Bergaya F. Handbook of Clay Science

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palygorskite, 5, 36, 56, 59, 63, 65, 66, 69, 125, 162,

170, 171, 213, 266, 272, 277, 289, 292, 320,

393, 501, 503, 513, 516, 631, 637, 659, 685,

719–721, 730, 732–734, 776, 933, 965, 967,

1137, 1138, 1140, 1141, 1154, 1168, 1171

palygorskite EDX analysis, 68

palygorskite formula, 67

palygorskite structural changes on heating, 60

palygorskite structure, 60, 58

palygorskite trace elements, 68

palygorskite XRD patterns, 60

PAN (polyacrylonitrile), 590, 591, 594, 606, 609

PANI (polyaniline), 590, 591, 608

paper recycling, 510

parafﬁn-like, 648

parafﬁn-type arrangement, 330, 357

parafﬁn-type structure, 321, 645

paragonite, 121, 775, 946, 1141, 1146, 1149

paraquat, 178, 633–637, 662, 679, 686

parent-rock, 121, 1131

particle aggregation, 5, 892, 1047

particle density, 155, 156

particles of colloidal size, 9

partition, 187, 643–647, 654, 655

partitioning, 339, 639, 640, 646, 648

passive margins, 1141

paste, 886, 947

patch-charge interaction, 192, 193, 197, 198

patches, 192, 657

pathogenic organisms, 659, 660

pathogenicity, 728–730, 732–734

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 655

PCDD (polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins), 655

PCP (pentachlorophenol), 640, 654, 655

PCS (photon correlation spectroscopy), 161

p-DCB (para-dichlorobenzene), 651

PDDA (poly(dimethyldiallyl), 105

PE (polyethylene), 279, 591, 606, 611

Pechmann condensation, 550

pedogenetic alteration, 955

PEEM (photoelectron emission microscopy), 867

PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)), 588–590, 929

pelletising, pelletisation, 506, 508, 564

peloid, 723–727

pelotherapy, 722–727, 734

pennantite, 45

PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)), 656 903, 927

pepsin, 637, 744

peptides, 633, 635

peptisation, 154, 159, 189, 199

performance assessment, 1189

periodic table of elements, 396

periodicity, 21, 24–26, 32, 33, 944, 950, 951

permanent dipole, 94

permanent porosity, 394, 406

permeability, 48, 186, 213, 599, 607, 610, 642,

653, 696, 698, 746, 747, 890, 1063, 1147,

1186

pertechnetate, 656

pesticides, 433, 442, 443, 446, 451, 460, 503, 552,

623, 626, 633, 638, 641, 642, 662, 677–679,

680–684, 746–747, 914, 1064, 1069

pesticide degradation, 434

pesticide formulations, 356

pet litter, 506, 626, 636

petrochemicals, 541

petrographic microscope, 1164

petroleum cracking, 394

petroleum industry, 1173, 1185

petroleum storage, 641

pfeifenerde, 1164

pH, 9, 42, 52, 87, 91, 118, 120, 123, 124, 127,

143–145, 152, 153, 163, 170, 181, 182, 184,

185

pharmaceutical formulations, 623, 719, 721, 734,

1057

pharmaceutical industry, 1187

phase-transfer catalyst, 561

phase transitions, 42, 344–348, 1107

phenol, 338, 555, 561, 632, 639, 653, 654, 662,

663, 1045, 1068

phenoxyalkanoic, 641

pheophytin, 654

phlogopite, 38, 39, 122, 273, 396, 775, 834, 874,

921

phonolite, 1169

phosphate binder, 1061, 1062

phospholipids, 654

photo stabilization, 684

photon correlation spectroscopy, see PCS

photocatalyst, 1069

photochromism, 348, 357, 358

photocycloaddition, 333

photodegradation, 656

photoelectron wavelength, 795

photoluminescence, 331, 1069

photo-oxidative methods, 637

photoreactivity, 333

phthalocyanine, 1045

phyllosilicate, 9, 423, 425, 452, 454, 836, 837, 876,

925, 951, 952, 1142, 1145, 1165

phyllosilicate 1:1, 24, 35, 91,698, 950

Subject Index 1215

phyllosilicate 2:1, 39, 56, 818

phyllosilicate chain, 56

phyllosilicate mixed-layer, 24

physical environment, 16, 1190

physils, 7

physiology, 380

PI (plasticity index), 5, 634, 635

PILC (pillared interlayered clay), 274, 280, 281,

393–396, 401, 403, 404, 406–410, 546, 552,

555, 564

PILC Al-Fe, 407

PILCM (pillared interlayered clay minerals), 393

pillared beidellite, 408, 927

pillared bentonites, 407

pillared clays, 42, 281, 393–395, 410, 544, 633,

654, 655, 902, 927, 934, 953, 1167, 1168,

1186

pillared interlayered clay, see PILC

pillared interlayered clay minerals, see PILCM

pillared layered structures, see PLS

pillared smectites, 408, 409, 655

pillaring concept, 393

pillaring species, 394, 396–401, 403, 409

pilot scale level production, 403

PLS (pillared layered structures), 395

pinacol to pinacolone rearrangement, 562

pinene, 278, 280, 281, 296, 393, 546

pipe jacking, 509

pipette method, 161

plasma, 11, 481, 993, 1167

plasma-state science, 11

plastering, 211, 212, 511, 512

plastic, 4, 206, 508, 600

plastic clay, see plasticity

plastic limit, 5, 206

plasticity, 5, 7, 9, 10, 96, 206–207, 291, 502, 511,

512, 516, 526, 726, 1164

plasticity index, 5, 206, 726

plastics, 1, 206, 280, 502

plate tectonic, 1141

plates, 11, 32, 186, 192, 212, 223, 717, 940

PNVC (poly(N-vinyl carbazole)), 590, 609

PNVP (poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)), 588

point of zero charge, see p.z.c.

point of zero net proton charge, see p.z.n.p.c.

Poisson-Boltzmann equation, 188, 189

polarised EXAFS, 429, 456, 459, 790, 798, 805,

806

polarizing power, 398

polarity, 331, 341, 342, 591, 592, 594, 595, 599,

650, 651

polishing, 510

politicians, 1184, 1193

politics, 16

pollution control, 3, 309, 625, 626

polyacrylate, 195, 506, 1046, 1062, 1063

poly(acrylic acid), 1037, 634

poly(hydroxo aluminium) cation, 181, 655

poly(hydroxo metal) cation, 181, 182, 394

polyacrylamide, 146, 194, 195, 196, 199, 213, 315,

875, 928

polyacrylate, 195, 506, 1046, 1062, 1063

polyaluminium chloride, 660

polyamine, 632

polyanion, 195, 200, 201

polyaromatic leuco compounds, 654

polycation, 198, 280, 653, 657, 659

polycation-modiﬁed clays, 633, 658

polycondensation, 181, 182, 315, 326, 355, 356,

1037

poly-DADMAC

(poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride))

653, 657, 658

polyether, 322, 598

poly(ethylene oxide), see PEO

polymer, 1, 105, 154, 182, 192, 193, 195–198, 213,

223, 309, 338, 349, 351, 352

polymer-clay nanocomposites, 584

polymeric, 42, 182, 261, 659, 842, 991

polymeric (hydr)oxymetal cations, 394, see also

poly(hydroxo metal) cation

polymerisation, 263, 326, 355, 356, 586, 587, 590,

591, 594, 595, 608, 842

polypeptide, 383, 386, 387

polyphenol oxidase, 105

polyphosphates, 155, 380, 504, 511, 632, 988

polypyrrole, 608

polylithionite, 38, 39

polytypes, 24, 26, 27, 33, 35–37, 47, 275, 310, 769,

776, 957, 1038, 1040, 1146

polytypes disordered, 29

polytypes 1M structure, 27

polytypes ordered, 1146

polytypic series, 24

polytypism, see polytypes

poorly crystalline, 50, 427, 791, 812, 835, 843, 845

porcelain, 1, 158, 314, 501, 505, 506

pores, 11, 41, 97, 141, 142, 152, 212, 249, 257,

278, 291, 293, 294, 299, 336, 395, 407, 541,

552, 587, 637, 639, 646, 650, 890, 902, 914,

949, 965, 975, 1005, 1147, 1149, 1183

Subject Index1216

porosity, 43, 253, 263, 272, 292, 294, 300, 301,

394, 395, 403, 406, 407, 502, 546, 655, 754,

954, 965, 974, 975, 1031, 1047, 1048, 1114,

1119, 1141, 1147

porosity measurement, 395

porous carbon, 1070

porous clay heterostructures, 274, 655

porous clay pots (or jugs), 1183

porous clays, 1168

porous layered (hydr)oxides, 14

porous materials, 292, 393, 592

porphin, 331

porphyrine, 331–333

portlandite, 1114, 1115, 1117, 1118

positive charge, 41, 42, 45, 92, 185, 275, 355, 633,

635, 657, 683, 1118

postgraduate students, 3

potable water, 641, 653

potassium (K), 146, 148, 191, 311, 316, 317, 337,

447, 714, 715, 979, 991, 1143, 1147, 1149,

1150, 1169

potential energy, 1123, 1124

powder EXAFS, 798, 802, 804–806, 810, 813–815

PP (polypropylene), 560, 561

pre-exchange, 403

prebiotic, 380–382, 384, 386–388

prebiotic synthesis, 1, 384, 552

prebiotic catalyst, 383

pre-edge XAFS spectroscopy, 799, 817

preiswerkite, 38

pre-spinel phase, 1055

primary and secondary public schools, 1187

primary school teachers, 1190

primitive model, 1122, 1123

pristine clay, 406, 590, 592, 726

private universities, 1191

professional research projects, 1187

prograde phase/reactions, 1151

propping open, 319, 352

protection, 3, 10, 394, 496, 516, 625, 626, 661,

685, 693, 728, 744, 748, 1138, 1185, 1192

proto-allophane, 51

proto-imogolite, 48, 49, 54

proton adsorption, 275, 458

proton afﬁnity distribution, 265

protons released, 409

PS (polystyrene), 354, 594, 599, 600

pseudo-hexagonal symmetry, 19

pseudotrimolecular, 328

pseudotrimolecular arrangement, 329, 593

public school, 1190

pulp, 660

pure clay minerals, 9, 155, 639, 769, 770, 904

pyridine, 276, 280, 296, 311, 323, 552, 591, 914

pyridinium, 174, 323, 357

pyrite, 38, 425

pyrophyllite, 35–37, 40, 90, 94, 145, 166, 269, 302,

303, 502, 516, 630, 631, 772, 775, 804, 836,

921, 1141, 1142, 1146, 1149, 1171

pyrophyllite dehydroxylation, 37

pyrophyllite substitution, 37

pyrophyllite thermal transformation, 37

pyrosmalite, 33

pyrrole, 331, 590, 591, 608

p.z.c., 42, 92, 118, 145

p.z.n.p.c., 145, 987

QACs (quaternary ammonium compounds), 593,

637–643, 645–648, 650, 651, 653, 656, 657

QELS (quasi-elastic light scattering), 880

quality of life, 16

quantized, 941

quartz, 9, 30, 66, 125, 155–158, 207, 267, 269,

427, 714, 720, 721, 729–731, 734, 837, 874,

875, 910, 1129, 1134, 1141, 1142

quasi-elastic light scattering, see QELS

quasi-reversible, 394

quaternary ammonium, 175, 439, 560, 561, 593,

604, 637, 639, 652, 653, 661, 663

‘R’ space, 798

racemic adsorption, 335

radioactive species, 631

radioactive waste, 253, 625, 627, 656, 695,

703–705, 708, 1065, 1103

radioactivity, 382, 992

radium (Ra), 631

radon (Rn), 727

Raman spectroscopy, 96, 397, 1023, 1042, 1045,

1117

range-Weiss index, 30

rate-jump method, 1014

raw clays, 9, 130, 592, 755, 1166

reaction product, 272, 1113

rearrangement reactions, 551

reconstruction, 1029–1030, 1034, 1036, 1045,

1052, 1054, 1055, 1063

recovery of CO

, 1064, 1065

Subject Index 1217

rectorite, 6, 25, 48, 396, 776, 777, 1146

recycle, 637, 724, 727

redox coupling, 839

redox reaction, 452, 1036, 1067

red-tide, 660

reduced nontronite, 456, 838, 839

reduced-charge montmorillonite, 298

reduction potential, 445, 446, 451, 460

reﬁning, 507, 510, 513, 625, 782, 1167

refractories, 4, 503

refractory industry, 503

regioselectivity, 547

regolith, 641

rehydration, 66, 948, 1029, 1055

related materials, 755, 965, 1165

relative humidity, 43, 157, 546, 773, 1098, 1101,

1106

relaxation, 36, 92, 97, 152, 757–759, 762, 866,

872, 876, 1046, 1099

remediation of pollution problems, 1186

repositories, 627, 695, 703, 714, 1049, 1141

repulsive gel, 213, 214, 216, 217

research scientists, 3

researchers, 16, 47, 330, 593, 595, 821, 838, 845,

886, 1184

residual cation, 407

residual treatment chemicals, 627, 659, 660

resin embedding, 948–949

responsible politicians, see politician

restoration, 642, 1030

retardation, 152, 642, 693, 696, 698

retention aid, 198, 354

retrograde phase/reactions, 1146, 1151

reversible, 42, 194, 214, 215, 219, 256, 276, 293,

331, 394, 432, 628, 629, 759, 776, 839, 844,

1067, 1102–1105, 1107

rewetting, 890

rheological properties, 127, 131, 204,

247, 257–259, 291, 501, 504, 508,

509, 523, 525, 703, 722, 725, 744–746,

748, 1057

rheology, 2, 504, 724, 898

rhodamine-B, 100, 653

rhodamine 6G, 100, 358

ribose, 384

RNA (ribonucleic acid), 381, 384, 385, 388, 479,

552

rock weathering, 380, 1131

RTM

, 725

rubber, 1, 502, 503, 516, 603, 604, 1173

ruthenium (Ru), 224, 334, 335, 479, 486, 487

SAED (selected area electron diffraction), 939

saline pools, 724

salts, 14, 116, 124, 129, 130, 146, 150, 162,

166–168, 180, 181, 189, 213, 220, 224, 295,

301, 311, 314, 316, 326, 327, 337, 338, 397,

398, 447, 506, 511, 523–526, 560, 562, 593,

640, 657, 768, 842, 874, 987, 988, 992, 1024,

1028, 1029

sample-controlled thermal analysis, see SCTA

sandstones, 782, 1143, 1147

sanitaryware, 1, 505, 506

saponite, 6, 15, 25, 41, 43, 95, 106, 107, 122, 215,

226, 271, 272, 303, 333, 334, 357, 358, 396,

405, 409, 456, 546, 586, 706, 707, 773, 887,

1133, 1134, 1141, 1151–1154, 1172

sauconite, 122, 1172, 43

SALS (small angle light scattering), 879, 882, 890,

895, 896, 899, 900, 904

SANS (small angle neutron scattering), 150, 152,

879, 880, 884, 892–894, 896, 897, 899, 900,

902–904, 1119

SAS (small angle scattering), 150, 215, 351, 754,

879–881, 883, 884, 886–890, 894, 897, 898,

902, 904

SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering), 142, 161,

215, 397, 586, 842, 879, 886, 890, 892, 897,

898, 902, 903, 1119

scanning electron microscopy, see SEM

scanning force microscopy, see SFM

scattering events, 794–797, 801, 806, 810, 814, 839

scattering process, 789, 791, 841

scavenger, 660, 1062

schallerite, 33

scientiﬁc expertise, 1190

SCTA (sample-controlled thermal analysis),

1008, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013

sealing, 211, 251, 511, 693, 695, 698, 700, 703

secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), 631

secondary public schools, 1187

secondary school teachers, 1190

second-order, 920

sedimentation, 126, 154–159, 161, 162, 196,

207–211, 213, 517, 518, 545, 769, 783, 904,

910, 992, 1138, 1163

sediments, 5, 9, 33, 35, 122, 130, 207, 211, 212,

219, 423, 425, 450, 451, 460, 478, 480, 486,

491, 625, 641, 656, 697, 703, 838, 842, 1097,

1129, 1130, 1138, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1150,

1163

Subject Index1218

selected area electron diffraction, see SAED

selective adsorbents, 394

selective coagulation, 171, 172, 183, 184

selectivity, 42, 279, 280, 327, 393, 541, 543, 544,

546, 547, 561, 562, 630, 631, 639, 640, 646,

647, 654, 696, 981–984, 1033, 1045, 1098

selectivity coefﬁcient, 981, 982, 983

selenium (Se), 1004

self assembling, 104–105

self-reproduction, 379

SEM (scanning electron microscopy), 162, 211,

275, 397, 480, 481, 776, 1167, 1030, 1068

SEM-EDX (SEM-energy dispersive X-ray

spectrometry), 491, 493–495

semicarbazones, 549, 563

sensor, 1014, 1069

separation factor, 982

sepiolite, 4, 5, 7, 36, 56–60, 63–69, 125, 266, 272,

277, 292–295, 320, 409, 501, 503, 508, 510,

513, 516, 587, 589, 591, 593, 595–598, 612,

636, 641, 798, 804, 841, 682, 686, 719, 730,

732–734, 776, 922, 933, 934, 965, 967, 1005,

1011, 1137–1141, 1154, 1172

sepiolite cation exchange capacity, 593

sepiolite chemical analysis, 66

sepiolite DTA/TG curves, 65

sepiolite EDX analysis, 68

sepiolite space group, 58

sepiolite structural changes on heating, 65

sepiolite structure, 57, 60, 68

sepiolite trace elements, 68

sepiolite unit cell parameters, 58

sepiolite XRD pattern, 60

sepiolite-palygorskite group, 125

sericite, 875, 1149, 1170

serpentine, 7, 15, 20, 22, 26, 33, 87, 91, 729, 732,

770–772, 775, 776, 778, 951, 1023, 1133,

1152

sewage, 511, 634, 637, 660, 1163

sewage sludge, 510

sewer pipe, 502, 508

SFM (scanning force microscopy), 631

shaft sinking, 509

shampoo, 517

SHG (second harmonic generation), 108, 315

shield tunnelling, 509

shock-proof ﬁlling material, 516

short-chain, 108, 311, 336, 639, 640, 642, 643,

645, 646, 662

shrinkage, 502, 1164

siderophyllite, 38, 39

silanes, see alkoxysilane and organosilanes

silanol group, 195, 316, 320, 324, 409, 595, 596,

598, 733

silica dissolution, 129

silica gels, 30, 66

silica pillars, 401

silicate minerals, 8, 379, 709, 734, 871, 875, 876

silicon, 12, 44, 423, 447, 714, 757, 873, 874, 947,

1164, 1042

silicosis, 729

siloxanes, 87, 89–91, 94–96, 98, 99, 101, 104, 109,

149, 276, 339, 588, 595, 596, 646, 647, 915,

984

simple cations, 626, 660

SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy), 631

simultaneous application of different techniques

on the same sample, 1167

single scattering events, 794, 796, 820

single layer, 157, 1125

slow release formulations, 679, 682

sludge, 660, see also slurry

slurry, 404, see also sludge

small angle light scattering, see SALS

small angle neutron scattering, see SANS

small angle scattering, see SAS

small angle X-ray scattering, see SAXS

smectite, 3, 5, 21, 25, 26, 30, 35, 42, 43, 48, 66,

102, 104, 105, 120, 122, 123, 128, 141, 152,

153, 158, 159, 161, 186, 249, 250, 251, 256,

257, 263, 267, 290, 295, 298, 330, 394, 406,

427, 430, 433, 439, 441, 444, 446, 447, 509,

516, 545, 590, 704, 709, 713, 716

smectite cation exchange capacity, 99

smectite chloritization, 1146

smectite formation, 1134

smectite group, 758, 772–773

smectite illitisation, 714

smectite interlayer hydration, 41

smectite layer charge, 642

smectite-palygorskite transformation, 1154

smectite swelling, 434

Sn PILC, 408

, 654, 1061

soda-activated bentonites, 523, 1166

soda-activation, 152, 518, 523, 930, 1166

sodium (Na), 117, 127–129, 150, 166, 168, 169,

172, 174, 182

sodium metasilicate, 117

soil colloids, 680, 1165

soil fractions, 1163

soil improvement, 509, 510

Subject Index 1219

soil injection, 511

soil organic matter, 638, 651, 653

soil science courses, 1184

soil scientist, 115, 1163

soil vermiculite, 1163

soils programs, 1186

sol, 49, 123, 213, 216, 401, 897, 899

sol-gel transition, 213–220, 886, 891, 897–899,

901, 904

solid-base catalyst, 1058, 1060

solidiﬁcation, 948, 663

solid-solid reaction, 319, 406

solid-solid state reaction, 410

solid-state reaction, 320, 1153

solid-state transformation, 48, 1150

solubility, 163, 184, 251, 298, 301, 546, 650, 730,

744, 901, 1049

solubility product, 117, 118, 1049

solute-solid adsorption, 1164

solvation, 97, 318, 321, 344, 891, 915, 646, 649,

651

solvent, 97, 98, 100, 101, 105, 192–194, 219, 318,

327, 337–339, 395, 541, 546, 547, 557, 603,

633, 650, 881, 901, 948, 991, 1036

sorbate, 828

sorption, 95–98, 253, 340, 442, 546, 710, 711, 719,

790, 799, 828, 829, 833, 835, 841, 843, 1054

sound dissipation, 516

spa, 718, 721, 722, 724, 726, 727

spatial resolution, 874, 875, 944, 828

special clays, 1152

speciﬁc surface area, 9, 161, 224, 263, 271, 273,

276, 277, 280, 322, 330, 341, 406, 460, 525,

623, 865, 884, 965, 969, 1028, 1030, 1031,

1047, 1048, 1136

spent bleaching earths, 661

spillover, spill over, 153

spills, 166, 1186, 641

spin coating, 104, 222

spinel, 298, 804, 1030, 1031, 1051, 1053, 1055,

1056

stability (thermal), 274, 293, 356, 395, 401, 408,

409, 546, 607, 828, 1030, 1031, 1041,

1050–1056, 1062

stability factor, 163, 183

stabilizer, 1062

stacking sequence, 24, 26, 27, 31, 38, 1038, 1040,

1041

standardized, 1183

standardized test, 1191

starch, 504, 517, 659

states (solid, melted solid, liquid, gas and

plasma), 11

statistics, 501, 781

stereoselective adsorption, 326

stereoselectivity, 547, 558

steric, 346, 353, 355, 511, 641, 686, 834

steric exclusion, 641

steric stabilisation, 176, 193–196, 200, 201, 504,

506, 511

Stern layer, 153, 168, 174, 186, 188, 216, 925

stevensite, 122, 773, 1141, 1154, 1172

Stoch index, 30

Stokes’ equation, 155

Stokes’ equivalent spherical diameter, 155, 159,

161

Stokes’ law, 130, 207

stoneware, 502, 508

straight-chain, 649

streptomycin, 635

strontium (Sr), 323

structural formula, 19, 36, 98, 774, 951, 952, 956,

1032

structural models, 59, 952

structural order-disorder, 29

structure, 3, 11, 26, 27, 31–34, 36, 38, 44, 52, 60,

65, 66, 68, 88

structure breaking, 148, 149, 168, 337, 338

structure of the intercalated species, 410

styrene, 355, 560, 590, 591, 594, 596, 1036, 1045,

1062

substitution, 24, 26, 37, 38, 41, 42, 87, 122, 149,

264, 269, 429, 560, 602, 756, 757, 909, 913,

989

sub-surface, 432, 452

Sudanese clay, 625

sudoite, 45

sulfometron, 658

sulphate, 124, 408

sulphite liquor, 660

sulphur production, 510

superacids, 300, 545, 561

support programs, 1186

supported reagents, 514, 546, 549, 559, 562

surface adsorption, 1047, 1057

surface charge, 42, 91, 94–96, 144, 153, 184, 187,

189, 265, 446, 713, 873, 875

surface complexation, 275, 276, 988, 628,

629,630, 633

surface conductance, 154

surface coverage, 105, 151, 278, 352, 598, 657,

830, 836, 843

Subject Index1220

surface hydrogen, 89

surface hydroxyls, 31, 915

surface metabolism, 381

surface oxygen, 87–89, 91, 100, 103, 104, 148,

149, 326, 336, 344, 349, 435, 1120, 1121

surface potential, 41, 42, 143, 153, 169, 186, 188,

201, 729, 842

surface precipitation, 184, 987, 628, 629

surface pressure, 106, 107

surface properties, 1, 2, 87, 89, 90, 180, 261, 292,

436, 501, 594, 623, 728, 754, 873, 965, 1056,

1115, 1118, 1166

surface reaction, 48, 118

surface reactivity, 721, 874

surface-analytical technique, 865, 631, 661, 789

surface-chemical properties, 2

surfactant, 174, 196, 218, 219, 222, 223, 327–329,

331, 401, 555, 593, 604, 655, 902, 992, 1036

swelling clay minerals, 396, 783, 965, 969–970,

972, 974

swelling pressure, 186–188, 213, 248, 250, 251,

255, 256, 315, 438, 439, 704, 706

swelling potential, 247, 696, 701

swelling properties, 1165

swinefordite, 6, 43

symmetry forbidden transitions, 792

synchrotron, 27, 215, 630, 789–791, 824, 827, 829,

842, 845, 867, 887, 890, 891, 903

syn-gas, 553

synergism, 300, 327

synthesis, 1, 115–118, 121, 226, 271, 301, 380,

383, 393, 394, 396, 460, 552, 557, 587, 588,

591, 719, 953, 1115

synthetic clay minerals, 2, 115, 120, 396, 612, 626,

909

synthetic kaolinite, 119

synthetic mica, 38, 121, 555

synthetic smectite, 396, 459, 1119

synthetic zeolite(s), 393, 1167

syrup, 510

t- and a-plots, 395

tails, 352, 657, 827

tainiolite, 38

talc, 21, 25, 36, 89, 94, 98, 122, 123, 302, 303, 396,

502, 516, 517, 611, 719, 720, 730–732, 772,

911, 1011, 1133, 1184

talc-pyrophyllite group, 15, 772

talcum, 503, 720

tanneries, 641

tar, 509

taylorite, 1169

TCE (trichloroethylene), 649–651

TCM (tetrachloromethane), 444, 651, 653

TEA (tetraethylammonium), 638, 647

teachers, 3, 1184, 1190, 1191

teaching techniques, 1184, 1188

TEM (transmission electron microscopy), 266,

330, 479, 480, 585, 754, 765, 772, 889, 939,

1118

TEM image analysis, 407

template synthesis, 587, 591, 592, 1062

tensile modulus, 601, 602

tensile properties, 600, 602

tensile strength, 508, 600, 602, 1104

TEOS (tetraethoxysilane =

tetraethylorthosilicate), 116, 123, 401

terminology, 3, 50, 247

terracotta, 502

terra verti, 1169

terramycin, 635

tertiary amines, 654

tetraalkylammonium ions, 145, 394, 611

tetra-ferriphlogopite, 38, 39

tetrahedral (T) sheet, 14

tetrahedral iron, 428–430

tetrahedral site, 19, 24, 38, 41, 43, 54, 427, 429,

757, 804, 815, 818, 921

tetrahedral symmetrical structure, 397

TGA (thermal gravimetric analysis), see

thermogravimetry

thawing, 291

thermal decomposition, 278, 279, 325, 930, 1028,

1045, 1050–1052, 1058

thermal dehydration, 1164

thermal expansion, 1098

thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), 39

thermal insulators, see heat insulation

thermal properties, 605

thermal protection, 503, 516

thermal stability, 274, 293, 356, 395, 401, 408,

409, 546, 607, 828, 1030, 1031, 1037, 1041,

1050, 1052, 1062

thermal treatment, 3, 124, 261, 277, 290, 298, 594,

1029, 1045, 1055

thermodynamic conditions, 11, 14, 249, 586

thermogravimetry, 1007, 1008, 1010, 844

thermo-XRD study, 408

thickening, thickeners, 220, 356, 504, 512, 516,

593, 720, 1164, 1166

Subject Index 1221

thin ﬁlm, 174, 332, 358, 945, 1066

thioacetals, 549, 563

thiocyanide, 560

thioesters, 387

thioﬂavin-T, 653, 685

thioketals, 549, 563

thioketones, 559, 563

thionine, 100

thixotropic, thixotropy, 219, 222, 356, 504, 511,

512, 514, 516, 520, 521, 524, 525, 593, 894,

1164

thorium (Th), 727, 832, 833, 835

Ti PILC, 406, 407, 409

tiles, 1, 502, 505, 518

titanates, 10, 329, 1168

titanium dioxide, 656

TMA (tetramethylammonium), 44, 177, 280, 281,

339, 357, 358, 638, 927

TMP (trimethylphosphonium), 647

TMPA (trimethyl phenylammonium), 95, 439,

440, 644, 646, 647, 650, 651

TO layer, 8

tobelite, 1144

tobermorite, 1115–1117, 1120, 1123, 1124

tocopherols, 654

toluene, 224, 226, 280, 344, 345, 594, 640, 658,

901, 1057, 1069

Tonsil, 550, 1166

Tonstein, 314

pferton, 1164

tosudite, 6, 25, 1145

total pore volume, 407

TOT layer, 8, 11

toxic materials, 625, 697

toxic pollutants, 401, 640

toxins, 634, 641, 661, 719, 720, 722, 746

Toyota, 594, 595, 599, 602

TPD (temperature programme desorption), 546

trace metals, 654, 828

train, 352, 657

trans-coordinated, 38

transition metals, 400, 547, 552, 557, 591, 612,

801, 833, 837, 840, 1060

transmission electron microscopy, see TEM

trans-orientation, 19

trans-site, 20

trans-vacant (sites), 26, 39, 427, 775, 799, 818, 821

tremolite, 720

tricalcium aluminate, 1114

tricalcium silicate, 1113–1115

trichlorophenol, 338, 339, 640

tridecamers, 397

trihalomethanes, 641, 659

trioctahedral sheet, 21, 35, 819

true micas, 35, 38

TSLS (tubular silicate layered silicate)

nanocomposite, 401

tubules, 11, 50

tuperssuatsiaite, 69

turbidity, 161, 879, 1140, 659, 662

TVS

, 725

two-dimensional zeolite-like materials, 393

TX100, 636

ultraﬁltration, 890, 662

ultrasmall angle X-ray scattering, see USAXS

ultrasound, 403, 445, 491, 494, 495, 555, 594, 637,

767–769

undeveloped countries, 1183

unit-cell volume, 1103–1105, 1109

United States Geological Survey, see USGS

universities, 1183–1186, 1189–1193

university departments, 1186

university professors, 1189, 1190

university teachers, 3

uranium (U), 346, 727, 1134, 836

uranyl-clay, 835

urea, 310, 312, 314, 315, 317, 597, 598, 636, 1028,

1029, 1035, 1047

urease, 105, 636

USAXS (ultrasmall angle X-ray scattering),

891–893, 898–900

users of clay materials, 1184

USGS (United States Geological Survey), 1185,

1188

UV-visible spectroscopy, 1067

, 656, 1060

van der Waals interactions, 36, 37, 176, 177, 179,

180, 182, 190, 195, 204, 216, 310, 318, 321,

327, 333, 336–338, 349, 354, 355, 543, 635,

637, 650, 828, 985, 1121–1123

Vanselow selectivity coefﬁcient, 982

vapour, 146, 292, 295, 318, 319, 326, 336,

518, 598, 610, 708–710, 903, 927,

1007–1009, 1012, 1103, 1104, 1107–1110,

1163, 638, 1029

Subject Index1222

vapour pressure, 146, 292, 326, 903, 927, 1012,

1103, 1104, 1107–1109, 1029

variability, 24, 25, 533, 542, 734, 1134,

1143, 631

variable charge, 42, 990

varnish, 509

vermiculite, 6, 25, 35, 43–44, 98, 160, 220, 269,

294, 322, 326, 396, 503, 514, 516, 552, 594,

697, 773, 889, 925, 954, 956, 989, 1129,

1134, 1172

vermiculite group, 15, 773–774

vermiculite layer charge, 827

vinylacetate, 596

vinylcarbazole, 590

vinylsilanes, 596

virgin clay, 724, 726

virus, 680, 719, 720, 747, 748, 626, 634, 661

viscoelastic behaviour, 214, 903

viscosity, 145, 155, 156, 169, 175, 203, 204, 219,

265, 291, 504, 511, 512, 531, 606, 607, 725,

744, 745, 896, 897, 901, 903

volatilization, 678, 682, 946

volkonskoite, 6, 43, 1172

wacker, 560

WAD (wide angle diffraction), 880, 885

wall-rock alteration, 1130, 1149

washing (ﬁltration and/or by dialysis), 402

waste barrier, 1065

waste disposal, 3, 506, 623, 693, 696, 625, 626

waste repositories, 695, 627, 1049

waste water, 508, 511, 526

wastes, 693, 694, 697–699, 1186, 631, 634, 650,

653, 661

waste types,693

wastewaters, 633, 635, 637, 659, 660, 662

Watanabe index, 40

water, 4, 11, 21, 32, 33, 41–43, 50, 56, 87, 90, 91,

95–100, 104, 129, 130

water quality, 1186

water vapour, 146, 295, 518, 927, 1007, 1008,

1009, 1012, 1104, 1106, 1107, 1029

wave transfer, 941

wax, 509, 510

WAXS (wide angle X-ray scattering), 810, 901

weathering alteration, 1134

weathering crusts, 1129, 1131, 1136,

1152, 1153

weathering proﬁle, 955, 1131, 1133, 1134,

1139, 1140

Weaver index, 40

Weber index, 40

wide angle diffraction, see WAD

wide angle X-ray scattering, see WAXS

willemseite, 37

white asbestos, 729

wine, 510, 634

wool scouring, 660

Wyoming deposits, 1166

XAFS (X-ray absorption ﬁne structure), 37, 40,

790

XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure),

122, 429, 790, 817

xanthophylls, 654

XAS (X-ray absorption spectroscopy), 631, 753,

1026, 1044–1045, 789, 791, 794, 796, 799,

815

XPD (X-ray photoelectron diffraction), 875, 876

X-PEEM (X-ray photoelectron emission

microscopy), 867

XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), 55, 631,

790, 865–878

X-ray absorption ﬁne structure, see XAFS

X-ray absorption near edge structure, see

XANES

X-ray absorption spectroscopy, see XAS

X-ray amorphous materials, 9, 483, 484, 1130

X-ray crystallography, 121, 397

X-ray diffraction, see XRD

X-ray ﬂuorescence, see XRF

X-ray photoelectron diffraction, see XPD

X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy, see X-

PEEM

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, see XPS

X-ray wave spectroscopy, see XWS

XRD (X-ray diffraction), 479, 585, 765, 921, 939,

1184

XRD preparations, 766, 769

XRF (X-ray ﬂuorescence), 299, 480, 790, 867

XWS (X-ray wave spectroscopy), 828

xylene, 222, 280, 901, 639, 640

yofortierite, 7, 69

Yucca Mountain, 1103

Subject Index 1223

zeolite, 118, 295, 300, 301, 386, 393, 401, 552, 695,

697, 931, 934, 1098, 1099, 1103–1105, 1107,

1109, 1111, 1141, 1186, 639

zeolite-like, 393, 401, 639

zeolitic complexes, 1164

zeolitic water, 56, 58, 64, 65, 292, 294, 591, 967,

1005, 1011

zero point of charge, see p.z.c.

zeta potential, 152, 153, 1118, 1120, 657, 658,

1056

zinc (Zn), 42, 560, 606, 1170, 632, 1026, 1051,

1062

zinc selenide (ZnSe), 106, 107, 108

zinnwaldite, 39

zirconia-pillared, 555

zirconium (Zr), 560, 561, 562, 633

Subject Index1224