Bhushan B. Nanotribology and Nanomechanics: An Introduction

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

504 Marina Ruths and Jacob N. Israelachvili

130. J. Marra: Direct measurement of the interaction between phosphatidylglycerol bilayers

in aqueous-electrolyte solutions, Biophys. J. 50, 815–825 (1986)

131. B. Jönsson, H. Wennerström: Ion–ion correlations in liquid dispersions, J. Adh. 80,

339–364 (2004)

132. R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachvili: Direct measurement of structural forces between two

surfaces in a nonpolar liquid, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 1400–1411 (1981)

133. H.K. Christenson, D.W.R. Gruen, R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachvili: Structuring in liquid

alkanes between solid surfaces: Force measurements and mean-ﬁeld theory, J. Chem.

Phys. 87, 1834–1841 (1987)

134. M.L. Gee, J.N. Israelachvili: Interactions of surfactant monolayers across hydrocarbon

liquids, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 4049–4058 (1990)

135. J.N. Israelachvili, S.J. Kott, M.L. Gee, T.A. Witten: Forces between mica surfaces

across hydrocarbon liquids: Eﬀects of branching and polydispersity, Macromolecules

22, 4247–4253 (1989)

136. I.K. Snook, W. van Megen: Solvation forces in simple dense ﬂuids I, J. Chem. Phys.

72, 2907–2913 (1980)

137. W.J. van Megen, I.K. Snook: Solvation forces in simple dense ﬂuids II. Eﬀect of chem-

ical potential, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 1409–1411 (1981)

138. R. Kjellander, S. Marcelja: Perturbation of hydrogen bonding in water near polar sur-

faces, Chem. Phys. Lett. 120, 393–396 (1985)

139. P. Tarazona, L. Vicente: A model for the density oscillations in liquids between solid

walls, Mol. Phys. 56, 557–572 (1985)

140. D. Henderson, M. Lozada-Cassou: A simple theory for the force between spheres im-

mersed in a ﬂuid, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 114, 180–183 (1986)

141. J.E. Curry, J.H. Cushman: Structure in conﬁned ﬂuids: Phase separation of binary sim-

ple liquid mixtures, Tribol. Lett. 4, 129–136 (1998)

142. M. Schoen, T. Gruhn, D.J. Diestler: Solvation forces in thin ﬁlms conﬁned between

macroscopically curved substrates, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 301–311 (1998)

143. F. Porcheron, B. Rousseau, M. Schoen, A.H. Fuchs: Structure and solvation forces in

conﬁned alkane ﬁlms, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 3, 1155–1159 (2001)

144. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, U. Landman: Layering transitions and dynamics of conﬁned

liquid ﬁlms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 705–708 (1997)

145. H.K. Christenson: Forces between solid surfaces in a binary mixture of non-polar liq-

uids, Chem. Phys. Lett. 118, 455–458 (1985)

146. H.K. Christenson, R.G. Horn: Solvation forces measured in non-aqueous liquids,

Chem. Scr. 25, 37–41 (1985)

147. J. Israelachvili: Solvation forces and liquid structure, as probed by direct force meas-

urements, Acc. Chem. Res. 20, 415–421 (1987)

148. H.K. Christenson: Non-DLVO forces between surfaces – solvation, hydration and cap-

illary eﬀects, J. Disp. Sci. Technol. 9, 171–206 (1988)

149. V. Franz, H.-J. Butt: Conﬁned liquids: Solvation forces in liquid alcohols between solid

surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 1703–1708 (2002)

150. L.J.D. Frink, F. van Swol: Solvation forces between rough surfaces, J. Chem. Phys.

108, 5588–5598 (1998)

151. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, U. Landman: Structures, solvation forces and shear of molecular

ﬁlms in a rough nano-conﬁnement, Tribol. Lett. 9, 3–13 (2000)

152. H.E. Stanley, J. Teixeira: Interpretation of the unusual behavior of H

OandD

Oatlow

temperatures: Tests of a percolation model, J. Chem. Phys. 73, 3404–3422 (1980)

153. H. van Olphen: An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York

1977) Chap.10

9 Surface Forces and Nanorheology of Molecularly Thin Films 505

154. N. Alcantar, J. Israelachvili, J. Boles: Forces and ionic transport between mica surfaces:

Implications for pressure solution, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 1289–1304

(2003)

155. U. Del Pennino, E. Mazzega, S. Valeri, A. Alietti, M.F. Brigatti, L. Poppi: Interlayer

water and swelling properties of monoionic montmorillonites, J. Colloid Interface Sci.

84, 301–309 (1981)

156. B.E. Viani, P.F. Low, C.B. Roth: Direct measurement of the relation between interlayer

force and interlayer distance in the swelling ofmontmorillonite, J. ColloidInterface Sci.

96, 229–244 (1983)

157. R.G. Horn: Surface forces and their action in ceramic materials, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

73, 1117–1135 (1990)

158. B.V. Velamakanni, J.C. Chang, F.F. Lange, D.S. Pearson: New method for eﬃcient col-

loidal particle packing via modulation of repulsive lubricating hydration forces, Lang-

muir 6, 1323–1325 (1990)

159. R.R. Lessard, S.A. Zieminski: Bubble coalescence and gas transfer in aqueous elec-

trolytic solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 10, 260–269 (1971)

160. J. Israelachvili, R. Pashley: The hydrophobic interaction is long range, decaying expo-

nentially with distance, Nature 300, 341–342 (1982)

161. R.M. Pashley, P.M. McGuiggan, B.W. Ninham, D.F. Evans: Attractive forces between

uncharged hydrophobic surfaces: Direct measurements in aqueous solutions, Science

229, 1088–1089 (1985)

162. P.M. Claesson, C.E. Blom, P.C. Herder, B.W. Ninham: Interactions between water-

stable hydrophobic Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers on mica, J. Colloid Interface Sci.

114, 234–242 (1986)

163. Ya.I. Rabinovich, B.V. Derjaguin: Interaction of hydrophobized ﬁlaments in aqueous

electrolyte solutions, Colloids Surf. 30, 243–251 (1988)

164. J.L. Parker, D.L. Cho, P.M. Claesson: Plasma modiﬁcation of mica: Forces between

ﬂuorocarbon surfaces in water and a nonpolar liquid, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 6121–6125

(1989)

165. H.K. Christenson, J. Fang, B.W. Ninham, J.L. Parker: Eﬀect of divalent electrolyte on

the hydrophobic attraction, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8004–8006 (1990)

166. K. Kurihara, S. Kato, T. Kunitake: Very strong long range attractive forces between

stable hydrophobic monolayers of a polymerized ammonium surfactant, Chem. Lett.

19, 1555–1558 (1990)

167. Y.H. Tsao, D.F. Evans, H. Wennerstrom: Long-range attractive force between hy-

drophobic surfaces observed by atomic force microscopy, Science 262, 547–550 (1993)

168. Ya.I. Rabinovich, R.-H. Yoon: Use of atomic force microscope for the measurements

of hydrophobic forces between silanated silica plate and glass sphere, Langmuir 10,

1903–1909 (1994)

169. V.S.J. Craig, B.W. Ninham, R.M. Pashley: Study of the long-range hydrophobic attrac-

tion in concentrated salt solutions and its implications for electrostatic models, Lang-

muir 14, 3326–3332 (1998)

170. P. Kékicheﬀ, O. Spalla: Long-range electrostatic attraction between similar, charge-

neutral walls, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1851–1854 (1995)

171. H.K. Christenson, P.M. Claesson: Direct measurements of the force between hydropho-

bic surfaces in water, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 91, 391–436 (2001)

172. P. Attard: Nanobubbles and the hydrophobic attraction, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 104,

75–91 (2003)

173. J.L. Parker, P.M. Claesson, P. Attard: Bubbles, cavities, and the long-ranged attraction

between hydrophobic surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 8468–8480 (1994)

506 Marina Ruths and Jacob N. Israelachvili

174. T. Ederth, B. Liedberg: Inﬂuence of wetting properties on the long-range “hydrophobic”

interaction between self-assembled alkylthiolate monolayers, Langmuir 16, 2177–2184

(2000)

175. S. Ohnishi, V.V. Yaminsky, H.K. Christenson: Measurements of the force between

ﬂuorocarbon monolayer surfaces in air and water, Langmuir 16, 8360–8367 (2000)

176. Q. Lin, E.E. Meyer, M. Tadmor, J.N. Israelachvili, T.L. Kuhl: Measurement of the

long- and short-range hydrophobic attraction between surfactant-coated surfaces, Lang-

muir 21, 251–255 (2005)

177. E.E. Meyer, Q. Lin, J.N. Israelachvili: Eﬀects of dissolved gas on the hydrophobic

attraction between surfactant-coated surfaces, Langmuir 21, 256–259 (2005)

178. E.E. Meyer, Q. Lin, T. Hassenkam, E. Oroudjev, J. Israelachvili: Origin of the long-

range attraction between surfactant-coated surfaces, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 102,

6839–6842 (2005)

179. M. Hato: Attractive forces between surfaces of controlled “hydrophobicity” across wa-

ter: A possible range of “hydrophobic interactions” between macroscopic hydrophobic

surfaces across water, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 18530–18538 (1996)

180. H.K. Christenson, V.V. Yaminsky: Is long-range hydrophobic attraction related to the

mobility of hydrophobic surface groups?, Colloids Surf. A 129-130, 67–74 (1997)

181. H.K. Christenson, P.M. Claesson, J. Berg, P.C. Herder: Forces between ﬂuorocarbon

surfactant monolayers: Salt eﬀects on the hydrophobic interaction, J. Phys. Chem. 93,

1472–1478 (1989)

182. N.I. Christou, J.S. Whitehouse, D. Nicholson, N.G. Parsonage: A Monte Carlo study of

ﬂuid water in contact with structureless walls, Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc. 16, 139–149

(1981)

183. B. Jönsson: Monte Carlo simulations of liquid water between two rigid walls, Chem.

Phys. Lett. 82, 520–525 (1981)

184. S. Marcelja, D.J. Mitchell, B.W. Ninham, M.J. Sculley: Role of solvent structure in

solution theory, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II 73, 630–648 (1977)

185. D.W.R. Gruen, S. Marcelja: Spatially varying polarization in water: A model for the

electric double layer and the hydration force, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 79, 225–

242 (1983)

186. B. Jönsson, H. Wennerström: Image-charge forces in phospholipid bilayer systems,

J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 79, 19–35 (1983)

187. D. Schiby, E. Ruckenstein: The role of the polarization layers in hydration forces,

Chem.Phys.Lett.95, 435–438 (1983)

188. A. Luzar, D. Bratko, L. Blum: Monte Carlo simulation of hydrophobic interaction,

J. Chem. Phys. 86, 2955–2959 (1987)

189. P. Attard, M.T. Batchelor: A mechanism for the hydration force demonstrated in

a model system, Chem. Phys. Lett. 149, 206–211 (1988)

190. J. Forsman, C.E. Woodward, B. Jönsson: Repulsive hydration forces and attractive hy-

drophobic forces in a uniﬁed picture, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 195, 264–266 (1997)

191. E. Ruckenstein, M. Manciu: The coupling between the hydration and double layer in-

teractions, Langmuir 18, 7584–7593 (2002)

192. K. Leung, A. Luzar: Dynamics of capillary evaporation. II. Free energy barriers,

J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5845–5852 (2000)

193. D. Bratko, R.A. Curtis, H.W. Blanch, J.M. Prausnitz: Interaction between hydrophobic

surfaces with metastable intervening liquid, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3873–3877 (2001)

194. J.R. Grigera, S.G. Kalko, J. Fischbarg: Wall–water interface. A molecular dynamics

study, Langmuir 12

, 154–158 (1996)

9 Surface Forces and Nanorheology of Molecularly Thin Films 507

195. M. Mao, J. Zhang, R.-H. Yoon, W.A. Ducker: Is there a thin ﬁlm of air at the inter-

face between water and smooth hydrophobic solids?, Langmuir 20, 1843–1849 (2004).

Erratum: Langmuir 20 4310 (2004)

196. Y. Zhu, S. Granick: Rate-dependent slip of Newtonian liquid at smooth surfaces, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 87, 096105/1–4 (2001)

197. D. Andrienko, B. Dunweg, O.I. Vinogradova: Boundary slip as a result of a prewetting

transition, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 13106–13112 (2003)

198. P.G. de Gennes: Polymers at an interface. 2. Interaction between two plates carrying

adsorbed polymer layers, Macromolecules 15, 492–500 (1982)

199. J.M.H.M. Scheutjens, G.J. Fleer: Interaction between two adsorbed polymer layers,

Macromolecules 18, 1882–1900 (1985)

200. E.A. Evans: Force between surfaces that conﬁne a polymer solution: Derivation from

self-consistent ﬁeld theories, Macromolecules 22, 2277–2286 (1989)

201. H.J. Ploehn: Compression of polymer interphases, Macromolecules 27, 1627–1636

(1994)

202. J. Ennis, B. Jönsson: Interactions between surfaces in the presence of ideal adsorbing

block copolymers, J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 2248–2255 (1999)

203. H.J. Taunton, C. Toprakcioglu, L.J. Fetters, J. Klein: Interactions between sur-

faces bearing end-adsorbed chains in a good solvent, Macromolecules 23, 571–580

(1990)

204. J. Klein, P. Luckham: Forces between two adsorbed poly(ethylene oxide) layers im-

mersed in a good aqueous solvent, Nature 300, 429–431 (1982)

205. J. Klein, P.F. Luckham: Long-range attractive forces between two mica surfaces in an

aqueous polymer solution, Nature 308, 836–837 (1984)

206. P.F. Luckham, J. Klein: Forces between mica surfaces bearing adsorbed homopolymers

in good solvents, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86, 1363–1368 (1990)

207. S. Asakura, F. Oosawa: Interaction between particles suspended in solutions of macro-

molecules, J. Polym. Sci. 33, 183–192 (1958)

208. J.F. Joanny, L. Leibler, P.G. de Gennes: Eﬀects of polymer solutions on colloid stabil-

ity, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 17, 1073–1084 (1979)

209. B. Vincent, P.F. Luckham, F.A. Waite: The eﬀect of free polymer on the stability of

sterically stabilized dispersions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 73, 508–521 (1980)

210. R.I. Feigin, D.H. Napper: Stabilization of colloids by free polymer, J. Colloid Interface

Sci. 74, 567–571 (1980)

211. P.G. de Gennes: Polymer solutions near an interface. 1. Adsorption and depletion lay-

ers, Macromolecules 14, 1637–1644 (1981)

212. G.J. Fleer, R. Tuinier: Concentration and solvency eﬀects on polymer depletion and the

resulting pair interaction of colloidal particles in a solution of non-adsorbing polymer,

Polymer Prepr. 46, 366 (2005)

213. P.G. de Gennes: Polymers at an interface; a simpliﬁed view, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.

27, 189–209 (1987)

214. S. Alexander: Adsorption of chain molecules with a polar head. A scaling description,

J. Phys. (France) 38, 983–987 (1977)

215. P.G. de Gennes: Conformations of polymers attached to an interface, Macromolecules

13, 1069–1075 (1980)

216. S.T. Milner, T.A. Witten, M.E. Cates: Theory of the grafted polymer brush, Macro-

molecul

es 21, 2610–2619 (1988)

217. S.T. Milner, T.A. Witten, M.E. Cates: Eﬀects of polydispersity in the end-grafted poly-

mer brush, Macromolecules 22, 853–861 (1989)

508 Marina Ruths and Jacob N. Israelachvili

218. E.B. Zhulina, O.V. Borisov, V.A. Priamitsyn: Theory of steric stabilization of colloid

dispersions by grafted polymers, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 137, 495–511 (1990)

219. J. Klein, E. Kumacheva, D. Mahalu, D. Perahia, L.J. Fetters: Reduction of frictional

forces between solid surfaces bearing polymer brushes, Nature 370, 634–636 (1994)

220. D. Goodman, J.N. Kizhakkedathu, D.E. Brooks: Evaluation of an atomic force mi-

croscopy pull-oﬀ method for measuring molecular weight and polydispersity of poly-

mer brushes: Eﬀect of grafting density, Langmuir 20, 6238–6245 (2004)

221. T.J. McIntosh, A.D. Magid, S.A. Simon: Range of the solvation pressure between lipid

membranes: Dependence on the packing density ofsolvent molecules, Biochemistry 28,

7904–7912 (1989)

222. P.K.T. Persson, B.A. Bergenståhl: Repulsive forces in lecithin glycol lamellar phases,

Biophys. J. 47, 743–746 (1985)

223. J.N. Israelachvili, H. Wennerström: Hydration or steric forces between amphiphilic

surfaces?, Langmuir 6, 873–876 (1990)

224. J.N. Israelachvili, H. Wennerström: Entropic forces between amphiphilic surfaces in

liquids, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 520–531 (1992)

225. M.K. Granfeldt, S.J. Miklavic: A simulation study of ﬂexible zwitterionic monolay-

ers. Interlayer interaction and headgroup conformation, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 6351–6360

(1991)

226. G. Pabst, J. Katsaras, V.A. Raghunathan: Enhancement of steric repulsion with temper-

ature in oriented lipid multilayers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 128101/1–4 (2002)

227. L.R. Fisher, J.N. Israelachvili: Direct measurements of the eﬀect of meniscus forces on

adhesion: A study of the applicability of macroscopic thermodynamics to microscopic

liquid interfaces, Colloids Surf. 3, 303–319 (1981)

228. H.K. Christenson: Adhesion between surfaces in unsaturated vapors – a reexamination

of the inﬂuence of meniscus curvature and surface forces, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 121,

170–178 (1988)

229. H. Hertz: Über die Berührung fester elastischer Körper, J. Reine Angew. Math. 92,

156–171 (1881)

230. H.M. Pollock, D. Maugis, M. Barquins: The force of adhesion between solid surfaces

in contact, Appl. Phys. Lett. 33, 798–799 (1978)

231. B.V. Derjaguin, V.M. Muller, Yu.P. Toporov: Eﬀect of contact deformations on the

adhesion of particles, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 53, 314–326 (1975)

232. V.M. Muller, V.S. Yushchenko, B.V. Derjaguin: On the inﬂuence of molecular forces

on the deformation of an elastic sphere and its sticking to a rigid plane, J. Colloid

Interface Sci. 77, 91–101 (1980)

233. V.M. Muller, B.V. Derjaguin, Y.P. Toporov: On 2 methods of calculation of the force

of sticking of an elastic sphere to a rigid plane, Colloids Surf. 7, 251–259 (1983)

234. D. Tabor: Surface forces and surface interactions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 58, 2–13

(1977)

235. D. Maugis: Adhesion of spheres: The JKR–DMT transition using a Dugdale model,

J. Colloid Interface Sci. 150, 243–269 (1992)

236. R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachvili, F. Pribac: Measurement of the deformation and adhesion

of solids in contact, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 115,

480–492 (1987)

237. V. Mangipudi, M. Tirrell, A.V. Pocius: Direct measurement of molecular level adhesion

between poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polyethylene ﬁlms: Determination of surface

and interfacial energies, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 8, 1251–1270 (1994)

238. H.K. Christenson: Surface deformations in direct force measurements, Langmuir 12,

1404–1405 (1996)

9 Surface Forces and Nanorheology of Molecularly Thin Films 509

239. M. Barquins, D. Maugis: Fracture mechanics and the adherence of viscoelastic bodies,

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 11, 1989–2023 (1978)

240. I. Sridhar, K.L. Johnson, N.A. Fleck: Adhesion mechanics of the surface force appara-

tus, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30, 1710–1719 (1997)

241. I. Sridhar, Z.W. Zheng, K.L. Johnson: A detailed analysis of adhesion mechanics be-

tween a compliant elastic coating and a spherical probe, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37,

2886–2895 (2004)

242. P.M. McGuiggan, J. Israelachvili: Measurements of the eﬀects of angular lattice mis-

match on the adhesion energy between two mica surfaces in water, Mat. Res. Soc.

Symp. Proc. 138, 349–360 (1989)

243. J.A. Greenwood, J.B.P. Williamson: Contact of nominally ﬂat surfaces, Proc. R. Soc.

London A 295, 300–319 (1966)

244. B.N.J. Persson: Elastoplastic contact between randomly rough surfaces, Phys. Rev.

Lett. 87, 116101/1–4 (2001)

245. F.P. Bowden, D. Tabor: An Introduction to Tribology (Anchor/Doubleday, Garden City

1973)

246. D. Maugis, H.M. Pollock: Surface forces, deformation and adherence at metal micro-

contacts, Acta Metallurgica 32, 1323–1334 (1984)

247. K.N.G. Fuller, D. Tabor: The eﬀect of surface roughness on the adhesion of elastic

solids, Proc. R. Soc. London A 345, 327–342 (1975)

248. D. Maugis: On the contact and adhesion of rough surfaces, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 10,

161–175 (1996)

249. B.N.J. Persson, E. Tosatti: The eﬀect of surface roughness on the adhesion of elastic

solids, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 5597–5610 (2001)

250. H.-C. Kim, T.P. Russell: Contact of elastic solids with rough surfaces, J. Polym. Sci.

Polym. Phys. 39, 1848–1854 (2001)

251. P.M. McGuiggan, J.N. Israelachvili: Adhesion and short-range forces between sur-

faces. Part II: Eﬀects of surface lattice mismatch, J. Mater. Res. 5, 2232–2243 (1990)

252. C.L. Rhykerd, Jr., M. Schoen, D.J. Diestler, J.H. Cushman: Epitaxy in simple classical

ﬂuids in micropores and near-solid surfaces, Nature 330, 461–463 (1987)

253. M. Schoen, D.J. Diestler, J.H. Cushman: Fluids in micropores. I. Structure of a simple

classical ﬂuid in a slit-pore, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 5464–5476 (1987)

254. M. Schoen, C.L. Rhykerd, Jr., D.J. Diestler, J.H. Cushman: Shear forces in molecularly

thin ﬁlms, Science 245, 1223–1225 (1989)

255. P.A. Thompson, M.O. Robbins: Origin of stick–slip motion in boundary lubrication,

Science 250, 792–794 (1990)

256. K.K. Han, J.H. Cushman, D.J. Diestler: Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of

a Stockmayer ﬂuid in a slit micropore, Mol. Phys. 79, 537–545 (1993)

257. M. Ruths, S. Granick: Inﬂuence of alignment of crystalline conﬁning surfaces on static

forces and shear in a liquid crystal, 4



-n-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), Langmuir 16,

8368–8376 (2000)

258. A.D. Berman: Dynamics of molecules at surfaces. Ph.D. Thesis (Univ. of California,

Santa Barbara 1996)

259. E. Barthel, S. Roux: Velocity dependent adherence: An analytical approach for the JKR

and DMT models, Langmuir 16, 8134–8138 (2000)

260. M. Ruths, S. Granick: Rate-dependent adhesion between polymer and surfactant mono-

layers on elastic substrates, Langmuir 14, 1804–1814 (1998)

261. H. Yoshizawa, Y.L. Chen, J. Israelachvili: Fundamental mechanisms of interfacial fric-

tion. 1: Relation between adhesion and friction, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 4128–4140 (1993)

510 Marina Ruths and Jacob N. Israelachvili

262. N. Maeda, N. Chen, M. Tirrell, J.N. Israelachvili: Adhesion and friction mechanisms

of polymer-on-polymer surfaces, Science 297, 379–382 (2002)

263. F.P. Bowden, D. Tabor: The Friction and Lubrication of Solids (Clarendon, London

1971)

264. J.A. Greenwood, K.L. Johnson: The mechanics of adhesion of viscoelastic solids, Phil.

Mag. A 43, 697–711 (1981)

265. D. Maugis: Subcritical crack growth, surface energy, fracture toughness, stick–slip and

embrittlement, J. Mater. Sci. 20, 3041–3073 (1985)

266. F. Michel, M.E.R. Shanahan: Kinetics of the JKR experiment, C. R. Acad. Sci. II

(Paris) 310, 17–20 (1990)

267. C.A. Miller, P. Neogi: Interfacial Phenomena: Equilibrium and Dynamic Eﬀects

(Dekker, New York 1985)

268. J. Israelachvili, A. Berman: Irreversibility, energy dissipation, and time eﬀects in inter-

molecular and surface interactions, Israel J. Chem. 35, 85–91 (1995)

269. A.N. Gent, A.J. Kinloch: Adhesion of viscoelastic materials to rigid substrates. III. En-

ergy criterion for failure, J. Polym. Sci. A-2 9, 659–668 (1971)

270. A.N. Gent: Adhesion and strength of viscoelastic solids. Is there a relationship between

adhesion and bulk properties?, Langmuir 12, 4492–4496 (1996)

271. H.R. Brown: The adhesion between polymers, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 21, 463–489

(1991)

272. M. Deruelle, M. Tirrell, Y. Marciano, H. Hervet, L. Léger: Adhesion energy between

polymer networks and solid surfacesmodiﬁed by polymer attachment, Faraday Discuss.

98, 55–65 (1995)

273. S. Granick: Motions and relaxations of conﬁned liquids, Science 253, 1374–1379

(1991)

274. H.W. Hu, S. Granick: Viscoelastic dynamics of conﬁned polymer melts, Science 258,

1339–1342 (1992)

275. M.L. Gee, P.M. McGuiggan, J.N. Israelachvili, A.M. Homola: Liquid to solidlike tran-

sitions of molecularly thin ﬁlms under shear, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 1895–1906 (1990)

276. J. Van Alsten, S. Granick: The origin of static friction in ultrathin liquid ﬁlms, Langmuir

6, 876–880 (1990)

277. H.-W. Hu, G.A. Carson, S. Granick: Relaxation time of conﬁned liquids under shear,

Phys.Rev.Lett.66, 2758–2761 (1991)

278. J. Israelachvili, M. Gee, P. McGuiggan, P. Thompson, M. Robbins: Melting–freezing

transitions in molecularly thin liquid ﬁlms during shear, Fall Meeting of the Mater. Res.

Soc., Boston, MA. 1990, ed. by J.M. Drake, J. Klafter, R. Kopelman (MRS Publica-

tions, Pittsburgh, PA 1990) 3–6

279. J. Israelachvili, P. McGuiggan, M. Gee, A. Homola, M. Robbins, P. Thompson: Liquid

dynamics in molecularly thin ﬁlms, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2, SA89–SA98 (1990)

280. J. Klein, E. Kumacheva: Conﬁnement-induced phase transitions in simple liquids, Sci-

ence 269, 816–819 (1995)

281. A.L. Demirel, S. Granick: Glasslike transition of a conﬁned simple ﬂuid, Phys. Rev.

Lett. 77, 2261–2264 (1996)

282. D. Dowson: History of Tribology, 2nd edn. (Professional Engineering Publishing, Lon-

don 1998)

283. A. Berman, C. Drummond, J. Israelachvili: Amontons’ law at the molecular level, Tri-

bol. Lett. 4,

95–101 (1998)

284. M. Ruths: Boundary friction of aromatic self-assembled monolayers: Comparison of

systems with one or both sliding surfaces covered with a thiol monolayer, Langmuir

19, 6788–6795 (2003)

9 Surface Forces and Nanorheology of Molecularly Thin Films 511

285. D. Gourdon, J.N. Israelachvili: Transitions between smooth and complex stick-slip

sliding of surfaces, Phys. Rev. E 68, 021602/1–10 (2003)

286. M. Ruths, N.A. Alcantar, J.N. Israelachvili: Boundary friction of aromatic silane self-

assembled monolayers measured with the surface forces apparatus and friction force

microscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 11149–11157 (2003)

287. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, D. Gourdon, M. Ruths, J.N. Israelachvili, U. Landman: Fric-

tional forces and Amontons’ law: From the molecular to the macroscopic scale, J.Phys.

Chem. B 108, 3410–3425 (2004)

288. D. Tabor: The role of surface and intermolecular forces in thin ﬁlm lubrication, Tribol.

Ser. 7, 651–682 (1982)

289. M.J. Sutcliﬀe, S.R. Taylor, A. Cameron: Molecular asperity theory of boundary fric-

tion, Wear 51, 181–192 (1978)

290. G.M. McClelland: Friction at weakly interacting interfaces. In: Adhesion and Friction,

ed. by M. Grunze, H.J. Kreuzer (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989) pp.1–16

291. D.H. Buckley: The metal-to-metal interface and its eﬀect on adhesion and friction,

J. Colloid Interface Sci. 58, 36–53 (1977)

292. J.N. Israelachvili, Y.-L. Chen, H. Yoshizawa: Relationship between adhesion and fric-

tion forces, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 8, 1231–1249 (1994)

293. J.-C. Géminard, W. Losert, J.P. Gollub: Frictional mechanics of wet granular material,

Phys.Rev.E59, 5881–5890 (1999)

294. R.G. Cain, N.W. Page, S. Biggs: Microscopic and macroscopic aspects of stick–slip

motion in granular shear, Phys. Rev. E 64, 016413/1–8 (2001)

295. V. Zaloj, M. Urbakh, J. Klafter: Modifying friction by manipulating normal response to

lateral motion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4823–4826 (1999)

296. A. Dhinojwala, S.C. Bae, S. Granick: Shear-induced dilation of conﬁned liquid ﬁlms,

Tribol. Lett. 9, 55–62 (2000)

297. L.M. Qian, G. Luengo, E. Perez: Thermally activated lubrication with alkanes: The

eﬀect of chain length, Europhys. Lett. 61, 268–274 (2003)

298. B.J. Briscoe, D.C.B. Evans, D. Tabor: The inﬂuence of contact pressure and saponi-

ﬁcation on the sliding behavior of steric acid monolayers, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 61,

9–13 (1977)

299. M. Urbakh, L. Daikhin, J. Klafter: Dynamics of conﬁned liquids under shear, Phys.

Rev. E 51, 2137–2141 (1995)

300. M.G. Rozman, M. Urbakh, J. Klafter: Origin of stick–slip motion in a driven two-wave

potential, Phys. Rev. E 54, 6485–6494 (1996)

301. M.G. Rozman, M. Urbakh, J. Klafter: Stick–slip dynamics as a probe of frictional

forces, Europhys. Lett. 39, 183–188 (1997)

302. M. Urbakh, J. Klafter, D. Gourdon, J. Israelachvili: The nonlinear nature of friction,

Nature 430, 525–528 (2004)

303. B.V. Derjaguin: Molekulartheorie der äußeren Reibung, Z. Physik 88, 661–675 (1934)

304. B.V. Derjaguin: Mechanical properties of the boundary lubrication layer, Wear 128,

19–27 (1988)

305. B.J. Briscoe, D.C.B. Evans: The shear properties of Langmuir–Blodgett layers, Proc.

R. Soc. London A 380,

389

–407 (1982)

306. P.F. Luckham, S. Manimaaran: Investigating adsorbed polymer layer behaviour using

dynamic surface force apparatuses – a review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 73, 1–46

(1997)

307. A. Berman, J. Israelachvili: Control and minimization of friction via surface modiﬁcat-

ion, NATO ASI Ser. E: Appl. Sci. 330, 317–329 (1997)

512 Marina Ruths and Jacob N. Israelachvili

308. A.M. Homola, J.N. Israelachvili, P.M. McGuiggan, M.L. Gee: Fundamental exper-

imental studies in tribology: The transition from “interfacial” friction of undamaged

molecularly smooth surfaces to “normal” friction with wear, Wear 136, 65–83 (1990)

309. S. Yamada, J. Israelachvili: Friction and adhesion hysteresis of ﬂuorocarbon surfac-

tant monolayer-coated surfaces measured with the surface forces apparatus, J. Phys.

Chem. B 102, 234–244 (1998)

310. G. Luengo, S.E. Campbell, V.I. Srdanov, F. Wudl, J.N. Israelachvili: Direct measure-

ment of the adhesion and friction of smooth C

surfaces, Chem. Mater. 9, 1166–1171

(1997)

311. L. Rapoport, Y. Bilik, Y. Feldman, M. Homyonfer, S.R. Cohen, R. Tenne: Hollow

nanoparticles of WS

as potential solid-state lubricants, Nature 387, 791–793 (1997)

312. J. Israelachvili, Y.-L. Chen, H. Yoshizawa: Relationship between adhesion and friction

forces. In: Fundamentals of Adhesion and Interfaces, ed. by D.S. Rimai, L.P. DeMejo,

K.L. Mittal (VSP, Utrecht, The Netherlands 1995) pp.261–279

313. U. Raviv, S. Perkin, P. Laurat, J. Klein: Fluidity of water conﬁned down to subnanome-

ter ﬁlms, Langmuir 20, 5322–5332 (2004)

314. P. Berthoud, T. Baumberger, C. G’Sell, J.M. Hiver: Physical analysis of the state- and

rate-dependent friction law: Static friction, Phys. Rev. B 59, 14313–14327 (1999)

315. G. He, M. Müser, M. Robbins: Adsorbed layers and the origin of static friction, Science

284, 1650–1652 (1999)

316. M.H. Müser, L. Wenning, M.O. Robbins: Simple microscopic theory of Amontons’s

laws for static friction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1295–1298 (2001)

317. B. Luan, M.O. Robbins: The breakdown of continuum models for mechanical contacts,

Nature 435, 929–932 (2005)

318. A. Berman, S. Steinberg, S. Campbell, A. Ulman, J. Israelachvili: Controlled microtri-

bology of a metal oxide surface, Tribol. Lett. 4, 43–48 (1998)

319. D.Y.C. Chan, R.G. Horn: The drainage of thin liquid ﬁlms between solid surfaces,

J. Chem. Phys. 83, 5311–5324 (1985)

320. J.N. Israelachvili, S.J. Kott: Shear properties and structure of simple liquids in molec-

ularly thin ﬁlms: The transition from bulk (continuum) to molecular behavior with de-

creasing ﬁlm thickness, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 129, 461–467 (1989)

321. T.L. Kuhl, A.D. Berman, S.W. Hui, J.N. Israelachvili: Part 1: Direct measurement of

depletion attraction and thin ﬁlm viscosity between lipid bilayers in aqueous polyethy-

lene glycol solutions, Macromolecules 31, 8250–8257 (1998)

322. S.E. Campbell, G.Luengo, V.I. Srdanov, F. Wudl,J.N.Israelachvili: Very lowviscosity

at the solid–liquid interface induced by adsorbed C

monolayers, Nature 382, 520–522

(1996)

323. J. Klein, Y. Kamiyama, H. Yoshizawa, J.N. Israelachvili, G.H. Fredrickson, P. Pin-

cus, L.J. Fetters: Lubrication forces between surfaces bearing polymer brushes, Macro-

molecules 26, 5552–5560 (1993)

324. E. Kumacheva, J. Klein: Simple liquids conﬁned to molecularly thin layers. II. Shear

and frictional behavior of solidiﬁed ﬁlms, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 7010–7022 (1998)

325. G. Luengo, J. Israelachvili, A. Dhinojwala, S. Granick: Generalized eﬀects in conﬁned

ﬂuids: New friction map for boundary lubrication, Wear 200, 328–335 (1996) Erratum.

Wear 205 (1997) 246

326. P.A. Thompson, G.S. Grest, M.O. Robbins: Phase transitions and universal dynamics

in conﬁned ﬁlms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3448–3451 (1992)

327. Y. Rabin, I. Hersht: Thin liquid layers in shear: Non-Newtonian eﬀects, Physica A 200,

708–712 (1993)

9 Surface Forces and Nanorheology of Molecularly Thin Films 513

328. P.A. Thompson, M.O. Robbins, G.S. Grest: Structure and shear response in nanometer-

thick ﬁlms, Israel J. Chem. 35, 93–106 (1995)

329. M. Urbakh, L. Daikhin, J. Klafter: Sheared liquids in the nanoscale range, J. Chem.

Phys. 103, 10707–10713 (1995)

330. A. Subbotin, A. Semenov, E. Manias, G. Hadziioannou, G.ten Brinke: Rheology of

conﬁned polymer melts under shear ﬂow: Strong adsorption limit, Macromolecules 28,

1511–1515 (1995)

331. A. Subbotin, A. Semenov, E. Manias, G. Hadziioannou, G. ten Brinke: Rheology of

conﬁned polymer melts under shear ﬂow: Weak adsorption limit, Macromolecules 28,

3901–3903 (1995)

332. J. Huh, A. Balazs: Behavior of conﬁned telechelic chains under shear, J. Chem. Phys.

113, 2025–2031 (2000)

333. H. Xie, K. Song, D.J. Mann, W.L. Hase: Temperature gradients and frictional energy

dissipation in the sliding of hydroxylated α-alumina surfaces, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

4, 5377–5385 (2002)

334. U. Landman, W.D. Luedtke, A. Nitzan: Dynamics of tip-substrate interactions in

atomic force microscopy, Surf. Sci. 210, L177–L184 (1989)

335. J.N. Israelachvili, P.M. McGuiggan, A.M. Homola: Dynamic properties of molecularly

thin liquid ﬁlms, Science 240, 189–191 (1988)

336. A.M. Homola, H.V. Nguyen, G. Hadziioannou: Inﬂuence of monomer architecture on

the shear properties of molecularly thin polymer melts, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 2346–2351

(1991)

337. M. Schoen, S. Hess, D.J. Diestler: Rheological properties of conﬁned thin ﬁlms, Phys.

Rev. E 52, 2587–2602 (1995)

338. M. Heuberger, C. Drummond, J. Israelachvili: Coupling of normal and transverse mo-

tions during frictional sliding, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 5038–5041 (1998)

339. G.M. McClelland, S.R. Cohen: Chemistryand Physicsof Solid Surfaces VIII (Springer,

Berlin, Heidelberg 1990) pp.419–445

340. E. Gnecco, R. Bennewitz, T. Gyalog, E. Meyer: Friction experiments on the nanometre

scale, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 13, R619–R642 (2001)

341. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, U. Landman: Friction control in thin-ﬁlm lubrication, J. Phys.

Chem. B 102, 5033–5037 (1998)

342. C. Drummond, J. Elezgaray, P. Richetti: Behavior of adhesive boundary lubricated sur-

faces under shear: A new dynamic transition, Europhys. Lett. 58, 503–509 (2002)

343. A.E. Filippov, J. Klafter, M. Urbakh: Inverted stick–slip friction: What is the mecha-

nism?, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 6871–6874 (2002)

344. C. Drummond, J. Israelachvili: Dynamic behavior of conﬁned branched hydrocarbon

lubricant ﬂuids under shear, Macromolecules 33, 4910–4920 (2000)

345. C. Drummond, J. Israelachvili: Dynamic phase transitions in conﬁned lubricant ﬂuids

under shear, Phys. Rev. E. 63, 041506/1–11 (2001)

346. J.D. Ferry: Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York 1980)

347. A. Ruina: Slip instability and state variable friction laws, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10359–

10370 (1983)

348. T. Baumberger, P. Berthoud, C. Caroli: Physical analysis of the state- and rate-

dependent friction law. II. Dynamic friction, Phys. Rev. B 60, 3928–3939 (1999)

349. J. Israelachvili, S. Giasson, T. Kuhl, C. Drummond, A. Berman, G. Luengo, J.-M. Pan,

M. Heuberger, W. Ducker, N. Alcantar: Some fundamental diﬀerences

n the adhesion

and friction of rough versus smooth surfaces, Tribol. Ser. 38, 3–12 (2000)

350. E. Rabinowicz: Friction and Wear of Materials, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York 1995)

Chap.4