Bhushan B. Nanotribology and Nanomechanics: An Introduction
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Index 1497
measurement 1312
resistance 1304
test 874
fatty acid monolayer 918
FCA (filtered cathodic arc) 876
coating 863, 872
Fe(NO
3
)
3
127
Fe-coated tip 164
feedback
circuit 50
loop 102, 113, 293, 301, 302, 562
network 40
signal 139
Fermi
level 191
points 201
ferromagnetic
probe 220
tip 223
fetal bovine serum (FBS) 1251
FFM (friction force microscopy) 559
dynamic mode 593
on atomic scale 580
tip 565, 570
FIB (focused ion beam) tips 118
FIB-milled probe 64
fiber-optical interferometer 82
field
effect transistor (FET) 1219
emission tip 122
film
C
60
718
SiC 1231
lubricant 1249
nanoindentation thickness 680
on substrate 1297
PMMA 1257, 1259, 1260
polysilicon 1224, 1231, 1281
substrate interface 1316
surface interface viscosity 708
water 1266
Z-15 1236
Z-DOL (BW) 1235
filtered cathodic arc (FCA) 1245
deposition 849–872
finite element modeling (FEM) 626
first principle calculation 154
first principle simulation 210
first principles, MD simulations 657
FKT (Frenkel–Kontorova–Tomlinson)
model 568
flat punch 624
flexible cantilever 48
flocculation 436
Flory temperature 444
flow
activation energy 965
rate 521
sensors 1280
fluid
low viscosity 521
mechanics 521
multicomponent 521
Newtonian 521
fluorescence
correlation spectroscopy (FCS) 540,
545
fluctuation 540, 549
recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)
540
spectroscopy 539
fluorides 155, 157
fluorinated DLC 904
fluorophore 539
FM (frequency modulation), AFM images
211
FM-AFM 141, 142, 144, 145
focused ion beam (FIB) 45, 64, 118, 617,
643
foil cantilever 114
force
between macroscopic bodies 429, 435
between surfaces in liquids 432
calibration 559
calibration mode 386
calibration plot (FCP) 967
cantilever-based 208
chemical force 210
curve 129
detection 76
electrostatic force 218
indentation 675
long-range 215
magnetic exchange force 223
mapping 301
MD simulations 657
1498 Index
measurement 138
measuring techniques 420, 422, 425
modulation technique 325
repulsive 287
resolution 208, 288
sensing tip 93
sensitivity 285
sensor 48, 142, 563
spectroscopy (FS) 100, 209, 214
undulation 418, 447
van der Waals force 212
force calibration 1236
force field spectroscopy
three-dimensional 217
force spectroscopy (FS) 214, 280, 299
3D-FFS 217
site specific 216
force–distance
curve 57
cycle 288
formate (HCOO
−
) 166
formate-covered surface 168
formation of SAM 915
four-quadrant photodetector 558
Fourier-transform infrared time-resolved
spectroscopy (FTIR-TRS) 538
fracture 635
strength 1318
toughness 863, 864, 867, 869, 881
toughness measurement 1303, 1309
Frank–Read source 633
free surface energy 980
freezing–melting transitions 486, 489
Frenkel–Kontorova–Tomlinson (FKT)
568
frequency
measurement precision 93
modulation (FM) mode 47
modulation SFM (FM-SFM) 181
frequency modulation (FM) 139, 140
friction 38, 312, 330, 356, 540, 557, 655,
688, 845, 937, 1205
anisotropy 572
coefficient 456–459, 466, 469, 471,
474, 479, 489, 493, 495, 690
load dependence 365
control 903
directionality effect 342
effect of humidity on 356
effect of tip on 356
electrification 431
experiments on atomic scale 569
force (FFM) 656
image 573
influence of 1268
kinetic 458, 461, 462, 479, 481, 483,
484, 487–490, 494, 548
loop 566, 569, 588
lubrication 688
map 477, 479, 572
measurement 546, 1240, 1313
measurement methods 66
measuring techniques 424, 425, 466,
477, 480
mechanism 340, 920, 927, 973
metal surface 690
microscale coefficient 1261
molecular dynamics simulation 592
non-contact friction 217
performance 966
relative humidity 1268
SAMs 710
scale dependent 365
Si(100) 1235
Si100 wafer 1264
static 1269
surfaces 688
torque model 1269
velocity effect 1267
friction force 48, 53, 318, 358, 574, 708,
875, 920, 967, 1268, 1269
adhesive 1236
calibration 54, 71
curve 101
decrease of 981
magnitude 69
map 341, 585
mapping 970
microscopy (FFM) 37, 312, 314, 425,
460, 465, 557, 793, 918, 1271
motor 1271
static 1271
friction models
cobblestone model 459, 460, 463
Coulomb model 459
creep model 486
Index 1499
distance-dependent model 486
interlocking asperity model 459
phase transitions model 488–490
rate- and state-dependent 489
rough surfaces model 486
surface topology model 486
velocity-dependent model 487, 490
frictional properties, fullerenes 718
fringe detector 1305
fullerene 844
frictional properties 718
fundamental resonant frequency 78
fused silica 626, 628, 635
g-factor 196
GaAs/AlGaAs
heterostructures 219
gain control circuit 142
gap stability 41
GaP(110) 211
gauge marker 1305
Gd on Nb(110) 203
geometrically necessary dislocations (GND)
797
geometry effects in nanocontacts 582
germanium 637
giant MR (GMR) 1138
glass-transition temperature 457, 471
glassiness 495
GMR (giant magnetic resoanance) 1214
gold 45
coated tip 281
Grahame equation 434
grain
boundary 431, 432, 1316
nanoindentation boundary 669
size 846
graphite 181, 185, 212, 336, 569, 592, 844
(0001) 199
cathode 849
flakes 719
sheets 719
grinding 130
H
2
O 196
H-terminated diamond 693
Hall resistance 219
Hall–Petch behavior 644
Hamaker constant 137, 428, 429, 432,
433, 438, 463, 467, 974
Hamilton–Jacobi Method 144
hard amorphous carbon coatings 848
hardness 323, 854, 857, 863, 864, 1228,
1299
harpooning interaction 418, 431
HDT (hexadecanethiol) 921, 1240, 1267,
1268
head group 914
heavy-ion bombardment 222
Hertz model 618
Hertz-plus-offset relation 584
Hertzian contact model 620
heterodyne interferometer 81
hexadecanethiol (HDT) 921, 1241,
1265–1269, 1279
high-aspect-ratio
MEMS (HARMEMS) 1202, 1283
tips 118, 121
high-definition TV (HDTV) 1211
high-pressure phases, silicon 674
high-resolution
FM-AFM 212
imaging 170
spectroscopy 191
tips 124
high-temperature operation STM 183
high-temperature superconductivity (HTCS)
188, 205, 222
higher orbital tip states 193
highest resolution images 129
highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)
57, 212, 330, 332, 824
Hill coefficient 297
hinged cantilever 1313
homodyne interferometer 80
honeycomb-chained trimer (HCT) 151
Hooke’s law 208, 287
horizontal coupling 43
horizontally arranged nanotube 721
HtBDC (hexa-tert-butyl-decacyclene) on
Cu(110) 189
HTCS (high-temperature superconductivity)
188, 205, 222
Huber-Mises 619
humidity 581
hybrid
1500 Index
continuum-atomistic thermostat 663
nanotube tip fabrication 126
hybridization 154
hydration
forces 418, 426, 438, 440, 447, 465
regulation 441
hydrocarbon 908
precursors 853
saturated 909
unsaturated 909
hydrodynamic
force 419, 425, 521
radius 444
stress 525
hydrofluoric (HF) 903
hydrogen 149
bond network 530
bonding 443, 444
concentrations 859
content 861
end group 917
flow rate 861
termination 150
hydrogen-terminated diamond 682
hydrogenated
carbon 854
coating 854
hydrophilic
SAMs 715
surfaces 419, 441, 442
hydrophobic 1235
attraction 530, 536
coating 1279
force 440, 442
SAMs 715
surface 419, 442, 529, 537
hydrophobicity 1253
hydroxylation 915
hysteresis 96, 129, 141, 182, 221
loop 50, 102
IB (ion beam) coating 885
IBD (ion beam deposition) 849, 851, 876
image
effects 644, 645
processing software 102
topography 48, 168
imaging
bandwidth 59
electronic wave functions 199
in situ sharpening of the tips 41
in-plane stresses nanoindentation 670
InAs 185
InAs(110) 194, 211
indentation 312, 385
creep process 390
depth 387, 863, 869, 1227, 1228
fatigue damage 873
hardness 38, 387
induced compression 873
low-load 1228
rate 673
size 387
size effect (ISE) 634
inelastic tunneling 187, 188
initial contact 633
inkjet printer 1203, 1210
InP(110) 146
instability 141, 145
integrated tip 61, 115
intensity–intensity autocorrelation 546
interaction
force 210
hydrophobic 529
interatomic
attractive force 68
force 48
force constants 138
interaction 1317
spring constant 48
intercalated MoS
2
903
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)
300
intercept length 932
interdiffusion 454
interdigitation 454
interfacial
defects 874
energy (tension) see surface energy
(tension)
force 518
friction see also boundary lubrication,
458–460, 463, 472, 474, 480, 960
stress 881
interferometeric detection sensitivity 84
intermediate or mixed lubrication 456,
457, 477–479
Index 1501
intermittent contact mode 114
intermolecular force 288
internal stress 1300
intraband transitions 194
intrinsic
adhesive force 902
stress 861
iodine 188
iodobenzene 188
ion
correlation forces 418, 434, 437
implantation 1224
plating techniques 848
source 851
ion beam
deposition (IBD) 849, 851
sputtered carbon 851
ionic bond 418
isolated nanotubes 127
itinerant nanotube levels 199
jellium approximation 659
JKR (Johnson–Kendall–Roberts)
model 620
relation 583
theory 449
Joule
dissipation 598
heating 220
jump-to-contact (JC) 139–141, 215, 665
K-shell EELS spectra 856
KBr 156
KBr(100) 572, 590
KCl
0.6
Br
0.4
(001) surface 157
Kelvin
equation 448
probe force microscopy (KPFM) 170,
321
ketones 909
kinetic
friction 458, 461, 462, 479, 481, 483,
484, 487–490, 494, 548
friction ultralow 492
processes 633
knife-edge blocking 98
KOH 45
Kondo
effect 181
temperature 198
lab-on-a-chip 1204, 1215, 1216
laboratory assays 1246
Lamb waves 616
Landau
levels 182, 194, 220
quantization 194
Langevin dynamics approach 661
Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) 533, 688, 960,
1240
deposition 904
Laplace
force 970
pressure 419, 448, 902
laser deflection technique 51
lateral
contact stiffness 557
cracks 617
force 558, 576
force calculation 86
force microscopy (LFM) 37, 165, 314,
425, 557
resolution 41, 48, 282, 316
resonator 1319
spring constant 59, 565
stiffness 100, 120, 587
lattice imaging 48
layered structure, lubricants 724
layers, lubricant 703
Lennard–Jones (LJ) potential 212, 659
leukocyte function-associated antigen-1
(LFA-1) 300
LiF 156
(100) surface 593
lifetime 289
broadening 187, 194
force relation 296
Lifshitz theory 428, 430, 433
lift mode 59, 321
LIGA 1206, 1270, 1283, 1284
technique 741
ligand concentration, effective 292
ligand–receptor interaction 281
light beam deflection galvanometer 84
linear variable differential transformers
(LVDT) 98
linearization, active 98
lipid film 580
1502 Index
liquid 702
helium 182
helium operation STM 183
lubricant 702, 903, 1236, 1272
lubricated surfaces 459, 466, 471, 490
mediated adhesion 902
nitrogen (LN) 183
solid interface 902
vapor interface 902
load
contribution to friction 459, 463, 464
critical 864
dependence of friction 584
load–displacement 390
curve 867, 869
load-carrying capacity 888
load-controlled friction 459, 460, 472, 474
loading curve 629
loading rate 290
local deformation 322, 372
of material 381
local density of states (LDOS) 191
local stiffness 100
London
dispersion interaction 418, 427, 428
penetration depth 203, 222
long-chain hydrocarbon
lubricant 704
long-range
attraction 427, 445
force 141, 156, 215
long-range hydrophobic interaction 518
long-term
measurements 181
stability 180
longitudinal piezo-resistive effect 89
loss modulus 632
lotus 1253
low-cycle fatigue resistance 1312
low-noise measurement 563
low-pressure chemical vapor deposition
(LPCVD) 1281
low-temperature
AFM/STM 49
microscope operation 181
scanning tunneling spectroscopy
(LT-STM) 187
SFM (LT-SFM) 185
SPM (LT-SPM) 180
low-viscosity 526
fluid 544
LPCVD (low-pressure chemical vapor
deposition) 1314
LT-SFM 185
LT-STM 187
lubricant 1213
film 1209, 1249
liquid 1235
MEMS/NEMS 1279
meniscus 963
performance 1236
PFPE 1235
spreading 963
lubricating thin films 702
lubrication
elastohydrodynamic 456, 475, 476, 479
intermediate or mixed 456, 477–479
micromotors 1269
lubrication properties
ceramics 691
polymers 684
LVDT (linear variable differential
transformers) 98
magnetic
disk 889
disk drive 848
head 1204
Ni 205
quantum flux 222
resonance force microscopy (MRFM)
224
storage device 847, 901
tape 344, 382, 960
thin-film head 890
magnetic force 136, 139, 142
gradient 58
microscopy (MFM) 38, 59, 220
magnetically coated tip 301
magnetoresistive (MR) 1138
magnetostatic interaction 220
magnetron sputtered carbon 853
manganites 205
manifold absolute pressure (MAP) 1202
manipulation
individual atoms 188, 218
molecules 188
Index 1503
of individual atoms 38
manually assembled MWNT tips 122
mass of cantilever 46
mass, effective 209
material
lubricants 724
structural 1304
maximum loads, nanoindentation 670
MBI (multiple-beam interferometry) 422
MD simulations 657
constant-NVE 663
mean-field theory 435
measurement of hardness 324
mechanical
coupling 486
dissipation in nanoscopic device 557
relaxation 927
resonance 492
stability
fullerenes 718
mechanical properties 1297
characterization 1318
of DLC coating 875
of nanostructures 741
mechanically cut tips 130
mechanics of cantilevers 74
mechanism-based strain gradient (MSG)
797
melting point of SAM 942
membrane
deflection method 1319
proteins 117
memory distance 485
MEMS 118, 847, 901, 960, 1199–1203,
1206, 1297
applications 1203
devices 1207–1210
Si 1201
technology 1314
MEMS/NEMS lubricant 1279
meniscus
bridge 902, 983
force 974, 1259
formation 1273
of liquid 448, 449
metal
catalyst 124
deposited Si surface 151
evaporated (ME) tape 847
oxide 155, 160
particle (MP) tape 890
porphyrin (Cu–TBPP) 166
tip, deformable 665
metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) 1219
metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) 124
metallic bonding, modeling of materials
658
methylene stretching mode 919
Meyer’s law 642
MFM 180, 220
AM-MFM 220
domain imaging 220
FM-MFM 220
sensitivity 59
vortex imaging 221
MgO(001) 160
mica 57, 547, 571
muscovite 590
surface 575
micro total-analysis system (µTas) 1215
micro-Raman spectroscopy 617
micro/nanoelectromechanical systems
(MEMS/NEMS) 517, 794
microactuator 1208, 1209
microarray 1219
microcantilevers 1204, 1213
microchannel 521
microcomponents 1264
microcontact printing (µCP) 905
microcrystalline graphite 859
microdevice 1301
microelectromechanical system (MEMS)
655, 656
microelectronics 155
microenvironment 544
microfabricated
cantilever 112
microfabricated silicon cantilevers 137
microfabrication 1223
techniques 112
microfriction 341, 1231
microimplants 1245
microindentation 609
microindente 1232
1504 Index
micromachined
notch 1310
polysilicon 1263
silicon 1206
micromachining 1223
bulk 1279
surface 1279
micromanipulators 1203
micromirror 1202, 1275
adhesive force 1275
stuck 1276
micromirror devices (DMD), digital 1203
micromotor
components 1261
lubricated 1271
lubrication 1269
properties 1261
micropatterned SAM 927
micropipette aspiration 425
micropump
diaphragm 1217
diaphragm-type 1216
rotary 1217
valveless 1218
microscale
friction 1225, 1261
material removal 376
scratching 321
wear 321, 374
microscope eigenfrequency 74
microscopic bubbles 532
microscratch 875
microscratching 1231
measurement 373
microsensor, high-temperature 1224
microstrain gauge 1300, 1315
microswitch 1213
microtriboapparatus 1264
microvalve 1208, 1209, 1216
active 1216
cantilever-type 1217
microwear 875, 883, 1231
milligear system 1206
miniaturization 1201
minimal detectable depression 115
misfit angle 569
mismatch of crystalline surfaces 451, 453,
496
mixed lubrication see intermediate or
mixed lubrication
Mn on Nb(110) 203
Mn on W(110) 206
modeling of materials 658
modulus
elastic 625, 863, 864
of elasticity 38, 358
molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE) 1285
chain 913
conformation 963
dynamics (MD) 280
dynamics (MD) calculation 570
dynamics simulation (MDS) 295, 557,
592
interaction 985
recognition force spectroscopy principles
288
resolution 191
scale layer 904
shape 438, 440, 483, 493–495
spring model 920, 927
springs 1240
stiffness 928
translational 517
molecular dynamics (MD) 524, 656
simulation 548
moment of inertia 1308
monohydride 149
monolayer
indentation 682
thickness 932
Monte Carlo simulation 927
MoO
3
nanoparticles 718
MoO
3
(010) 160
MoS
2
friction 571, 574
MOSFET 1219
MRFM 223
magnetic resonance force microscopy
224
single spin detection 223
multilayer 644
thin-film 890
multimode AFM 58
multiple-asperity contact 359
multiple-beam interferometry (MBI) 422
multiplication of dislocations 633
Index 1505
multipole interaction potentials 659
multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) 65,
120, 721
manually assembled tips 122
purified 122
muscovite mica 590
N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 283
n-octadecylmethyl (dimethylamino) silane
(ODDMS) 1241
n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (n-C
18
H
37
SiCl
3
,
OTS) 918
n-octyldimethyl (dimethylamino) silane
(ODMS) 1240
N-succinimidyl-3-(S-acetylthio)propionate
(SATP) 283
Na on Cu (111) 191
NaCl 156
island on Cu(111) 598
NaCl(001) on Cu(111) 156
NaCl(100) 574–576, 585
NaF 156, 571
nanoarray 1204, 1205
nanoasperity 620
nanochannel 1220, 1281
nanochemistry 1201, 1204, 1284
nanocomposite 1285
coating 904
materials 717
nanocrystallites 854
nanodeformation 963, 988
nanoelectronic 1204
nanofabrication 38, 385, 1201
nanofatigue 870
nanofluidic silicon array 1221
nanohardness 620, 861
nanoindentation 608, 609, 624, 664, 862,
1228, 1231, 1299
MD simulations 665
measurement 323
nanoindentation relax, surface atom 668
nanoindenter 741, 881, 1232, 1305
nanomachining 38
nanomagnetism 205
nanomanipulators 1203
nanomembrane 1220
nanometer 655
nanometer-scale
devices 655
electronic devices 717
friction 655
indentation 655
lubrication 655
nanometer-scale friction
ceramics 691
nanometer-scale properties
materials 664
nanomotor 527
nanoparticle 116, 717
tips 718
nanopatterned disks 1214
nanopatterning 1246
nanopositioning 94
nanopump 527
nanorheology 479
nanoscale supramolecular assemblies 170
nanoscale wear 372
Nanoscope I 42
Nanoscope II 529
nanoscratch 377
nanostructures
fabrication 1281
mechanical properties 1297
nanotribological material properties 1232
nanotribology 548, 960
nanotube
AFM tips 125
buckling 121
bundles 720
length 129
surface energy 126
tip fabrication 126
tips, surface growth 126
nanotube-based sensor 1204
native oxide layer 970
Navier–Stokes equations 521
Nb superconductor 193
NbSe
2
203, 587
NC-AFM (noncontact atomic force
microscopy) 208
near-field
scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)
112
technique 209
negative contact forces 712
NEMS 901, 1199–1201, 1204, 1297
Newtonian flow 457, 475, 477, 479
1506 Index
Newtonian fluid 528
Ni(001) tip on Cu(100) 595
Ni(111) tip on Cu(110) 595
NIH3T3 fibroblast 300
NiO 185
NiO(001) 155, 160
NiO(001) surface 163
nitrogenated carbon 854
no-slip boundary condition 518
noble metal surfaces 196
noise 137, 146
electronic 50
external 182
performance 146
source 87
Nomarski interferometer 83
non-Newtonian flow 456, 457, 475–477,
479
non-wetting 442
nonconducting film 851
nonconductive
materials 165
sample 43
noncontact
AFM 135, 136, 146, 148, 149, 151, 152,
154, 155
AFM image 151
atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM)
116, 147, 155, 595
dynamic force microscopy 595
friction 217, 599
imaging 47
mode 114, 149
noncontant mode 139
nondestructive contact mode measurement
594
nonequilibrium interactions see dynamic
interactions
nonliquidlike behavior 478
nonmagnetic Zn 205
nonpolar group 913
nonspherical tip 584
normal friction 455, 469, 474
normal load 967
external 967
Nosé–Hoover thermostat 662
NTA (nitrilotriacetate)-His
6
283
octadecylphosphonate (ODP) 1241
octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) 522
octadecyltriethoxysilane (OTE) 522
octylphosphonate (OP) 1241
on-chip actuator 1310
operation 138
optical
deflection systems 112
detector 47
head 54
head mount 56
trap 286
tweezers (OT) 286, 426
optical lever 84
angular sensitivity 87
deflection method 100
optimal sensitivity 87
optimal beam waist 87
order
in-plane 452, 480, 496
long-range 457
out-of-plane 438–440, 452, 457, 479,
480, 494
parameter 457, 483
organic compounds 908
organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy
(OMVPE) 1285
Orowan strengthening 644, 645
oscillating tip 53
oscillation amplitude 141
oscillatory flow 521
oscillatory force 418, 419, 438–441, 443,
452, 537
oscillatory shear 529
osmotic
interactions 418, 434, 445, 447
pressure 436, 446, 465
stress technique 426
OTS (octadecyltrichlorosilane) 927
oxide layer 634
oxide-sharpened tips 118
oxygen content 892
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)
296
packed systems, friction 710
packing density chains 919
packing, short-range 550
paraboloid load displacement 624
paraffins 909