Богатиков А.Н., Красицкий В.А., Лапков К.Н. и др. Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии
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=
1
)
1
(
2
2
2
c
c
c
K
.
?kebkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbbagZqbl_evghf_gvr__^bgbpulhijb
ijb[eb`_gguo\uqbke_gbyofh`ghijbgylvqlh–.§Lh]^Z\u
jZ`_gb_aZdhgZjZa[Z\e_gbymijhsZ_lky
D = .
2
khldm^Z. =
c
K
.
Ihke_^g__ khhlghr_gb_ ihdZau\Z_l qlh ijb jZa[Z\e_gbb jZk
l\hjZl _ ijb mf_gvr_gbb dhgp_gljZpbb we_dljheblZ c kl_i_gv
^bkkhpbZpbbwe_dljheblZ\hajZklZ_l
?keb\jZkl\hj_we_dljheblZAXkl_i_gv_]h^bkkhpbZpbbjZ\gZ
.lhdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\A
+
bX
–
\jZkl\hj_h^bgZdh\ubkhklZ\eyxl
k(:
+
) = k(O
–
) = . · k.
68
Ih^klZ\b\kx^ZagZq_gb_.baij_^u^ms_]hkhhlghr_gbygZoh^bf
k:
+
) = kO
–
) =
c
K
c
⋅
=
K
c
.
Ijbf_j
.Hij_^_ebl_dhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\bg_ijh^bkkhpbbjh
\Zgguofhe_dme\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_+)kk(HF) = fheveKl_i_gv
^bkkhpbZpbb+)\wlbomkeh\byojZ\gZ
J_r_gb_
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb+)
HF
↔
H
+
+ F
–
.
Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqbkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb+)jZ\gZihwlh
fm dhgp_gljZpbb dZ`^h]h ba bhgh\+
+
b)
–
jZ\gu Â
= 0,0025 fheve
.
10
–3
fheveDhgp_gljZpbyg_ijh^bkkhpbbjh\Zg-
guofhe_dme+)khklZ\ey_lk(HF) = 0,01 – fheve
= 7,5 ·10
–3
fheve
Ijbf_j
Q_fm jZ\gZ kl_i_gv we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb
mdkmkghcdbkehlu\__F\h^ghfjZkl\hj_"DZdh\Zdhgp_gljZpby
bhgh\G
+
\wlhfjZkl\hj_"D (CH
3
COOH) = 1,80 ·10
–5
.
J_r_gb_
AZibr_f fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ jZa[Z\e_gby Hkl
\Zev^Z
α−
α
=
1
2
c
K
.
LZddZd\gZrbomkeh\byo
α
lhfh`gh\hkihevah\Zlvkymi
jhs_gghcnhjfhcD=
α
2
khldm^Z
,
10
5
,
9
2
,
0
10
8
,
1
3
5
−
−
⋅=
⋅
==α
C
K
beb
Dhgp_gljZpbybhgh\G
+
[m^_ljZ\gZ
kG
+
) =
α
· k = 9,5 · 10
-3
· 0,2 = 1,9 · 10
-3
fheve
Bhggh_ijhba\_^_gb_\h^u
<h^hjh^gucihdZaZl_ev
<h^Z[m^mqbhq_gvkeZ[ufwe_dljheblhf\g_agZqbl_evghckl_
i_gb^bkkhpbbjm_lh[jZamybhgu\h^hjh^Zb]b^jhdkb^-bhgu
G
2
H<G
+
HG
–
.
Wlhfmijhp_kkmkhhl\_lkl\m_ldhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbb
)
O
H
(
)
OH
(
)
H
(
2
c
cc
K
−+
⋅
=
= 1,8 · 10
–16
ijb K
69
Ihkdhevdmkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb\h^uhq_gvfZeZlhjZ\gh\_kgZy
dhgp_gljZpbyg_^bkkhpbbjh\Zgguofhe_dme\h^ukG
2
Hk^hklZlhq
ghclhqghklvxjZ\gZh[s_cdhgp_gljZpbb\h^ufheveLh]^Z
\ujZ`_gb_ ^ey dhgklZglu ^bkkhpbZpbb \h^u fh`gh ij_h[jZah\Zlv
ke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
kG
+
) · kHG
–
) = D · kG
2
H
–14
= D
W
.
DhgklZglZD
W
gZau\Z_lkybhggufijhba\_^_gb_f\h^u
>ey \h^u b jZa[Z\e_gguo \h^guo jZkl\hjh\ ijb g_baf_gghc
l_fi_jZlmj_D
W
–\_ebqbgZihklhyggZyIjb KD
W
=10
–14
.
Ihkdhevdm ^bkkhpbZpby \h^u – wg^hl_jfbq_kdbc ijhp_kk lh k
jhklhfl_fi_jZlmju^bkkhpbZpbymkbeb\Z_lkybagZq_gb_D
W
\hajZk
lZ_l
<qbklhc\h^_dhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\\h^hjh^Zb]b^jhdkb^-bhgh\
h^bgZdh\ubijb
KkhklZ\eyxl
–7
fheve
JZkl\hju\dhlhjuodhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\\h^hjh^Zb]b^jhdkb^-
bhgh\ h^bgZdh\u gZau\Zxlky g_cljZevgufb jZkl\hjZfb < g_c
ljZevguojZkl\hjZokG
+
kHG
–
) = 10
–7
fheve
<dbkeuojZkl\hjZokG
+
) > 10
–7
fhevebkG
+
!kHG
–
Z\s_
ehqguojZkl\hjZokG
+
) < 10
–7
fhevebkG
+
kHG
–
).
<f_klh dhgp_gljZpbc bhgh\ G
+
b HG
–
m^h[g__ ihevah\Zlvky bo
^_kylbqgufbeh]ZjbnfZfb\aylufbkh[jZlgufagZdhfwlb\_ebqb
guh[hagZqZxlkykbf\heZfbS+bS2+bgZau\Zxlkykhhl\_lkl\_ggh
\h^hjh^gufb]b^jhdkb^gufihdZaZl_eyfb
pH = –lg c(H
+
); pOH = –lg c(OH
–
).
<qZklghklb^ey\h^uijb
K
jG –lg10
–7
= 7, pOH = –lg10
–7
= 7.
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh\g_cljZevguojZkl\hjZo
pH = pOH ZkmffZpH + pOH = 14.
<dbkeuojZkl\hjZojG < Z\s_ehqguojZkl\hjZoS+!
Ijbf_j
Hij_^_ebl_S+\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZ+
2
SO
4
kk+
2
SO
4
) =
= fheve
J_r_gb_
LZd dZd k_jgZy dbkehlZ \ jZa[Z\e_gghf jZkl\hj_ ^bkkhpbbjm_l
iheghklvx+
2
SO
4
→
2H
+
+ SO
4
2–
, lhdhgp_gljZpbybhgh\G
+
[m^_ljZ\-
gZkG
+
. · k · 2 = 1 · 0,02 · fheveHlkx^ZS+ –OJk+
+
) =
= –lg 0,04 = –lg 4 ·10
–2
= –lg 4 – lg10
–2
= –0,6 +2 = 1,4.
Bkoh^ybajZ\_gkl\ZS+S2+ ke_^m_lqlhS2+ – 1,4 =
= 12,6.
70
Ijbf_j
JZkkqblZcl_fheyjgmxdhgp_gljZpbx+&O_keb\h^h
jh^gucihdZaZl_ev\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZoehjh\h^hjh^ZjZ\_g
J_r_gb_
LZddZdS+ ke_^h\Zl_evgh–OJk+
+
) = 1,85; lg c(H
+
) = –1,85 =
=
15,2
−
l_–2 + 0,15 = –Hlkx^Zk+
+
) = 1,4 · 10
–2
LZddZdkhey
gZy dbkehlZ y\ey_lky kbevghc h^ghhkgh\ghc dbkehlhc lh b
k+&O = 1,4 · 10
–2
fheve
Ijhba\_^_gb_jZkl\hjbfhklb
JZkkfhljbf]_l_jh]_ggmxkbkl_fm–gZkus_ggucjZkl\hjfZehjZk-
l\hjbfh]hwe_dljheblZgZoh^ysbcky\jZ\gh\_kbbkhk\hbfhkZ^dhf
K
n
A
m
(d) <nK
m+
(j) + mA
n–
(j).
>ey l\_j^hc nZauhkZ^dZ k(D
n
A
m
) = const b fZl_fZlbq_kdh_
\ujZ`_gb_dhgklZglu^Zggh]hjZ\gh\_kbybf__l\b^
D
s
= k
n
(D
m+
) k
m
(:
n–
)
LZdZydhgklZglZjZ\gh\_kbygZau\Z_lky
ijhba\_^_gb_fjZkl\h
jbfhklb
IJbeb
dhgklZglhcjZkl\hjbfhklb
(
D
s
):
D
s
IJ k
n
(D
m
+
) k
m
(:
n
–
)
LZdbf h[jZahf \ gZkus_gghf jZkl\hj_ fZehjZkl\hjbfh]h
we_dljheblZijhba\_^_gb_dhgp_gljZpbc _]h bhgh\ \ kl_i_gyojZ\
guokl_obhf_ljbq_kdbfdhwnnbpb_glZfijb^Zgghcl_fi_jZlmj_
–
\_ebqbgZihklhyggZy
Ijhba\_^_gb_ jZkl\hjbfhklb oZjZdl_jbam_lkjZ\gbl_evgmxjZk
l\hjbfhklv h^ghlbiguo \_s_kl\ q_f[hevr_IJ ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z
l_f[hevr__]hjZkl\hjbfhklv
Mkeh\byh[jZah\ZgbyhkZ^dZ
ID k(D
m
+
)
n
k(:
n
–
)
m
!IJ
KnAm
,
]^_ ID – ijhba\_^_gb_dhgp_gljZpbc bhgh\gZoh^ysboky \^Zgghf
jZkl\hj_
JZkl\hj\dhlhjhfkha^Z_lkywlhmkeh\b_–
i_j_kus_gguc
hl
ghkbl_evgh^Zggh]hwe_dljheblZbag_]h[m^_l\uiZ^ZlvhkZ^hd
>Zggh_mkeh\b_fh`_l^hklb]ZlvkygZijbf_j\\_^_gb_fh^gh
bf_ggh]hbhgZ\gZkus_ggucjZkl\hj
K
n
A
m
.
Mkeh\b_jZkl\hj_gbyhkZ^dZID
<
IJ
KnAm
.
JZkl\hj \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ –
g_gZkus_gguc
djbklZeeufZehjZk
l\hjbfh]hwe_dljheblZ
K
n
A
m
ijb\\_^_gbb\g_]h[m^mljZkl\hjylvky