_gb ^bkkhpbZpbb j_adh
mf_gvrZxlky"
78
>bkkhpbZpby\h^u<h^hjh^gucihdZaZl_ev
31. DZdh\Z\aZbfhk\yavf_`^mdhgp_gljZpbyfbbhgh\]b^jhdkhgbyb
]b^jhdkb^-bhgh\\\h^guojZkl\hjZo"
32. QlhgZau\Z_lky\h^hjh^guf]b^jhdkb^gufihdZaZl_e_f"
33. <dZdbo_^bgbpZoke_^m_l\ujZ`Zlvdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\ijbjZk
q_l_jGjHG"
34. DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z fh]ml kem`blv bg^bdZlhjZfb" DZdh\u hdjZkdb
eZdfmkZn_ghenlZe_bgZbf_lbeh\h]hhjZg`_\h]h\jZkl\hjZodb
kehlbs_ehq_c"
35. I_j_qbkebl_ mkeh\by ijb dhlhjuo j_Zdpbb h[f_gZ \ jZkl\hjZo
ijhl_dZxlijZdlbq_kdb^hdhgpZ
36. GZibrbl_\bhggh-fhe_dmeyjghcnhjf_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\jZk
l\hjZof_`^m
Zoehjb^hfdZevpbyb]b^jhdZj[hgZlhfgZljby
[nhknZlhfdZevpbybkheyghcdbkehlhc
\f_^gufdmihjhkhfbk_jh\h^hjh^hf
=b^jhebakhe_c
37. DZdh\uf_oZgbafu]b^jhebaZkhebihdZlbhgmbihZgbhgm"
38. DZdb_nZdlhju\ebyxlgZijhp_kk]b^jhebaZkheb"
39. DZdh\h \ebygb_ ijbjh^u kheb dhgp_gljZpbb kheb \ jZkl\hj_
l_fi_jZlmjubjGkj_^ugZkl_i_gv]b^jhebaZ"
40. >h[Z\e_gb_f dZdbo \_s_kl\ fh`gh Z hkeZ[blv beb [ mkbeblv
ijhp_kk]b^jhebaZkheb"Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_ju
41. DZdhcfh`_l[ulvj_Zdpbykj_^u\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_khebh[jZah
\ZgghckeZ[ufhkgh\Zgb_fbkeZ[hcdbkehlhc"
42. DZdh\Zj_Zdpbykj_^u\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_
Zkmevnb^ZZffhgby
[bh^b^ZZexfbgby
\kmevnblZdZeby"
43. GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby ^ey dhgklZgl ]b^jhebaZ
ZZp_lZlZgZljby[oehjb^ZZffhgby
44. DZdb_ bhgu ih^\_j]Zxlky klmi_gqZlhfm ]b^jhebam" Ijb\_^bl_
ijbf_ju
45. <dZdbokemqZyo]b^jhebakhebh[jZah\ZgghckeZ[ufhkgh\Zgb_f
b keZ[hc dbkehlhc ijhl_dZ_l ^h dhgpZ" Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju
ihevamykvlZ[ebp_cjZkl\hjbfhklb
79
Ijhba\_^_gb_jZkl\hjbfhklb
46. QlhgZau\Z_lkyijhba\_^_gb_fjZkl\hjbfhklbIJ"
47. >eydZdbo\_s_kl\ijbf_gbfhihgylb_IJ"
48. GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ IJ ^ey nlhjb^Z dZevpby
Baf_gblky eb\_ebqbgZ IJCaF
2
ijb^h[Z\e_gbb\gZkus_gguc
jZkl\hjCaF
2
ke_^mxsbo\_s_kl\
Zkmoh]hnlhjb^ZdZeby
[kmoh]hoehjb^ZdZevpby"
DZd^h[Z\e_gb_wlbo\_s_kl\\eby_lgZjZkl\hjbfhklvCaF
2
?
49. <dZdbo_^bgbpZoke_^m_l\ujZ`Zlvdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\ijbjZk
q_l_IJ"
50. DZdh\umkeh\byh[jZah\ZgbyhkZ^dh\"<k_]^Zeb\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hd
ijbkeb\ZgbbjZkl\hjh\ih\Zj_gghckhebbgbljZlZk_j_[jZ"
51. KjZ\gb\\_ebqbguIJhp_gbl_\hafh`ghklvijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbc
Z) AgCl + KI = AgI + KCl;
[) AgI + KCl = AgCl + KI;
IJ$J&O Â
–10
IJ$J, Â
–16
.
52. Ihq_fmhkZ^dbkhe_ckeZ[uodbkehlh[uqghjZkl\hjyxlky\kbev
guodbkehlZo"
53. Ihq_fmkmevnb^f_^b,,\hlebqb_hlkmevnb^ZfZj]ZgpZ,,g_
jZkl\hjbf\kheyghcdbkehl_"
AZ^Zqb^eyj_r_gby
178. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb ke_^mx
sbo\_s_kl\+12
3
, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
, CH
3
COOH, Ba(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
,
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, KHSO
4
, Ba(OH)NO
3
, Fe(OH)(NO
3
)
2
.
179. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc\ fhe_dmeyjghc b bhggh-
fhe_dmeyjghcnhjfZoijhl_dZxsbo\\h^guojZkl\hjZof_`^m
ke_^mxsbfbkh_^bg_gbyfb
Z) BaCl
2
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
:
[) Fe(OH)SO
4
+ BaCl
2
:
\) CaCO
3
+ CH
3
COOH :
]) Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ HNO
3
:
^) KHS + H
2
SO
4
:
_)AgCl + NaI :
`) FeCl
3
+ Na
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] :
a) Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] :
180. Hij_^_ebl_fheyjgu_dhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\\ke_^mxsbo\h^guo
jZkl\hjZoFHNO
3
; 0,1M H
2
SO
4
; 0,01M Ba(OH)
2
; 0,2M AlCl
3
;
0,2M Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
80
181. Kl_i_gv we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb +12
2
\F\h^ghf
jZkl\hj_ jZ\gZ JZkkqblZcl_ dhgp_gljZpbb qZklbp G
+
, NO
−
2
,
HNO
2
\wlhfjZkl\hj_
182. Q_fmjZ\gZi_j\ZydhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbbm]hevghcdbkehlu_k
ebkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb__ihi_j\hcklmi_gb\jZkl\hj_kh^_j
`Zs_fÂ
–3
fhevedbkehlujZ\gZ
183. Ijb dZdhc fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpbb mdkmkghc dbkehlu __
[m^_l gZoh^blvky \ jZkl\hj_ \ g_ijh^bkkhpbbjh\Zgghf \b^_"
DKH
3
COOH) = 1,8 · 10
–5
.
184. Hij_^_ebl_dhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\G
+
\FjZkl\hjZoke_^mxsbo
dbkehl +&O +
2
SO
4
, HCOOH, CH
3
COOH. K(HCOOH) = 1,8 · 10
–4
;
K(CH
3
COOH) = 1,8· 10
–5
.
185. DZdbaf_gblkydhgp_gljZpbyG
+
bkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbbmdkmkghc
dbkehlu_keb\eF&+
3
&22+jZkl\hjblveoehjh\h
^hjh^Zmkeh\byghjfZevgu_Baf_g_gb_fh[t_fZjZkl\hjZij_
g_[j_qv
186. Hij_^_eblv dhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\G
+
b kl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb md
kmkghcdbkehlu\__jZkl\hj_
ρ
]kf
3
). D(CH
3
COOH) =
= 1,8·10
–5
.
187. Hij_^_ebl_S+ jZkl\hjh\\dhlhjuodhgp_gljZpbbG
+
\fheve
jZ\guZ[Â
–3
\Â
–11
.
188. Hij_^_ebl_S+ bS2+ jZkl\hjh\ \ dhlhjuo dhgp_gljZpbb HG
–
\ fhevejZ\guZ[Â
–5
\,4 ·10
–12
.
189. Hij_^_ebl_S+ ke_^mxsbo\h^guojZkl\hjh\ZF+
2
SO
4
;
[F%D2+
2
.
190. Hij_^_ebl_S+ \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu _keb
w(H
2
SO
4
) = iehlghklvjZkl\hjZ
ρ
]kf
3
.
191. Hij_^_ebl_S+ bS2+ \h^gh]hjZkl\hjZkh^_j`Zs_]hfheve
NH
3
.
H
2
O.
192. Hij_^_ebl_S+ bS2+ \h^gh]hjZkl\hjZmdkmkghcdbkehlu_keb
w(CH
3
&22+ biehlghklvjZkl\hjZjZ\gZ]kf
3
.
193. <uqbkebl_ dhgklZglm ^bkkhpbZpbbkeZ[hch^ghhkgh\ghcdbkeh
lu _keb jZkl\hj kh^_j`Zsbcfheve dbkehlu bf__l
pH = 4,15.
194. Hij_^_ebl_SH b pOH jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h fheve \blZ
fbgZ CZkdhj[bgh\hc dbkehlu DhgklZglZ ^bkkhpbZpbbZkdhj
[bgh\hc dbkehlukeZ[Zy h^ghhkgh\gZy hj]Zgbq_kdZy dbkehlZ
jZ\gZ
.
10
–5
.