Богатиков А.Н., Красицкий В.А., Лапков К.Н. и др. Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
31
71. Ijbl_jfbq_kdhfjZaeh`_gbbhdkb^ZfZj]ZgpZIVfZkkhc]
\u^_ebekydbkehjh^bh[jZah\Zeky^jm]hchdkb^fZj]ZgpZfZkkhc
]DZdh\ZnhjfmeZihemq_ggh]hhdkb^Z"
72. G_ba\_klgh_ k_jhkh^_j`Zs__ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \
ba[uld_dbkehjh^Z\j_amevlZl_q_]hh[jZah\Zebkvm]e_dbkeuc]Za
fZkkhc]b\h^ZfZkkhc]<kyk_jZkh^_j`ZsZyky\bk
oh^ghf \_s_kl\_ fZkkhc ] [ueZ i_j_\_^_gZ iheghklvx \
kmevnZl[ZjbyfZkkZdhlhjh]hhdZaZeZkvjZ\ghc]Hij_^_
eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z _keb hlghkb
l_evgZyiehlghklv_]hiZjh\ih\ha^momjZ\gZ
73. DZdhch[t_fhahgbjh\Zggh]hdbkehjh^Z\dhlhjhfh[t_fgZy^hey
hahgZjZ\gZg_h[oh^bf^eyihegh]hk`b]ZgbyijhiZgZh[t
_fhfegm"
74. KieZ\ f_^b k k_j_[jhf fZkkhc ] jZkl\hjbeb\ ba[uld_jZk
l\hjZ Zahlghc dbkehlu Ba ihemq_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ [ueZ \u^_e_gZ
kf_kvgbljZlZk_j_[jZkljb]b^jZlhfgbljZlZf_^bIIh[s_cfZk
khc]<uqbkeblvagZq_gbyfZkkh\uo^he_cf_lZeeh\\bkoh^
ghckf_kb
75. FZkkh\u_^hebdZ^fbybpbgdZ\bokieZ\_jZ\gukhhl\_lkl\_ggh
bDZdZyfZkkZwlh]hkieZ\Z^he`gZ[ulvjZkl\hj_gZ\kh
eyghc dbkehl_ k p_evx ihemq_gby \h^hjh^Z h[t_fhf e ijb
l_fi_jZlmj_
o
Kb^Z\e_gbbdIZ"
= E : < :
II
HKGH<GU?DE:KKU
G?HJ=:GBQ?KDBOKH?>BG?GBC
<k_\_s_kl\Z^_eylkygZijhklu_bkeh`gu_IjhklufbgZau\Z
xlky\_s_kl\Zkhklhysb_baZlhfh\h^gh]hwe_f_glZZkeh`gufb –
khklhysb_baZlhfh\^\mobeb[he__we_f_glh\
GZa\Zgbyijhkluo\_s_kl\dZdijZ\behkh\iZ^ZxlkgZa\Zgbyfb
khhl\_lkl\mxsboobfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\gZijbf_jeblbc[hjk_jZ
Bkdexq_gb_khklZ\eyxlm]e_jh^gZa\Zgbyijhkluo\_s_kl\dhlhjh
]h –ZefZa]jZnbldZj[bgnmee_j_gZlZd`_ZeehljhigZyfh^bnbdZ
pbydbkehjh^Z–hahg
Keh`gu_g_hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\ZihkhklZ\mih^jZa^_eyxlkygZ
^\mowe_f_glgu_[bgZjgu_bfgh]hwe_f_glgu_kh_^bg_gby
Kh]eZkghijbgpbimkbkl_fZlbq_kdhcghf_gdeZlmjuobfbq_kdZy
nhjfmeZkeh`gh]h \_s_kl\ZjZa^_ey_lkygZmkeh\gh we_dljhiheh`b
l_evgmxbmkeh\ghwe_dljhhljbpZl_evgmxkhklZ\eyxsb_I_j\Zykh
klZ\eyxsZyklZ\blky\nhjfme_ke_\ZZ\lhjZy–kijZ\Z
32
GZa\Zgb_keh`gh]h\_s_kl\ZqblZ_lkykijZ\ZgZe_\hl_\gZqZ
e_ gZau\Z_lky _]h we_dljhhljbpZl_evgZy khklZ\eyxsZy \ bf_gbl_ev
ghfiZ^_`_ZaZl_fwe_dljhiheh`bl_evgZy\jh^bl_evghfiZ^_`_
;bgZjgu_kh_^bg_gby
GZa\Zgby[bgZjguokh_^bg_gbch[jZamxlkybaeZlbgkdh]hdhjgy
gZa\Zgby [he__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgh]h we_f_glZ k kmnnbdkhf-b^- b
jmkkdh]h gZa\Zgby f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgh]h we_f_glZ \ jh^b
l_evghf iZ^_`_ ?keb f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evguc we_f_gl fh`_l
gZoh^blvky \ jZaebqguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby lh kl_i_gv hdbke_gby
mdZau\Z_lky\kdh[dZojbfkdbfbpbnjZfb
=Zeh]_gb^u: NaCl – oehjb^ gZljby+, –bh^b^\h^hjh^Z2)
2
–
nlhjb^dbkehjh^Z,,)H%U
2
–
[jhfb^`_e_aZ,,
Hdkb^u
Al
2
O
3
–
hdkb^ Zexfbgby 3
4
O
10
–
hdkb^ nhknhjZ9
KH – hdkb^ m]e_jh^Z ,, )H
2
O
3
– hdkb^ `_e_aZ ,,, Hdkb^u kh^_j
`Zsb_]jmiimZlhfh\2
−
2
2
(–H–H–gZau\Zxlkyi_jhdkb^ZfbG
2
H
2
–
i_jhdkb^\h^hjh^Z<ZH
2
–i_jhdkb^[Zjby
OZevdh]_gb^u(kmevnb^uk_e_gb^ul_eemjb^u): CuS –kmevnb^
f_^b,,&X
2
6_
–
k_e_gb^f_^b,1D
2
Te –
l_eemjb^gZljby
:gZeh]bqgh gZau\Zxlky b ^jm]b_ [bgZjgu_ kh_^bg_gby gZijb
f_jnhknb^ulbiZ&D
3
P
2
;
dZj[b^u
– CaC
2
;
]b^jb^u
– MgH
2
b^jm]b_
Bkdexq_gb_fbamdZaZgguoijZ\bey\eyxlky\h^hjh^gu_kh_^b
g_gbyg_f_lZeeh\ ijhy\eyxsb_k\hckl\ZdbkehlBogZa\Zgbyh[jZ
amxlkyihijZ\beZfijbgyluf^eydbkehlkfgb`_
LjZ^bpbhgghd[bgZjgufkh_^bg_gbyfhlghkyl\_s_kl\Zbf_x
sb_\k\h_fkhklZ\_djhf_Zlhfh\dZdh]heb[hwe_f_glZbhggu_ijh
-
ba\h^gu_ \h^hjh^guo kh_^bg_gbc ZahlZ 1+
4
+
–
Zffhgbc 1+
4
Cl –
oehjb^ Zffhgby 1+
−
2
–
Zfb^ .1+
2
–
Zfb^ dZeby 1+
2–
–
bfb^
Na
2
NH –
bfb^gZljby
D ik_\^h[bgZjguf kh_^bg_gbyf hlghkyl _s_ jy^ \_s_kl\ kh
^_j`Zsbomklhcqb\u_]jmiibjh\dbZlhfh\jZaguowe_f_glh\gZijb
f_jpbZgb^
-
bhgu
– CN
Ø\bkfmlbe
– BiO
+
klb[be
– SbO
+
.
Ih nmgdpbhgZevguf ijbagZdZf [hevrbgkl\h mdZaZgguo [bgZj
guokh_^bg_gbcy\eyxlkykheyfbbebkhe_ih^h[gufbkh_^bg_gbyfb
djhf_hdkb^guob\h^hjh^guokh_^bg_gbc
Hdkb^u ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ g_khe_h[jZamxsb_[_ajZaebqgu_ b
khe_h[jZamxsb_G_khe_h[jZamxsb_hdkb^ug_\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlgbk
dbkehlZfbgbkhkgh\Zgbyfb
CO, NO, N
2
2Khe_h[jZamxsb_hdkb
^u^_eylkygZhkgh\gu_dbkehlgu_bZfnhl_jgu_
.
33
Fgh]hwe_f_glgu_kh_^bg_gby
D wlhfm lbim g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ hlghkblky [hevrbgkl\h
kh_^bg_gbcdhlhju_bf_xl\k\h_fkhklZ\_we_dljhhljbpZl_evgu_b
we_dljhiheh`bl_evgu_khklZ\eyxsb_kh^_j`Zsb_[he__h^gh]hwe_
f_glZ
Hkgh\Zgby Hkgh\Zgbyfb gZau\Zxlky keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Z kh
klhysb_baZlhfh\f_lZeeZbh^ghcbebg_kdhevdbo]b^jhdkh]jmii
Hgb y\eyxlky l\_j^ufb djbklZeebq_kdbfb \_s_kl\Zfb Hkgh\
gh_obfbq_kdh_k\hckl\hhkgh\Zgbc–kihkh[ghklv\aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlv
k dbkehlZfb bdbkehlgufb hdkb^Zfb k h[jZah\Zgb_fkhe_c Hkgh\Z
gbys_ehqguo/L1D.5E&Vbs_ehqgha_f_evguof_lZeeh\&D
6U%DjZkl\hjbfu\\h^_bgZau\Zxlkys_ehqZfbKbkl_fZlbq_kdb_
gZa\Zgbywlh]hlbiZkh_^bg_gbckhklhylbakeh\Z]b^jhdkb^bgZa\Z
gbywe_f_glZ\jh^bl_evghfiZ^_`_kmdZaZgb_f_]hkl_i_gbhdbke_
gby_kebwlhg_h[oh^bfh
LiOH –]b^jhdkb^eblby <ZHG
2
–]b^jhdkb^[Zjby
Fe(OH)
3
– ]b^jhdkb^`_e_aZ(III); Re(OH)
4
–]b^jhdkb^j_gby(IV).
DbkehluWlhkeh`gu_\_s_kl\Zkhklhysb_badbkehlguohklZl
dh\bh^gh]hbebg_kdhevdboZlhfh\\h^hjh^Zkihkh[guoaZf_sZlvky
gZZlhfuf_lZeeh\
Dbkehlu\_kvfZjZaghh[jZagudZdihZ]j_]Zlghfmkhklhygbx]Z
ahh[jZagu_ `b^db_ l\_j^u_ lZd b ih nbabdh-obfbq_kdbf k\hckl
\Zf ;hevrbgkl\h dbkehl ohjhrhjZkl\hjbfh\ \h^_ Bo\Z`g_cr__
obfbq_kdh_ k\hckl\h – kihkh[ghklv h[jZah\u\Zlv kheb ijb \aZbfh
^_ckl\bbkhkgh\Zgbyfbbhkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfb
Qbkeh Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z \ fhe_dme_ dbkehlu kihkh[guo aZf_
sZlvkygZf_lZeegZau\Z_lkyhkgh\ghklvxdbkehlu. HNO
3
–h^ghhk
gh\gZy+
2
SO
4
–^\mohkgh\gZy+
3
PO
4
–lj_ohkgh\gZy+
4
P
2
O
7
–q_lu
j_ohkgh\gZy&+
3
COOH –h^ghhkgh\gZydbkehlu
G_hj]Zgbq_kdb_dbkehlu^_eylkygZkh^_j`Zsb_dbkehjh^hdkh
dbkehlulbiZ+
n
W2
m
b[_kdbkehjh^gu_lbiZG
n
X
m
]^_W–dbkehlh
h[jZamxsbcwe_f_glO –Zlhfu]Zeh]_gh\oZevdh]_gh\bg_dhlhjuo
^jm]bowe_f_glh\nbm –dhebq_kl\hkhhl\_lkl\mxsboZlhfh\
Ijh^mdluaZf_s_gby\fhe_dmeZohdkhdbkehlZlhfh\dbkehjh^Z
gZ]jmiim–H–H–gZau\Zxlkyi_jhdkhdbkehlZfb(H
2
SO
5
Zijh^mdlu
aZf_s_gbydbkehjh^ZgZZlhfuk_ju– lbhdbkehlZfb(H
3
PS
4
).
LjZ^bpbhggh_gZa\Zgb_hdkhdbkehlukhklhblba^\mokeh\–ijb
eZ]Zl_evgh]h hl dhjgy gZa\Zgby dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ b
]jmiih\h]hkeh\Z©dbkehlZªgZijbf_jk_jgZydbkehlZ[hjgZydbkeh
34
lZ?kebwe_f_glh[jZam_lg_kdhevdhdbkehllhjZaebqb_f_`^mgbfb
j_]mebjm_lky k ihfhsvx kmnnbdkh\ ijbkh_^bgy_fuo d dhjgx jmk
kdh]hgZa\Zgbywe_f_glZ-
g
-, -
\
-beb-
_\
-ijb\ukr_cbeb_^bgkl\_g
ghckl_i_gbhdbke_gbyb-
h\
-, -
bkl
-, -
gh\Zl
-, -
gh\Zlbkl
-ijbijhf_
`mlhqguobgbarbokl_i_gyohdbke_gby
Khebij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcijh^mdluaZf_s_gbyZlhfh\\h^hjh^Z\
dbkehl_gZf_lZeebeb]jmiiuHG
–
\hkgh\ZgbbgZdbkehlguchklZlhd
< aZ\bkbfhklb hlkl_i_gb aZf_s_gbybhgZ \h^hjh^Z\ dbkehlZo
bebHG
–
]jmiiu\hkgh\Zgbyoh[jZamxsb_kykhebdeZkkbnbpbjmxlky
gZdbkeu_kheb]b^jhkheblbiZ1D+62
3
, Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, kj_^gb_ihegh_
aZf_s_gb_GbHGlbiZ)H
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Na
2
CO
3
bhkgó\gu_]b^jhdkhkh
eblbiZ)H2+&O&X2+
2
CO
3
.
JZaebqZxllZd`_^\hcgu_khebh[jZah\Zggu_^\mfyf_lZeeZfbb
h^gbfdbkehlgufhklZldhf.$O62
4
)
2
, KCr(SO
4
)
2
), kf_rZggu_h[jZ
ah\Zggu_ h^gbf f_lZeehf b ^\mfy dbkehlgufb hklZldZfb &D&O2&O
beb&D2&O
2
6U+6&O b dhfie_dkgu_ kheb >$J1+
3
)
2
]ClO
4
,
K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]).
;hevrbgkl\h g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo khe_c ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc kh_^b
g_gbykbhgghcdjbklZeebq_kdhckljmdlmjhcbhlghkbl_evgh\ukhdb
fbl_fi_jZlmjZfbieZ\e_gbybdbi_gbyFgh]b_khebohjhrhjZkl\h
jbfu\\h^_
LjZ^bpbhggu_gZa\Zgbykhe_ckhklZ\eyxlkybagZa\ZgbcZgbhgh\
\bf_gbl_evghfiZ^_`_bgZa\ZgbcdZlbhgh\\jh^bl_evghfiZ^_`_
GZa\Zgb_ZgbhgZ\dexqZ_ldhj_gvjmkkdh]hbebeZlbgkdh]hgZa\Zgby
dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ k ^h[Z\e_gb_f kmnnbdkZ khhl\_lkl
\mxs_]hlhcbebbghckl_i_gbhdbke_gbywe_f_glZ
?keb dbkehlhh[jZamxsbc we_f_gl bf__l lhevdh h^gm kl_i_gv
hdbke_gbylh^h[Z\ey_lkykmnnbdk-
Zl
-
:
Na
2
CO
3
–
dZj[hgZlgZljby
K
2
SiO
3
–
kbebdZldZeby
?kebdbkehlhh[jZamxsbcwe_f_glbf__l^\_kl_i_gbhdbke_gby
lh ijb \ukr_c kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ^h[Z\ey_lky kmnnbdk
-
Zl
-
Z ijb
gbar_c
-
bl
-
:
CaSO
4
–
kmevnZldZevpby
MgSO
3
–
kmevnblfZ]gby
IjbgZebqbbZgbhgh\khhl\_lkl\mxsboq_luj_fkl_i_gyfhdbk
e_gby dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ bo gZa\Zgbyh[jZamxlkylZdbf
h[jZahf ^ey h[hagZq_gby \ukr_c kl_i_gb hdbke_gby bkihevamxlky
ijbklZ\dZ
i_j
-bkmnnbdk
-
Zl
:
KBr
+7
O
4
–
i_j[jhfZldZeby
35
aZl_f\ihjy^d_mf_gvr_gbykl_i_g_chdbke_gby[_aijbklZ\dbkmn-
nbdk-
Zl
:
KBr
+5
O
3
–[jhfZldZeby
kmnnbdk-
bl
: KBr
+3
O
2
–[jhfbldZeby
^eygZbf_gvr_ciheh`bl_evghckl_i_gbhdbke_gby–ijbklZ\dZ–
]b
ih
-bkmnnbdk-
bl
:
KBr
+1
O – ]bih[jhfbldZeby
Ijbihkljh_gbbljZ^bpbhgguogZa\Zgbcdbkeuokhe_cdgZa\Zgbx
ZgbhgZkj_^g_ckheb^h[Z\ey_lkyijbklZ\dZ
]b^jh
-
bqbkeh\ZyijbklZ\
dZ_kebdhebq_kl\hZlhfh\\h^hjh^Z\Zgbhg_[hevr__^bgbpu
DGKH
3
– ]b^jhdZj[hgZldZeby
Fe(H
2
PO
4
)
2
– ^b]b^jhnhknZl`_e_aZII).
=b^jhdkhkheb ljZ^bpbhggh gZau\Zxl ^h[Z\e_gb_f d gZa\Zgbx
dZlbhgZijbklZ\db
]b^jhdkh
-:
(CuOH)
2
CO
3
–dZj[hgZl]b^jhdkhf_^bII);
Al(OH)
2
NO
3
–gbljZl^b]b^jhdkhZexfbgbybl^
GZa\Zgby ^\hcguo b kf_rZgguo khe_c kljhylky h[uqguf h[jZ
ahf ?^bgkl\_ggZy hkh[_gghklv ijb ibkvf_gghcaZibkb – wlhihklZ
gh\dZ^_nbkZ^eyjZa^_e_gby^\hcghcqZklbdZlbhgZbebZgbhgZ
^\hcgu_kheb KCr(SO
4
)
2
–kmevnZlojhfZIIIdZeby;
kf_rZggu_kheb Ca(ClO)Cl – oehjb^-]bihoehjbldZevpby
AlNO
3
SO
4
– kmevnZl-gbljZlZexfbgby
LjZ^bpbhggu_ gZa\Zgby kj_^gbo khe_c gZb[he__ mihlj_[bl_ev-
guohdkhdbkehlijb\_^_gugb`_
;hjgZy
H
3
BO
3
;hjZlu
M]hevgZy
H
2
CO
3
DZj[hgZlu
F_lZdj_fgb_\Zy
H
2
SiO
3
F_lZkbebdZlu
Hjlhdj_fgb_\Zy
H
4
SiO
4
HjlhkbebdZlu
Furvydh\Zy
H
3
AsO
4
:jk_gZlu
Furvydh\bklZy
H
3
AsO
3
:jk_gblu
NhknhjgZy
H
3
PO
4
NhknZlu
>bnhknhjgZy
H
4
P
2
O
7
>bnhknZlu
NhknhjbklZy
H
3
PO
3
Nhknblu
36
Nhknhjgh\ZlbklZy H
3
PO
2
=bihnhknblu
:ahlgZy HNO
3
GbljZlu
:ahlbklZy HNO
2
Gbljblu
Ojhfh\Zy H
2
CrO
4
OjhfZlu
>bojhfh\Zy H
2
Cr
2
O
7
>bojhfZlu
K_jgZy H
2
SO
4
KmevnZlu
K_jgbklZy H
2
SO
3
Kmevnblu
FZj]Zgph\Zy HMnO
4
I_jfZg]ZgZlu
FZj]Zgph\bklZy H
2
MnO
4
FZg]ZgZlu
Oehjgh\ZlbklZy HClO =bihoehjblu
OehjbklZy HClO
2
Oehjblu
Oehjgh\ZlZy HClO
3
OehjZlu
OehjgZy HClO
4
I_joehjZlu
AZ^Zqb^eyj_r_gby
76. GZibkZlv nhjfmeu hdkb^h\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo mdZaZgguf
]b^jhdkb^Zf+
4
SiO
4
, Cu(OH)
2
, H
3
AsO
3
, H
6
TeO
6
, Fe(OH)
3
.
77. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckihfhsvxdhlhjuofh`ghhkms_
kl\blvij_\jZs_gby
Z) Ba :%D2:%D&O
2
:%D12
3
)
2
:%D62
4
;
[) Mg :0J62
4
:0J2+
2
:0JO :0J&O
2
.
78. DZdb_bamdZaZgguo]Zah\\klmiZxl\obfbq_kdh_\aZbfh^_ckl\b_
kjZkl\hjhfs_ehqb+&O+
2
S, NO
2
, N
2
, Cl
2
, CH
4
, SO
2
, NH
3
"GZib
kZlvmjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
79. DZdb_ khebfh`ghihemqblvbf_y\k\h_fjZkihjy`_gbb&X62
4
,
AgNO
3
, K
3
PO
4
, BaCl
2
"GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcbgZa\Zlvih
emq_ggu_kheb
80. KdZdbfbai_j_qbke_gguogb`_\_s_kl\[m^_lj_Z]bjh\Zlvkhey
gZydbkehlZ<
2
O
3
, Zn(OH)
2
, CaO, AgNO
3
, SiO
2
, H
3
PO
4
"KhklZ\blv
mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
81. DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo \_s_kl\ j_Z]bjmxl k ]b^jhdkb^hf gZljby
HNO
3
, CaO, CO
2
, CuSO
4
, Cd(OH)
2
, P
4
O
10
"KhklZ\blvmjZ\g_gbyj_
Zdpbc
82. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc k\b^_l_evkl\mxsbo h[ hkgh\guo
k\hckl\Zo)H2&V
2
O, HgO, Bi
2
O
3
.
37
83. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc^hdZau\Zxsb_dbkehlgucoZjZdl_j
SeO
2
, SO
3
, Mn
2
O
7
, P
4
O
6
, CrO
3
.
84. GZah\bl_ kheb: SbCl
2
NO
3
, (Fe(OH)
2
)
2
CrO
4
, (AlOH)SO
4
, Cd(HS)
2
,
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
85. GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc h[jZah\Zgby0J
2
P
2
O
7
, Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
,
Mg(ClO
4
)
2
, Ba(NO
3
)
2
\j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\by
Zhkgh\gh]hbdbkehlgh]hhdkb^h\
[hkgh\Zgbybdbkehlgh]hhdkb^Z
\hkgh\gh]hhdkb^Zbdbkehlu
]hkgh\Zgbybdbkehlu
86. GZa\Zlv kheb =Q&+
3
COO)
2
, NaH
2
SbO
4
, K
2
H
2
P
2
O
7
, Al(OH)
2
NO
3
,
Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
, Ba(HSO
3
)
2
, CrOHSO
4
, NaHS.
87.
Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju hdkb^h\ dhlhju_ ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb k \h
^hc h[jZamxl ^\_ dbkehlu DZd \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k jZkl\hjhf
]b^jhdkb^ZdZevpby1
2
O
3
; N
2
O
5
; NO
2
?
88.
Hkms_kl\bl_ ij_\jZs_gby q_j_a ijhf_`mlhqguc ijh^mdl
FeCl
3
:
Fe
2
O
3
; Al(CH
3
COO)
3
:
Al
2
O
3
; CuSO
4
:
CuO; MnBr
2
:
MnO.
DZdfh`gh^eyh^gh]hblh]h`_we_f_glZbah^gh]hhdkb^Zihem
qblv^jm]hcgZijbf_j&X2ba&X
2
O
)H2ba)H
2
O
3
; P
4
O
10
ba3
4
O
6
;
0Q2ba0Q
2
O
7
; NO
2
ba12"
89.
GZdZdhfjZaebqbb\k\hckl\Zofh`_l[ulvhkgh\ZghjZa^_e_gb_
ke_^mxsbohdkb^h\%D2b0J23E2b=Q26L2
2
b1D
2
20Q2b
=Q2)H2b6L2
2
?
90.
Q_fhij_^_ey_lkyhkgh\ghklvdbkehl"Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_judbkehl
jZaghchkgh\ghklbbgZibrbl_bo]jZnbq_kdb_nhjfmeuDZdke_
^m_ljZkkfZljb\Zlvkljh_gb_fhe_dmeunhknhjbklhcdbkehlubk
oh^ybolh]hqlhhgZ\_^_lk_[ylhevdhdZd^\mohkgh\gZy"
91.
GZ ijbf_j_ f_lZ
-
hjlh
-
ihebnhknhjguo dbkehl ihdZ`bl_ q_f
hlebqZxlkywlbnhjfmeu^jm]hl^jm]ZbijbdZdbomkeh\byoijh
bkoh^ylbo\aZbfhij_\jZs_gby"
92.
DZdb_ kh_^bg_gbyh[jZamxlky ijbl_jfbq_kdhfjZaeh`_gbb ke_
^mxsbo dbkehl beb ^_ckl\bb gZ gbo \h^hhlgbfZxsbo kj_^kl\
HNO
2
; HClO; H
3
PO
3
; H
2
WO
4
; H
3
AsO
4
; HBO
2
; H
2
B
4
O
7
; HAsO
3
;
H
2
S
3
O
10
?
93.
KdZdbfbbai_j_qbke_gguo\_s_kl\\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lkheygZydb
kehlZ&D21
2
O
3
; AgNO
3
; SO
3
; Pb(NO
3
)
2
; CuSO
4
; FeS; FeO; Cu; Zn?
94.
Hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZdZdh]h]b^jhdkb^Z\ujZ`_gukbevg__bihq_
fm $V2+
3
beb %L2+
3
; Sn(OH)
2
beb 6Q2+
4
; Fe(OH)
2
beb
Fe(OH)
3
; Ba(OH)
2
beb%H2+
2
?
38
95. Hij_^_ebl_fZkkm]b^jhdkb^ZgZljbydhlhjucfh`_l[ulvihem
q_gbafhjkdhckhebfZkkhclijbmkeh\bbqlhfZkkh\Zy^hey
oehjb^ZgZljby\g_ckhklZ\ey_l
96. GZc^bl_ fZkkh\mx ^hex ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby ij_\jZlb\r_]hky \
dZj[hgZlaZkq_lih]ehs_gby&2
2
\ha^moZ_kebfZkkZ]b^jhdkb^Z
\hajhkeZk^h]Q_fmjZ\_gh[t_fgmih]ehs_ggh]h
ijbwlhfKH
2
?
97. <dZdhf h[t_fghfhlghr_gbb^he`gu[ulvkf_rZgujZkl\hju
G
3
JH
4
b1D2+ h^bgZdh\hcfheyjghcdhgp_gljZpbb^eyihemq_
gby]b^jh-b^b]b^jhnhknZlZgZljby"
98. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc dhlhju_ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh ijhl_
dZxlijbihkl_i_gghf^h[Z\e_gbb
Z1D2+djZkl\hjm]b^jhkmevnZlZpbgdZ
[k_jghcdbkehludk\_`_hkZ`^_gghfm]b^jhdkb^mZexfbgby
99. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijbihfhsbdhlhjuoi_j_qbke_g
gu_ gb`_ kheb fh]ml [ulv i_j_\_^_gu \ kj_^gb_ &X2+
2
SO
4
,
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
, [Al(OH)
2
]
2
SO
4
, [Cr(OH)
2
]
2
SO
4
, FeOHSO
4
, (BiOH)SO
4
.
100. DZdb_ ba khe_c <ZClNO
3
, KNa
2
PO
4
, Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
, (BiO)
2
SO
4
,
Fe(OH)
2
NO
3
\aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k Z H
2
SO
4
[ NaOH" GZah\bl_
bkoh^gu_ kheb b ijh^mdlu \hafh`guo j_Zdpbc gZibrbl_ bo
]jZnbq_kdb_nhjfmeu
101. DZdbfbkihkh[Zfbfh`ghihemqblvbah^ghckheb^jm]mx
Z) Pb(NO
3
)
2
:3E62
4
, [) CuCl
2
:&X62
4
,
\) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
:)H&O
3
, ]) K
2
CrO
4
:%D&U2
4
,
^) NaAlO
2
:$O
2
(SO
4
)
3
, _) BaCO
3
:%D&O
2
?
102. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcdhlhju_ijhl_dZxl\\h^ghfjZk
l\hj_f_`^m)H6b+&O&X2+
2
CO
3
b+
2
SO
4
, Ca(HCO
3
)
2
b1D2+
NaHSO
4
b1+
3
, Al(H
2
PO
4
)
3
b&D2+
2
.
103. L_jfbq_kdbfjZaeh`_gb_fdZdbokhe_cfh`ghihemqblvljbhd
kb^Z\jZaguoZ]j_]Zlguokhklhygbyo"
104. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcdhlhju_ijhl_dZxl\\h^ghfjZk
l\hj_ f_`^m ke_^mxsbfb \_s_kl\Zfb &D2+
2
b12
2
; NH
3
b
SO
2
; CaCl
2
b1D
2
HPO
4
; H
2
SO
4
b )H2+62
4
; CaHAsO
3
b %D2+
2
;
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
b&D2+
2
; KAl(SO
4
)
2
b.2+1+
4
Cr(SO
4
)
2
b%D&O
2
.
105. Ijb ihfhsb dZdbo j_Zdpbcfh`gh hkms_kl\blvke_^mxsb_i_
j_oh^uhlh^gh]h\_s_kl\Zd^jm]hfm
Z) KAl(SO
4
)
2
:$O&O
3
:$O
2
O
3
;
[) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
:)H12
3
SO
4
:)H&O
3
:)H
2
O
3
;
\) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
:)H
2
O
3
:)H2:1+
4
)
2
Fe(SO
4
)
2
:)H&O
3
;
]) Fe :)H&O
2
:)H&O
3
:)H2+62
4
:)H&O62
4
:)H
2
O
3
:)H
^) Zn :=Q6:=Q2:=Q2+
2
SO
4
:=Q&O
2
:=Q
39
= E : < : ,,,
WG?J=?LBD:OBFBQ?KDBOJ?:DPBC
L_jfh^bgZfbdZ
bamqZ_laZdhghf_jghklbh[f_gZwg_j]b_cf_`^m
kbkl_fhcb\g_rg_ckj_^hc\hafh`ghklvgZijZ\e_gb_bij_^_eukZ
fhijhba\hevgh]hijhl_dZgbyobfbq_kdboijhp_kkh\
Kbkl_fZ
– kh\hdmighklv \_s_kl\ beb qZklbp hl^_e_gguo hl
\g_rg_c kj_^u JZaebqZxl ]hfh]_ggu_ b ]_l_jh]_ggu_kbkl_fu
=h
fh]_ggu_
kbkl_fu khklhyl ba h^ghc nZau
]_l_jh]_ggu_
kbkl_fu –
ba ^\mo beb [he__ nZa
NZaZ
– wlh qZklv kbkl_fu h^ghjh^gZy \h
\k_o__lhqdZoihobfbq_kdhfmkhklZ\mbk\hckl\Zfbhl^_e_ggZyhl
^jm]bonZakbkl_fuih\_joghklvxjZa^_eZ
Obfbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky hij_^_e_ggufb
iZjZf_l
jZfb
.
D iZjZf_ljZf kbkl_fu hlghkylky l_fi_jZlmjZ L ^Z\e_gb_ j,
h[t_fVfZkkZmbdhgp_gljZpbyk
L_jfh^bgZfbq_kdh_khklhygb_kbkl_fuhibku\Z_lky
nmgdpbyfb
khklhygby
dhlhju_ h^ghagZqgh hij_^_eyxlky q_j_a iZjZf_lju kh
klhygby j, V b L Baf_g_gb_ ohly [u h^gh]hba gbo \e_q_l aZkh[hc
baf_g_gb_\k_onmgdpbckhklhygbykbkl_fuIhke_^gb_g_aZ\bkylhl
imlbb\j_f_gbijhp_kkZijb\h^ysbokbkl_fm\^Zggh_khklhygb_D
nmgdpbyf khklhygbygZau\Z_fuo lZd`_ l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdbfb ih
l_gpbZeZfbhlghkylky
U –\gmlj_ggyywg_j]by
G –wglZeviby
S –wgljhiby
G –wg_j]by=b[[kZk\h[h^gZywg_j]by
<gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by kbkl_fu
U
– wlh __ ihegZy wg_j]by kh
klhysZy badbg_lbq_kdhc b ihl_gpbZevghcwg_j]bb \k_o qZklbp kbk
l_fufhe_dme Zlhfh\ y^_j we_dljhgh\ Ihkdhevdm iheguc mq_l
\k_o khklZ\eyxsbo g_\hafh`_g ihwlhfm ijb l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdhf
bamq_gbb kbkl_fu ^hklZlhqgh agZlv ebrv baf_g_gb_ __ \gmlj_gg_c
wg_j]bbijbi_j_oh^_bah^gh]hkhklhygbyU
1
\^jm]h_U
2
):
∆
U = U
2
– U
1
.
;hevrbgkl\h obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbc b^_l ijbihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb
(bah[Zjgu_ ijhp_kku b kbkl_fZ fh`_l h[f_gb\Zlvky wg_j]b_cl_ieh-
lhc4khdjm`Zxs_ckj_^hcbkh\_jrZlvjZ[hlm:ijhlb\kbe\g_rg_-
]h^Z\e_gbybebgZh[hjhlgZ^kbkl_fhcfh`_l[ulvkh\_jr_gZjZ[hlZ
∆
U =
Q
+
A
.
40
<h[s_f\b^_jZ[hlZ
A = p(V
2
–V
1
) = p
∆
V.
?keb gZ^ kbkl_fhc kh\_jrZ_lky jZ[hlZ lh hgZ kqblZ_lky iheh
`bl_evghc Z _keb kbkl_fZ kZfZ kh\_jrZ_l jZ[hlm lh lZdZy jZ[hlZ
kqblZ_lkyhljbpZl_evghc:
A = –p
∆
V.
Ihwlhfm\gZr_fkemqZ_j = const):
∆
U = Q
p
– p
∆
V
beb
U
2
– U
1
= Q – p(V
2
– V
1
),
hldm^Z
Q
p
= (U
2
+ pV
2
) – (U
1
+ pV
1
).
Nmgdpby U + pV h[hagZq_ggZy q_j_a G gZau\Z_lky
wglZevib_c
.
WglZeviby_klvnmgdpbykhklhygbybbf__ljZaf_jghklvwg_j]bbd>`
Q
p
= H
2
– H
1
=
∆
H.
L_ieh\hc wnn_dl j_Zdpbb ijbihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb bl_fi_jZ
lmj_khhl\_lkl\m_lbaf_g_gbxwglZevibbkbkl_fu\oh^_j_ZdpbbHg
aZ\bkblhlijbjh^uj_Z]_glh\bijh^mdlh\bonbabq_kdh]hkhklhygby
mkeh\bcL, j ijh\_^_gby j_Zdpbb Z lZd`_ hl dhebq_kl\Z \_s_kl\
mqZkl\mxsbo\j_Zdpbb
H[uqgh l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb_ \_ebqbgu hij_^_eyxl ijb klZg
^Zjlguo mkeh\byo: j dIZbL D K
KlZg^ZjlgZywglZevibyj_Zdpbbh[jZah\Zgbyfhev^Zggh]h\_s_
kl\Z ba ijhkluo \_s_kl\ gZoh^ysboky \ klZg^Zjlguo khklhygbyo gZ-
au\Z_lkyklZg^ZjlghcwglZevib_ch[jZah\Zgbywlh]h\_s_kl\ZgZijbf_j
∆
f
H
0
298
(CO
2
) = – d>`fhev
∆
f
H
0
298
(HgO) = –90,9 d>`fhev Wg
lZevibyh[jZah\Zgbyijhkluo\_s_kl\\klZg^Zjlghfkhklhygbbijb
gbfZ_lkyjZ\ghc.
Obfbq_kdb_mjZ\g_gby\dhlhjuomdZaZgubaf_g_gbywglZevibb
l_ieh\u_wnn_dluj_ZdpbcgZau\Zxlkyl_jfhobfbq_kdbfb mjZ\g_
gbyfb:
K
H
→
KH ;
∆
G
0
298
= –d>`
beb
K
H
→
KH d>`
?keb\j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbbl_iehlZ\u^_ey_lkyQ > lhwglZeviby
kbkl_fuihgb`Z_lkyûH < LZdZyj_ZdpbygZau\Z_lkywdahl_jfbq_k-