Bergaya F. Handbook of Clay Science
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electrical conductivity, 477, 591, 608, 609
electroacoustic, 154
electrochemical devices, 591, 608, 609
electrochemical properties, 607
electrokinetic mobility, 152, 183
electrolysis of AlCl
3
solution, 398
electron acceptor, 433
electron diffraction, 32, 441, 480, 486, 491, 794,
950, 951, 956
electron microscope, 141, 162, 450, 790
electron spin resonance, see ESR
electronegative, electronegativity, 88, 89, 409, 911
electronegativity equalization method (EEM), 89
electronic conducting polymers, 608
electronic devices, 1168
electronic transition, 100, 101, 430, 791
electrophoretic mobility, 152, 153, 657, 1057, 1164
electrophoretic mobility, see electrokinetic
mobility
electrostatic forces, 148, 179, 190, 195, 203, 650,
655
electroviscous effect, 202–204, 214
element specific analyses, 790
ELS (elastic light scattering) and QELS
(quasi-elastic light scattering), 880
ELS (expanded layered structures), 395
emeraldine, 608
employment opportunities, 1185
emulsion, 162, 511, 1057
emulsion stabilizer, 517, 1057
enamine, 557
enantiomer, 381, 382, 385
encapsulation systems, 693
energy dispersive X-ray, see EDX
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, see EDXRF
energy storage, 295
engineered barriers, 699, 709, 713
engineering geology, 255, 1187
engineers, 565, 584, 1167, 1184
enstatite, 301, 303
enthalpies, 90, 97, 341, 638, 1105, 1107, 1111
enthalpy, 95, 336, 340–342, 344, 356, 599, 982,
1106, 1109, 1121
entraining reaction, 311, 316
entropy effects, 344, 635
environmental applications, 1, 261, 409, 660, 824,
874, 1058, 1063–1065
environmental cells, 790
environmental engineering, 3
environmental protection, 10, 394, 496, 625,
626, 661
environmental scanning electron microscopy, see
ESEM
environmental technology, 1192
enzyme, 354, 355, 384, 636, 1067
ephesite, 38
epidemiological studies, 728, 730–733
epitaxial growth, 790
epithermal ore deposits, 1150
epizone, 40, 1146
epoxidation, 555, 1045, 1067
epoxides, 596, 598
epoxy functions, 598
epoxy resins, 600
epoxy rings, 598
equivalent area, 328, 1043
equivalent coagulation, 180
ESEM (environmental scanning electron
microscopy), 162, 1167
ESR (electron spin resonance), 96, 631
ester, esterification, 108, 562, 1057
ethanol, 174, 224, 319, 561, 640, 745
ether, 278, 279, 298, 598, 972
ethylbenzene, 560, 640
Euroclay, 1173
European clay groups, see ECG
European clay groups association, see ECGA
eutrophication, 634, 1063
Everett-Schay method, 340
evolved gas detection, 1008, 1009, 1011
EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine
structure), 40, 121, 428, 429, 456, 459, 629,
790, 794, 796–798, 801, 802, 804–806, 808,
810, 812–815, 818, 820–822, 824, 828, 829,
834–839, 841–843, 1044
EXAFS oscillations, 794, 797
excipients, 623, 717, 719, 721, 734
exchange reactions, 96, 276, 319, 327, 980, 983,
985, 1031, 1036
exchangeable cation, 87, 89, 94, 96–98, 102, 153,
250, 255, 403, 545, 588, 589, 768, 834, 957,
968, 969, 973
exfoliated clays or clay minerals, 584
exfoliated layers, 407
exfoliation, 294, 356, 584, 585, 592, 600, 603, 607,
610, 956
exhausted peloid, 724
expandible clays, 652
expansive clays, 648
expert system, 30
ex-situ pillaring, 404
Subject Index 1205
extended X-ray absorption fine structure, see
EXAFS
extensional basins, 1146
external surface, 145, 148, 314, 326, 330, 587, 591,
595, 875, 1005, 1065, 1069
extinction, 99, 914
F
face mask, 722
falcondoite, 687
fast coagulation, 163
fat, 513
fatty acids, 311, 319, 321, 654, 1052
feldspar(s), 9, 55, 66, 116, 158, 721, 726, 1136,
1138, 1141, 1147, 1149
fenamiphos, 642
ferric (hydr)oxide, 873
ferric chloride, 659
ferrihydrite, 185, 759, 799, 804, 842–844, 873, 874
ferropyrosmalite, 33
fertiliser, 447, 448
fibre glass, 510
fibres, 11, 58, 153, 292, 303, 503, 505, 583, 594,
606, 720, 729
filler, 502, 503, 505, 516, 531, 583, 584, 587, 611
filter cake, 212, 506, 509, 511
filter press, 404
filtration, 129, 207, 213, 272, 327, 403, 659, 897,
900, 948
fines, 660
fire clay, 8
fire resistance, 606
fire retardancy, 605–607
firing, 5, 7, 502, 763, 1007, 1164
firing behaviour, 1007, 1164
first-order, 897, 920, 1105, 1110
flame-retardant, 1062
flint clay, 4, 13
flocculant, 626, 659, 660
flocculation, 146, 192, 194–197, 199, 213, 508,
518, 659, 660, 662, 663, 842, 985, 988, 992,
1163
flocculating agents, 194, 508
flotation, 90, 518, 659, 695
fluctuating cycles, 387, 875, 1122
fluorohectorite, 409, 591, 605, 927
fluoro-organoclay, 603
fluxing agent, 509
flysch, 1140
foam, 634
food processing, 634
food stuff industry, 510
forsterite, 301, 303
Fort Benton, 1166, 1169
fouling, 662
foundation problems, 1186
foundry, 207, 506, 508, 509, 625
Fourier transform analysis, 406
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, see
FTIR
fractionation, 125, 126, 129, 154–157, 159, 161,
208, 505, 517, 518, 634, 765, 766, 1138
fraipontite, 6, 33
framework structures, 1098
franklinfurnaceite, 45
free energy, 342, 383, 384, 438, 968, 981, 1033,
1049, 1123, 1146
free height, 395
freeze-drying, 130, 195, 290, 402, 480, 768
freezing, 162, 289–291, 887
Freundlich isotherm, 697, 1034
Friedel-Crafts, 263, 278, 564
friedelite, 7, 33
F-tetrasilisic mica, 396
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy),
754, 771, 909–915
fuel oils, 640
fuller, 1169
fuller’s earth, 8, 69, 512, 513, 526, 637, 1166,
1168–1170, 1172
fulling, 514, 637
fullo, see fuller
fullone, see fuller
fundamental particle, 956, 1143
fundamental research, 406
fundamental structure, 1, 276
fungicides, 503, 654
fuzzy assembly, 223
G
Ga
13
ion, 399
galvanic water, 632
Gapon coefficient, 982
gas barrier, 610
gas conductivity, 247, 251
gas permeability, 599, 610
gas permeation, 610
gases, 251, 279, 280, 294, 599, 638–640, 642, 867,
1060, 1065
gastroenteritis, 747, 748
Subject Index1206
gastrointestinal disorders, 743
gauche-block, 345, 346, 348
gauche-bond, 329
gel structure, 124, 886, 887, 891, 900
gelation, 201, 203, 219, 220, 894, 897,
899, 900
gellant, 512, see also gellation
genesis, 3, 956, 1129, 1134, 1152
genetic takeover, 380
geobarometers, 1146
geochemistry, 789, 1130, 1187
geological environment for kaolinization, 1137
geological environment of montmorillonite, 1135
geological liner systems, 693
geological sciences, 1187, 1193
geologists, 115, 728, 1163, 1187, 1192, 1193
geology, 2, 3, 5, 25, 478, 533, 1167, 1173, 1174,
1184, 1185, 1187, 1193
geophagy, 743
geophysics, 1187
geosciences, 840, 1186
geotectonic setting, 1146, 1149
geotherapy, 722, 723, 734
geothermometers, 1146
germination, 117, 118, 1015
ghassoul, 1185
gibbsite, 51, 52, 91, 93, 96, 116, 122, 184,
201, 425, 773, 836, 933, 1023, 1132,
1140
Glanzton technique, 518
glauconite, 6, 48, 302, 755, 774, 775, 782, 912,
1140, 1169, 1170
glauconite-nontronite, 48
goethite, 91, 210, 269, 755, 759, 760, 799, 804,
835, 836, 840, 842–844, 873
gossypol, 654
Gouy-Chapman layer, 983, see also ‘‘double
layer’’
government research laboratories, see politician
governments, 1193
grain size, 6, 7, 694, 726, 781, 783, 955, 1012,
1140, 1183
granite weathering, 1133
gravimetric, 39, 119, 271, 336, 1105, 1106,
1109
grease, 506, 637, 641, 722, 1170
green chemistry, 561, 656, 1060
greenalite, 7, 33, 35
grinding, 36, 316, 317, 519, 545, 704, 729, 768,
781, 989
ground water, 511, 641, 677, 1137, 1186
H
H-type aggregate, 102, 357
half-time of dissolution, 268, 269
halloysite-(7 A
˚
), 32
halloysite-(10 A
˚
), 32
halloysite ‘associated’ water, 32
halloysite dehydration, 32, 33
halloysite ‘hole’ water, 32, 33
halloysite in weathering crusts, 1137
halloysite unit cell parameters, 33
Hamaker constant, 176, 188
hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB), 985
hardening, 5, 8, 663
harmful effects, 677, 717, 727, 730
HDPY (hexadecylpyridinium), 593, 656
HDTMA (hexadecyl trimethylammonium), 593,
632, 639, 640, 642, 643, 647–651, 653, 659,
680, 681, 683, 826–828, 927
HDTMA vermiculite, 827, 828
health protection, 3, 1192
health risks, 721, 731, 732
heat deformation temperature, 612
heat insulation, 503, 516
heat of immersion, see heat of wetting
heat of wetting, 341
heat-expanded vermiculite, 514, 515
heat retention capacity, 722, 724
heavy metal, 334, 339, 626–633, 660, 661, 979,
986, 987, 995
Heck reaction, 559
hectorite, 24, 43, 105, 122, 123, 215, 219, 270–272,
279, 302, 319, 331, 332, 335, 387, 396, 445,
501, 531, 560, 586, 647, 685, 719, 773, 812,
836, 837, 840, 886, 925, 927, 928, 931, 1170
Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation, 152
hematite, 40, 116, 120, 181, 755, 759, 762, 842,
843, 874
Henry equation, 152
herbicide, 640, 642, 653, 658, 677, 682, 684–687,
746
herbicide formulations, 686
heterocoagulation, 180, 183, 201
heterocyclic, 562, 564
heterogeneity, 141, 159, 169, 172, 250, 251, 265,
631, 890, 954, 968, 1143, 1144
heterogeneous catalysis, 2, 542, 931
heterogenisation, 541, 546, 547
heteropolyacids, 545
hexachlorocyclohexane, 640
hexagonal symmetry, 19, 23, 1038
Subject Index 1207
hexamethylene diamine, 604
hexamethylene di-isocyanate, 597, 598
high performance liquid chromatography, see
HPLC
high resolution transmission electron
microscopy, see HRTEM
high stakes tests, 1191, 1192
high-level radioactive waste, 1103
Hinckley index, 29, 30
hisingerite, 33
history, 2, 3, 393, 513, 610, 696, 718, 729, 1130,
1146, 1163, 1172, 1189
Hofmann-Klemen effect, 121, 269, 298, 820, 984
horticulture, 509, 510
host-rock, 711, 1130, 1134, 1150, 1151
Houdry process, 1166
house of cards, 201
HPLC (high performance liquid
chromatography), 442
HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron
microscopy), 26, 35, 48–50, 266, 269, 629,
631, 772, 939, 942, 950, 952–954, 956, 957,
1116, 1118, 1136, 1149
HSAB, see hard and soft acids and bases
human health, 3, 623, 638, 653, 717, 721, 726,
727, 730, 733, 734, 743
human health protection, 3
humic acid, 52, 146, 201, 659
humic substance, 201, 506, 1064
hybrid, 107, 108, 123, 222, 223, 280, 309, 460,
499, 583, 591, 1030, 1036, 1057, 1066
hybrid thin film, 1066
(hydr)oxide dissolution, 126–128
(hydr)oxides of aluminium, 128, 632, 744
(hydr)oxides of iron and aluminium, 9
(hydr)oxides of magnesium, 12, 591, 606, 1061,
1062
(hydr)oxides of metal ions, 12
(hydr)oxides of silicon, 12
hydr(oxide), 42, 517, 627, 628, 662, 843, 1140
hydration force, 188
hydraulic conductivity, 247, 250–253, 441, 442,
696, 703, 704, 706
hydrazine, 98, 225, 310, 312, 314–317, 430, 431,
555, 915
hydrazones, 563
hydrocarbons, 95, 96, 263, 280, 331, 339, 547,
553, 554, 556, 639, 640, 646, 649, 869, 875
hydrocycloning, 518
hydrogel, 220, 326, 338, 352
hydrogen bond, 148, 195, 321, 1041
hydrogen bonding, 28, 34, 195, 221, 315, 588,
591, 635, 654, 839, 875, 914, 915, 928, 1034,
1041, 1043
hydrogenase, 105
hydrogeology, 1186
hydrology, 478, 724, 1186
hydrolysis behaviour of metal cations, 396
hydrolysis constants, 630
hydrophilic, hydrophilicity, 89, 90, 94, 96–98,
106, 108, 149, 280, 292, 336, 339, 341, 342,
502, 591, 592, 595, 637, 646, 654, 662, 680,
729, 1040, 1042
hydrophobic, hydrophobicity, hydrophobisation,
95, 180, 219, 280, 342, 477, 638, 654, 729,
1057
hydrotalcite, 10, 1021–1024, 1029–1031, 1034,
1036–1038, 1043, 1046–1048
hydrotalcite-like compounds, 10, 1021
hydrothermal alteration, 116, 531, 1097, 1130,
1149–1152
hydrothermal treatment, 117, 118, 123–125, 552,
1028, 1031, 1038, 1047, 1055, 1065
hydrous aluminium oxide, 633
hydrous ferric oxide (HFO), 799, 800
hydrous oxide, 799, 1027
hydroxo-cations, 404
hydroxo-ion, 629
hydroxo-Ni, 630
hydroxy cations, 630, 632, 633, 658
hydroxy interlayering, 632
hydroxy-Al, 658, 1136
hydroxy-cations, 632
hydroxy-Zr, 633, 655
hydroxyl (OH), 844
hydroxyl inner, 31
hydroxyl inner-surface, 31, 315
hydroxyl surface, 91, 1041
hyperfine interaction, 756
hysteresis, 97, 219, 256, 292, 521, 628, 985–986,
1100, 1102, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1049
I
ICC (International Clay Conference), 1173–1175
ICG (International Clay Groups), 1173, 1174
illite, 21, 30, 35, 66, 123, 129, 163, 197, 206, 249,
256, 257, 265, 269, 291, 342, 386, 387, 449,
450, 481, 518, 552, 630, 640, 641, 650, 651,
657, 659, 721, 758, 759, 761, 762, 771, 772,
834, 841, 1131, 1138, 1170
Subject Index1208
i.e.p. (isoelectric point), 146, 152, 154, 325, 326,
354, 355, 635, 1056
illite cis-vacant, 26, 39, 40, 818
illite-chlorite, 26, 1141
illite-chlorite facies, 1141
illite formation, 714
illite group, 15, 774
illite-smectite, 26, 47, 48, 272, 726, 766, 768, 773,
776–779, 782, 817, 911, 953, 956, 1133, 1139
illite/smectite mixed-layer minerals, 4, 5, 330, 768,
1133, 1140, 1141, 1143, 1144, 1146, 1147,
1149–1151
illite trans-vacant, 26, 39, 40, 775, 818
illite-vermiculite, 26, 1130, 1136
illitization, 48, 953, 956, 957, 1134, 1140, 1143,
1144, 1146, 1147, 1149–1151
image analysis, 407, 954–955, 1119
image formation, 942, 944
imaging XPS, 875
imazaquin, 658, 678, 681
immobilization, 1024, 1065, 1069
imogolite, 10, 48–52, 54, 153, 295, 401, 481, 486,
491, 1170, 1065
Imperm
TM
, 610
impregnation, 397, 400, 948, 949, 952, 954
index Aparicio-Gala
´
n-Ferrell, 29, 30
index Flehmig, 40
index Hinckley, 29, 30, 119
index Ku
¨
bler, 40, 778, 1146
index Lie
´
tard, 30
index Range-Weiss, 30
index Stoch, 29
index Watanabe, 40
index Weaver, 40
index Weber, 40
infrared spectroscopy, see IR
in plane contribution, 806, 809, 810
in-situ method, 402, 403, 452
in vitro studies, 721, 728, 730, 733, 734
in vivo studies, 728, 733
index cations, 989–995
indicators (paleoenvironmental, continental
origin, diagenetic evolution), 1140
industrial applications, 5, 309, 348, 499, 501, 505,
583, 593, 598, 934, 1163
industrial chemists, 3
industrial clays, 502, 517, 528, 530, 532, 955, 1154
inheritance, 303, 1135, 1139, 1141
ink speck formation, 663
inner hydrogen, 89
inner-sphere, 41, 149, 829
inorganic cation, 399
inorganic polymers, 14
inorganic/organic clay hybrids, 1168
inorgano-organo pillaring agents, 400
inorgano-organo-clays, 655, 659
insecticide, 679, 680, 685, 1183
insulation, 503, 516
interaggregate, 11, 12, 97
interatomic distance, 795, 835
intercalation, 10, 41, 44, 158, 215, 225, 261, 273,
309–319, 322, 326, 331, 333, 337, 348, 349,
354, 356–358, 394–396, 399, 401, 403, 404,
407, 544, 547, 586, 588–590, 593, 594, 599,
603, 608, 609, 639, 646, 649, 651, 661, 771,
772, 776, 915, 927, 928, 931, 934, 949, 953,
1026, 1029, 1032, 1034–1037, 1040–1042,
1045, 1047, 1056, 1057, 1064, 1069
intercalation of polymers in clays, 348
intercalative polymerisation, 590
interfaces, 108, 119, 631, 965, 1034
interference, 479, 794–796, 802, 814, 822, 880,
882, 884, 885, 888, 896, 897, 901
interlamellar water mobility, 323, 324
interlayer exchangeable cations, 394
interlayer H-bonding, 31
interlayer hydration, 41, 1098
interlayer OH vectors, 28
interlayer region, 96–98, 330, 395, 543, 1098,
1100, 1110
interlayer sites, 556, 628, 812, 829, 834, 872, 874
interlayer space, 21, 24, 32, 35–37, 41, 43, 97–99,
144, 148–150, 159, 172, 187, 189, 197, 205,
206, 215, 220, 224, 226, 249, 253, 254, 265,
277, 298, 309, 311, 313, 315, 316, 318, 319,
321, 323, 326, 329, 331–335, 337, 344, 349,
351, 352, 354–356, 394, 395, 403, 408, 450,
509, 543, 547, 559, 585, 586, 589–591, 593,
602, 608, 639, 643, 696, 714, 774, 775, 827,
887, 891, 892, 902, 925, 927, 928, 931, 934,
935, 970, 972, 974, 983, 984, 1031, 1034,
1035, 1038, 1040, 1042, 1045, 1102,
1116–1118, 1121–1123, 1130
interlayer surface, 309, 409, 444, 639, 648, 824,
927, 934, 970, 1057, 1098
interlayer thickness, 34
interlayer translations, 30
interlayer water, 32, 44, 148, 149, 195, 248–250,
294, 295, 319, 320, 323, 326, 355, 543, 546,
547, 771, 1005, 1044, 1045, 1050, 1052,
1053, 1105
intermediate phase, 120, 123, 124
Subject Index 1209
internal surface, 8, 352, 973
International Clay Conference, see ICC
International Clay Groups, see ICG
International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry,
see IUPAC
interparticle, 11, 12, 66, 97, 150, 197, 208, 214,
292, 294, 884, 886, 897, 899, 953, 1047,
1121, 1183
interstratification, 24, 25, 48, 161, 313, 314, 318, 770,
775–777, 779, 903, 1040, 1052, 1142, 1143
interstratified clay mineral, 48, 1149, 1165
interstratified pyrophyllite-beidellite, 396
inverted Si tetrahedra, 409
iodine (I), 608
iodide, 145, 337, 656
ion correlation forces, 168, 1120, 1122–1124
ion diffusion, 247, 253
ion exchange, 8, 10, 106, 253, 264, 274, 276, 325,
407, 525, 545, 560, 561, 594, 599, 612, 626,
628, 629, 696, 697, 754, 979–988, 995, 1032,
1037, 1057, 1064, 1066
ion exchange process, 635, 1164
ion-dipole, 318, 319, 321, 588, 590
ionic bonds, 323
ionic conductivity, 607, 608
ionic radius, 90, 428, 974, 1021, 1043
ionic strength, 11, 163, 326, 355, 628, 633, 681,
683, 833, 836, 837, 886, 894, 895, 897, 898,
900, 990
ion-ion correlation, 168, 189, 1120
IR (infrared) spectroscopy, 125, 149, 266, 269,
296, 299, 560, 596, 598, 771, 776, 780, 813,
821, 909, 910, 914, 915, 952, 1058
iron gels, 30
iron (hydr)oxide, 184, 210, 425, 491, 759, 767
iron complexes, 401
iron site migration, 455, 456, 459
iron site occupancy, 457, 459
irradiation damage, 946, 947
irreversibility, 628
isocyanates, 596–598
isoelectric point, see i.e.p.
isomerisation, 280, 333, 348, 546, 553, 559, 561
isoprene, 558, 591
isostructural, 399
isotherm, 340, 639, 646, 649, 651, 965–968, 970,
972, 974, 1109
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry), 394, 395, 989
IUPAC definition, 394
izod impact, 604
J
J-type aggregate, 357
jet-freezing, 162
Joint Nomenclature Committees (JNCs), 4–11
Juice, 510
K
‘k’ space, 801, 808, 810
kanamycin, 635
kaolin, 29, 30, 54, 123, 155, 219, 275, 279, 309,
310, 314, 317, 501, 503, 505, 518, 532, 533,
536, 537, 634, 730, 731, 772, 773, 817, 818,
835, 841, 928, 1129, 1150, 1152, 1169–1171,
1184
kaolin arc-island type, 1153
kaolin Cornwall-type, 1153
kaolin group, 15, 26, 90, 91, 98, 771
kaolin residual, 4
kaolin sedimentary, 504, 531
kaolinite, 5, 20, 55, 87, 89, 91, 94, 96, 98, 118,
120, 122, 123, 129, 145, 146, 152, 154, 158,
161–163, 170, 171, 182–184, 197, 201, 206,
210, 211, 224, 226, 248, 249, 265, 269, 275,
276, 280, 289, 309–318, 326, 355, 380, 382,
387, 409, 423, 481, 491, 501–503, 506, 516,
518, 552, 557, 587, 589, 590, 612, 631, 632,
634, 636, 640, 650, 654, 657, 659, 685, 698,
718–721, 725, 730–732, 734, 743, 747, 757,
758, 761, 762, 766, 771, 772, 804, 875, 909,
910, 914, 915, 923, 928–930, 933, 934, 946,
947, 950, 951, 957, 968, 987, 988, 1013,
1015, 1016, 1129, 1134, 1139–1141, 1145,
1146, 1149, 1150, 1165, 1167, 1170, 1171,
1186
kaolinite deuterated, 28
kaolinite hydrothermal formation, 124
kaolinite inherited, 1136, 1138
kaolinite interlayer H bonding, 31
kaolinite neoformed, 1133, 1136–1138
kaolinite order-disorder, 30
kaolinite polytypes, 26, 27, 29
kaolinite transformed, 299, 301
kaolinite weathering crust, 1131
kaolinite weathering formation, 1136
kaolinite-dickite transformation, 1147
kaolinite-serpentine group, 33
kaolinite-smectite, 26, 125, 773
Kaolinton, 1164
Keggin cation, 181, 398, 403, 407
Subject Index1210
Keggin structure, 397
kellyite, 6, 33
kerolite, 6, 37, 120, 772, 1138, 1141, 1154
ketene, 557
ketones, 318, 549, 550, 555–557, 559, 1058, 1060
kink, kink block, 345–347
kinoshitalite, 6, 38
Knoevenagel reaction, 557
K
OM
(organic matter-normalised adsorption
coefficients), 643
K
OW
(octanol-water partition coefficient), 643
Ku
¨
bler index, 778
L
laboratory exercises, 1187
lactone, 514, 548
landfill, 641, 693
Langmuir-Blodgett films, 104, 223, 358, 1057,
1168
lanthanum (La), 397, 400, 401
Laponite, 100, 105, 163, 168, 217, 219, 327, 396,
560, 586, 719, 886, 892, 894, 896–903, 927,
1119
laser techniques, 1167
laths, 11, 14, 32, 714
lattice expansion, 317
lattice fringes, 1144
lattice hydroxyls, 409
laumontite, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1104, 1105, 1109
layer charge, 11, 24, 35, 37, 39–43, 87, 95, 101,
127, 128, 143, 146, 153, 159, 169, 215, 264,
265, 269, 295, 298, 322, 326–329, 331, 332,
409, 446, 447, 456–458, 460, 502, 558, 623,
635, 638, 639, 642, 648, 657, 714, 770,
772–774, 821, 824, 826–828, 834, 837, 875,
914, 952, 956, 967, 973, 984, 985, 989, 994,
995, 1032, 1035, 1036, 1040, 1043, 1052,
1065, 1102, 1118
layer silicate, 328, 481, 589, 608, 819, 830–832,
1136
layer stacking disorder, 9
layer-by-layer deposition, 104, 105, 1168
layer-by-layer technique, 223
layered material, 2, 556, 1121
layer structure, 8, 10, 19, 23, 27, 33, 35, 36, 52, 54,
276, 289, 292, 298, 299, 302, 395, 525, 781,
821, 872, 874, 885, 901, 926, 1021, 1036,
1050, 1053, 1098, 1110, 1142, 1145
LDH (layered double hydroxides), 3, 1019, 1021
LDH-polymer nanocomposite, 1062
LDO (layered double oxide), 1056
leachates, 627, 633, 693, 696
lead (Pb), 695, 630, 632, 832, 833, 841, 1069
lees, 637
Lemnian earth, 625
lepidocrocite, 759, 843
leuco dyes, 514, 654
leucophyllite-smectite, 48
leverrierite, 1168
Lewis acid, 264, 280, 295–297, 320, 324, 355, 546,
552, 553, 560, 1058
Lewis base, 42, 90
Li
+
-fixation, see Hofmann-Klemen effect
Lie
´
tard index, 30
ligand exchange, 144, 169, 170, 547, 987, 988,
1034
light scattering, 161–163, 201, 397, 879–881, 886,
890, 891, 895, 899
lindane, 640, 641
liners, 623, 626, 627, 641, 650, 693, 696–698
liquefaction, 219, 506, 507
liquefying, see liquefaction
liquid adsorption, 340, 341
liquid limit, 206, 207
liver toxins, 634
lizardite, 6, 33, 34, 120, 772
local structure of phyllosilicates, 11, 756, 934
Locron, 404, 405
loops, 154, 349, 352, 657, 746, 1105
loughlinite, 7, 36, 68
low-grade metamorphism, 121, 954, 1130, 1141,
1146, 1149
lubricant, 222, 509, 513
luminescence, 330–332, 334, 348, 349
M
macrocrystalline, 8, 874
macromolecule, 9, 154, 192, 193–195, 199, 339,
348, 349, 351 354, 504, 635, 903
macropore, 290, 407, 965
macroscopic, 6, 11, 96, 117, 150, 160, 247, 631,
745, 881, 899, 904, 1124, 1167
magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic
resonance, see MAS-NMR
magnesium (Mg), 12, 117, 118, 121, 122, 125, 126,
149, 154, 263, 279, 323, 512, 531, 591, 606,
714, 756, 872, 925, 1030, 1038, 1061, 1062,
1113, 1169, 1171, 1172
malonate, 548, 557, 563
Subject Index 1211
manganese (Mn), 127, 393, 491, 559, 560, 1037,
1171
manganese (hydr)oxide, 127
manganese oxide, 393, 491, 1037
manganpyrosmalite, 7, 33
manufacturing of clay barriers, see barriers
manure treatment, 510
margarite, 6, 15, 38, 875
marine organisms, 660
Mars, 1109, 1110
MAS-NMR (magic angle spinning nuclear
magnetic resonance), 37, 266, 273, 921–923,
927, 929–931
MAS (magic angle spinning) and CP-MAS (cross
polarisation MAS) techniques, 934
materials science, 16, 222
maturation, 530, 705, 708, 709, 723–727, 1186
maya blue, 320, 321
mcgillite, 7, 33
mechanical properties, 3, 36, 127, 247, 291, 503,
584, 586, 594–596, 600–602, 606, 610, 612
mechanical treatment, 518
Meerschaum, 66, 516, 1172
MELS (molecularly engineered layered
structures), 395
melt intercalation, 589, 603
melted-state science, 14
membranes, 131, 322, 347, 383, 441, 461, 481,
484, 542, 564, 662, 719, 728, 731, 893, 897,
948
mercury (Hg), 630, 659, 975, 1119
mesopore, 546, 974, 1030, 1047
mesoporosity, 123, 292, 293, 967
mesoporous silica, 560
mesothelioma, 728, 729, 732–734
metachromasy, 330
metahalloysite, 1136, 1165
metakaolin, 762
metakaolinite, 124, 125, 275, 277, 279–280,
298–301, 632, 1013
metal hydr(oxide), 184, 401, 546, 594, 606, 629,
790, 794, 1034, 1049, 1065
metamorphism, 40, 121, 778, 779, 954, 1130,
1141, 1142, 1146, 1149, 1150
metaphase, 1053
methylene blue (MB), 43, 101, 298, 330, 331, 514,
636, 653, 660, 828, 972, 991, 993
methyl green, 178, 180, 636, 653
methylacrylate, 596
methylmethacrylate, 596
mica, 6, 21, 25, 35, 38, 39, 104, 121, 122, 158, 294,
396, 423, 502, 516, 555, 714, 720, 731, 774,
775, 782, 874, 875, 950, 951, 956, 957, 1134,
1142–1144, 1146, 1149, 1170
micelle-clay formulations, 684
Michael addition, 557, 558
micro-composites, 585, 587, 590, 595, 1186
micro-wave irradiation, 403, 404, 562, 1031
microanalysis, 945, 947
microbalance, 911, 1067
microbial agent, 637
microbial mats, 477–481, 485, 486, 496
microbiology, 478
microcalorimetry, 340, 341, 408
microorganisms, 477, 486, 679, 744, 663
micropore, see microporosity
microporosity, 271, 277, 291, 292, 294, 300, 974,
1042, 1047, 1049, 1067
microporous materials, 393, 394, 967, 1061
microporous solid, 2, 300
microprobe, 67, 790, 828, 829, 838
microscopic, 11, 161, 162, 584, 631, 643, 1062
microstructure, 250, 258, 259, 873, 948, 1119
microwave, 403, 404, 433, 561–564, 589, 992,
1031
mid infrared, see MIR
mineral barriers, see barrier
mineral surfaces, 94, 97, 100, 109, 168, 289, 290,
295, 325, 330, 339, 381, 388, 425, 435, 442,
443, 445, 452, 543, 561, 595, 598, 629, 631,
635, 697, 734, 790, 828, 829, 833, 840, 841,
844, 865, 875, 934
mineral term, 8
minnesotaite, 7, 36, 37
MIR (mid infrared) spectroscopy, 910, 911, 913,
914
mixed-layer clay mineral identification, 768, 770,
776–780
mixed-layer structures, 24–26, 957, 1131, 1140,
1142, 1145
mixed-layer structures disordered (regular), 24
mixed-layer structures ordered (irregular), 25
mixed-layer structures randomly stacked, 26
mixed oxide, 184, 1024, 1027, 1030, 1036,
1053–1056, 1058, 1060
mixed pillaring agents
mixed Al-Ce agent, 400
mixed Al-Cr agent, 399
mixed Al-Cu agent, 400
mixed Al-Fe agent, 399, 407, 1131
mixed Al-Ga agent, 399
Subject Index1212
mixed Al-Ge agent, 399
mixed Al-La agent, 400
mixed Al-Mo agent, 400, 554
mixed Al-Ru agent, 400
mixed Cr-Fe-Zr agent, 400
mixed Cr-Zr agent, 400
mixed Fe-Cr agent, 400
mixed inorganic/organic, 653
mixed pillaring solution, 400
medications, 632
modified electrode, 264, 274, 335, 459, 556, 1067,
1069
molar absorptivity, 98, 911
molecular dynamics, 31, 90, 91, 149, 352, 1033,
1046
molecular sieves, 394, 1187
molecular weight, 129, 154, 195, 351, 600, 607,
648, 657, 896, 897, 1036, 1048
monodentate, 831, 843
monolayer, 98, 104, 106–108, 142, 146, 147, 321,
327–329, 331, 336, 349, 351, 585, 588, 589,
645, 648, 824, 967, 968, 970, 972
mononuclear, 833
monovalent cations, 99, 149, 153, 253, 546, 636,
686, 834, 972, 980, 1024
Monte Carlo simulation, 42, 149, 898, 924, 1122
montmorillon, 1165, 1171
montmorillonite, 5, 24, 42, 89, 98, 121, 122, 126,
129, 141, 143–145, 148–150, 154, 157, 159,
162, 163, 166, 169–172, 174–176
montmorillonoid, 1171
montmorin, 1171
morencite, 1171
mortar, 301, 327, 506, 512
Mo
¨
ssbauer, 426, 753, 755–762
moulding sand, 207, 208, 508, 509, 625
mucus gel, 743–745
mud, 2, 717, 722, 724, 725, 727, 1154
mullite, 37, 299, 303, 931, 932
multidentate, 833
multi-disciplinary, 2, 16, 478
multidisciplinary education, 1184
multilayer, 106, 693, 828, 966, 967
multibarrier systems, 694, 697, 699, 700
multinuclear, 37, 830, 833, 927, 934
multiple scattering events, 794–797, 801, 806, 814,
839
multiscale approach, 904
muscovite, 37–40, 121, 122, 156, 188, 720, 835,
875, 921, 956, 1129, 1133, 1136, 1138, 1145,
1146
muscovitization, 1149
mycotoxin, 510, 513, 746
mycrocystin, 634, 641
N
N
2
adsorption-desorption isotherms, 395
nacreous pigment, 503, 516
nacrite, 26, 27, 31, 32, 275, 299, 309, 311, 1168,
1171
nanoclay, 599, 4
nanocomposite, 1, 401, 583–586, 589, 590, 592,
594, 595, 598, 600, 604–607, 609–612, 1062,
1183, 1186
Nanocor, 599, 606
nanofillers, , 583, 586, 604
nanometer-size unit particles, 1
nanoparticle, 105, 223–226, 321,560, 603, 604,
1037, 1040, 1120
nanotechnology, 2, 824, 827, 1193
naphthalene, 642, 647, 651
near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, see
NEXAFS
nelenite, 7, 33
neoformation, 115, 836, 837, 845, 1129, 1130,
1139, 1141, 1145, 1147
neoformed clay minerals, 1133
neoformed palygorskite, 1141
neomycin, 635
nepouite, 6, 33
neutron, 27, 28, 41, 97, 150, 313, 315, 380, 879,
880, 881, 886, 891, 892, 894, 896, 903, 904,
1043, 1044, 1119, 1167,
newspaper recycling, 508, 662
NEXAFS (near edge X-ray absorption fine
structure), 790, 794, 796, 797, 801, 824, 826,
828, 841
nickel (Ni), 383, 459, 460, 1036, 1046, 1052, 1060
Nile river, 634
nimite, 6, 45
niobates, 10, 229, 1168
NIR (near infrared) spectroscopy, 428, 429, 910
nitriles, 318, 588, 1058
nitroarenes, 555
nitroaromatic, 432, 442, 444, 445
nitrobenzene, 338, 445, 649
nitrogen, 265, 323, 325, 588, 635, 875, 903, 946,
965, 967, 969, 974, 994, 1045, 1049, 1058
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
spectroscopy, 96, 97, 329, 631, 753, 754, 919
NO
x
, 560, 1061, 1064
Subject Index 1213
–NO
2
groups, 443, 638
Nobel prizes, 1165
nomenclature, 3, 25, 33, 45, 142, 951, 1113
non-centrosymmetric, 108, 427, 818, 820,
822, 826
non-coulombic, 460
non-crystalline, 9, 33, 50
non-exchangeable, 298, 446, 633, 872, 1120
non-ionic, 43, 194, 349, 351, 401, 637, 638, 640,
652, 654, 655, 660, 661, 696
non-ionic surfactants, 401, 654, 655
nonlinear optics, 223
non-plastic clays, 5
nontron, 1171
nontronite, 33, 122, 268, 270, 271, 424, 427–429,
446, 455, 456, 491, 492, 556, 685, 755, 758,
759, 773, 782, 799, 806, 812–815, 817, 821,
838–840, 1100, 1133, 1152, 1153, 1171
norrishite, 38
nucleation, 117, 303, 313, 314, 346, 347, 381, 611,
629, 836, 837, 660, 1028, 1030, 1037, 1038,
1047, 1119
nuclear magnetic resonance, see NMR
nuclein base, 326
nucleoproteins, 634
nucleotides, 383–385, 552
nylon, 594, 595, 599–607, 610–612
O
occupancies, 758, 912, 951, 799, 804, 806, 813,
821
octadecylammonium, 107, 345, 602, 632, 903
octadecyl trimethylammonium, 683, 824
octahedral cation, 36, 38, 41, 43, 46, 60, 804, 814,
818, 821, 822, 911
octahedral (O) sheet, 11
octahedral sites, 19, 24, 26, 31, 35, 39, 41, 45, 58,
298, 427, 453, 456, 757, 758, 799, 815, 818,
820, 841, 872, 875, 911
octanol-water partition coefficients, see K
OW
o-DCB (ortho-dichlorobenzene), 651
odour control, 510
oil industry, 47, 508–510, 662
ointment, 503, 509, 516
oligomeric (hydr)oxy aluminium cations, 265,
325
oligomeric ion, 409
Oppenhauer oxidation, 557
optical devices, 394
optical microscopy, 352, 478–480, 485, 486, 1164,
1165
optical setting, 943, 944
optimization of clays, 1192
organic carbon, 400, 695
organic matter, 9, 379, 477, 481, 612, 627, 628,
635, 638, 639, 643, 651, 653, 663, 686, 687,
725, 726, 767, 874, 949, 1131, 1136, 1139,
1153,
organic matter-normalised adsorption
coefficients, see K
OM
organic pillared clay minerals, 394
organic/inorganic molecule, 11
organo-activation, see organo-clay
organoclay, 583, 585, 594, 599, 600, 602, 604–607,
610–612
organo-inorgano clay mineral, 401
organo-inorgano oxobridged Fe complexes, 401
organo-metal complex, 994, 401
organometallic complexes, 334, 400
organo-modified clay, 657, 600
organophilic, 105, 221, 224, 336, 344, 593, 595,
638, 650, 654, 661, 662, 901, 1167, see also
hydrophobic
organophilic bentonites, 221, 1167
organophosphate, 317
organo-pillared smectites, 408, 409, 655, 934
organo-salts, 657
organosilanes, 595, 596
organo-smectite, 594, 647,
origin of life, 379, 383
orthoester, 551, 564
osmium (Os), 397, 556
osmotic swelling, 150, 886, 1102, 1121
osmotic transition, 886–888, 890
OsO
4
, 596
Ostwald-de-Izaguirre equation, 340
Ostwald ripening, 48, 1146
outer-sphere complex, 149, 628, 629, 829
oxide sol particles, 401
oxide pillars, 401, 408, 546
oxihydroxide, see hydr(oxide)
P
package industry, 503
packing, 44,211, 326, 329, 334, 336, 504, 648, 781,
826, 827, 1043
paint, 503, 593, 1173
palladium (Pd), 224, 559, 560, 561
Subject Index1214