Bergaya F. Handbook of Clay Science

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that end, the ‘Comite

International pour l’E

tude des Argiles’ (CIPEA) was formed

under the auspices of the International Geologic Congress (IGC). In 1960, it was

proposed that CIPEA should become independent of ICG and organise its own

meetings. The ﬁrst International Clay Conference (ICC) was held in 1963. In 1966

CIPEA became effectively indepen dent of ICG, and was renamed ‘Association In-

ternationale pour l’E

tude des Argiles’ (AIPEA).

The ﬁrst European Clay Groups (ECG) meeting was held in Madrid in 1972,

following on an informal bilateral meeting between the Spanish and Belgium clay

groups, held in Madrid two years previous ly, initiated by J.M. Serratosa and

J.J. Fripiat. During the 6th ECG meeting in 1987 in Seville, European scientists

established the ‘European Clay Groups Association’ (ECGA) in order to stimulate

clay science and technology. As a result, the term ‘ECG’ was chan ged to ‘Euroclay’.

In 1983 the decision was made to hold all Euroclay and ICC meetings every four

years but with a two-year stagger so as to avoid ov erlap. In addition, other multi-

national clay meetings were convened since 1984 (Table 15.1). Participation in clay

conferences is an important feature in the career of any clay scientist. Nevertheless, it

seems advisable to halt further proliferation of clay meetings.

At the inception (in 1966) the AIPEA decided to produce an international news-

letter with the aim of promoting worldwide cooperation between clay scientists. This

newsletter was since published annually. Likewise, the ECGA published a newsletter

but on an an nual basis. The ﬁrst issue came out in 1997, a decade after its founding;

the latest issue (No. 5) was published in 2002 (Lagaly, 2002).

15.4. DEFINITION OF ‘CLAY SCIENTIST’

This definition was given in three languages in the ﬁrst AIPEA Newsletter (1966).

English version: ‘‘The term ‘clay scientist’ is used in its widest sense as it covers a

very large and varied group, with representatives in the cement industry, ceramics

industry, civil engineer ing, cosmetic industry, crystallography, foundry technology,

geology, geotechnics, medicine, mineralogy, paint industry, paper industry, pedo-

logy, petroleum industry, rubber industry, et cetera’’.

French version: ‘‘Le terme ‘spe

cialiste qui s

inte

resse aux argiles’ est employe

dans

sa signiﬁcation la plus vaste et couvre un groupe tre

s varie

et grand, qui a des

repre

sentants dans l

industrie de la ce

ramique, l

industrie du ciment, l

industrie du

caoutchouc, l

industrie de la cosme

tique, la cristallographie, la technologie des

fonderies, la ge

ologie, la ge

otechnique, les inge

nieurs civils, la me

decine, la mine

ra-

logie, l

industrie du pa pier, la pe

dologie, l

industrie de la peinture, l

industrie du

trole, et cetera’’.

German version: ‘‘Der Term ‘Tonspezialist’ wird hier sehr weit gefaXt und deckt

eine groXe und vielfa

ltige Gruppe, deren Repra

sentanten in vielen verschiedenen

Zweigen der Forschung und Industrie ta

tig sind: Bauingenieur, Wissenschaft,

Bodenkunde, Farbindustrie, Geologie, Geotechnik, GieXereitechnik, Gummiindustrie,

15.4. Definition of ‘Clay Scientist’ 1173

Table 15.1. Clay meetings and conferences

1948 International Geological Congress (IGC) London

The ﬁrst international committee for the study of

clay (CIPEA) was established under the auspices

of IGC with Ralph Grim as president (Grim held

this function until 1960)

1950 CIPEA/IGC Amsterdam

1952 CIPEA/IGC Algiers

1954 CIPEA/IGC Paris

1956 CIPEA/IGC Mexico City

1958 CIPEA/IGC Brussels

1960 CIPEA/IGC Copenhagen

CIPEA to become independent of ICG, and

organise own meetings

1963 1st ICC Stockholm

CIPEA decided to establish an international

association for the study of clay (AIPEA),

afﬁliated to UISG. This decision was ratiﬁed

during the 22nd IGC (India, 1966)

In 1966 the UISG executive committee accepted

this afﬁliation.

1966 2nd ICC Jerusalem

General Assembly: AIPEA became independent

of geology

First AIPEA newsletter published

1969 3rd ICC Tokyo

1970 First Spanish-Belgian preparative meeting

initiated by J.M. Serratosa and J.J. Fripiat

Madrid

1971 informal colloquium Spain-Belgium (including

France and Great Britain)

Leuven

1972 4th ICC Madrid

First meeting of 12 European national clay

groups (including clay scientists from

Switzerland), considered as

1st ECG Madrid

1974 2nd ECG Strasbourg

1975 5th ICC Mexico City

1977 3rd ECG Oslo

1978 6th ICC Oxford

1980 4th ECG Freising

1981 7th ICC Bologna/Pavia

1983 5th ECG Prague

1984 First Italo-Spanish congress was held (in Italy) Seiano di Vico

Equense and Amalﬁ

1985 8th ICC Denver

1987 6th Euroclay Sevilla

Chapter 15: History of Clay Science: A Young Discipline1174

Keramische Industrie, Kosmetikindustrie, Kristallographie, Medizin, Mineralogie,

Papierindustrie, Petroleumindustrie u. a. m’’.

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Table 15.1 (Continued )

Founding of ECGA to stimulate clay science and

technology among European scientists; ECG

became Euroclay

First ECGA newsletter was published in 1997

1989 9th ICC Strasbourg

1991 7th Euroclay Dresden

1993 10th ICC Adelaide

1995 8th Euroclay Leuven

1996 Second Italo-Spanish meeting (including France,

Great Britain, Norway, Switzerland, USA),

considered as

1st MCM Granada

1997 11th ICC Ottawa

1998 2nd MCM Aveiro

1999 9th Euroclay Krakow

2000 1st LACC Madeira

2001 12th ICC Bahia Blanca

1st MECC Stara

Lesna

2002 3rd MCM Jerusalem

2003 10th Euroclay Modena

2004 2nd MECC Miskolc

2005 13th ICC Tokyo

2007 11th Euroclay Aveiro

AIPEA, Association Internationale pour l

tude des Argiles; CIPEA, Comite

International pour l

tude

des Argiles; ECG, European Clay Groups; ECGA, European Clay Groups Association; ICC, Interna-

tional Clay Conference; IGC, International Geological Congress; LACC, Latin-American Clay Confer-

ence; MCM, Mediterranean Clay Meeting; MECC, Mid-European Clay Conference; UISG, Union

Internationale des Sciences Ge

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Handbook of Clay Science

Edited by F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng and G. Lagaly

Developments in Clay Science, Vol. 1

r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1183

Chapter 16

TEACHING CLAY SCIENCE: A GREAT PERSPECTIVE

R.W. BERRY

, F. BERGAYA

AND G. LAGALY

Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego,

CA 92182-1020, USA

CRMD, CNRS-Universite

d’Orle

ans, Orle

ans Cedex 2, France

Institut fu

r Anorganische Chemie, Universita

t Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany

The complex nature of clay (different species, different properties, and different

modiﬁcations of natural clays) as well as the innumerable uses an d applications of

clays demand that clay scientists from different universities and countries establish

educational subject s and techniques that are at least minimally standardized. This

interest in clay science is extended to undeveloped countries because naturally

occurring cheap clay materials may be found in all countries and are used in many

parts of our daily life.

Clay science is an extraordinarily complex, heterogeneous, and multi-faceted dis-

cipline, because the clay mineral properties are very complex and are dependent on

environmental conditions. The techniques for characterization of clay minerals are

very delicate, because of ﬁne grain-size of clay materials. Analyses are made even

more difﬁcult because clay minerals are in perpetual thermodynami c interaction with

a changing environment (Millot, 1989). For example, the question of where ad-

sorption (e.g., pollutants) by clay particles occurs, in interlayer or interpart icle

spaces, is difﬁcult to determine because the particles are not inert and consequently

the size and the shapes of the pores are varying continually with the environment (see

Chapter 1).

Even though scientiﬁc knowledge of clay mineral properties progressed greatly

during the last century, many people continue to use clays without knowing the

cause of the clay mineral’s usefulness. For instance, some cheap clay incubators are

still used to protect premature babies from the cold. In many parts of the world

drinking water is cooled by evaporative processes in porous clay pots or jugs.

Properties of clay minerals lend themselves well to serving as dispensers of chemicals

in the pharmaceutical, crop fertilization, and insecticide industries as well as for

animal waste and industrial waste adsorption. Wines, vegetable oil, and crankcase

oil are all subject to clariﬁcation and puriﬁcation by ﬁltering them through beds of

clay minerals. The ceramics and nanocomposite industries are also sub-sets of the

DOI: 10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01044-5