Bergaya F. Handbook of Clay Science

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16.4. CONCLUSIONS

Descriptions of the status of clay mineral and clay science education in the USA,

European countries and in New Zealand and Australia are not sufﬁcient to allow

extrapolations about the global state-of-the-art regarding clay science teaching. The

incompleteness is regrettable but the lack of data may inspire mobilization of the

international clay community to seek an improved international understanding of

clay science education.

It would be a service to the discipline of clay science if AIPE A took the initiative

to:

1. Consult with national clay groups about the need to survey each country about its

national teaching system.

2. Name a small group of experts (about 5 members) to synthesize and homogenize

all the materials furnished by each national group. The experts could be asked to

give their own recommendations on this subject. A ﬁnancial donation from each

national clay group could be used to cover expenses related to meetings and to the

publishing of a ﬁnal report on teaching clay science at an international scale.

The word of the end

Teaching clay science must become as universal as teaching

music. We hav e the same universal notes and the ﬁna l musi-

cal sound is almost universal, although characteristic of each

country.

Learning about clay structure and properties allow to play

with the fundamental notes to create new properties, new ap-

plications which improve the quality of our life.

REFERENCES

Berry, R.W., 2002. Rubrics in teaching assessment. In: Rule, A.C., Guggenheim, S. (Eds.),

Teaching Clay Science. CMS Workshop Lectures, vol. 11. The Clay Minerals Society.

Brady, J.B., Mogk, D.W., Perkins, II, D. (Eds.), 1997. Teaching Mineralogy. Mineralogical

Society.

California Department of Education and the California Association for the Gifted, 1994.

Differentiating the core curriculum and instruction to provide advanced learning oppor-

tunities. A position paper. California Department of Education, Sacramento, CA.

Cawelti, G., 2000. Portrait of a benchmark school. Educational Leadership 57, 42–44.

Churchman, G.J., 2002. R.I.P. another clay research group. New Zealand Soil News 50,

118–119.

Churchman, G.J., Theng, B.K.G., 2002. Clay research in Australia and New Zealand. Applied

Clay Science 20, 153–156.

Chapter 16: Teaching Clay Science: A Great Perspective1194

Grim, R.E., 1953. Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Guggenheim, S., Kane, S., 2002. Cooperative learning techniques: applications to clay science.

In: Rule, A.C., Guggenheim, S. (Eds.), Teaching Clay Science. CMS Workshop Lectures,

vol. 11. The Clay Minerals Society.

Marzano, R.J., Kendall, J.S., 1996. A Comprehensive Guide to Designing Standards-based

Districts, Schools, and Classrooms. Association for Supervision and Curriculum.

Millot, G., 1989. Opening lecture. 9th International Clay Conference, Strasbourg, personal

communication.

Noyce, P., Persa, D., Traver, R., 2000. Creating data-driven schools. Educational Leadership

57, 52–56.

Ridky, R., 2002. Why we need a corps of earth science educators. Geotimes 47 (9), 16–19.

Rule, A.C., 2002a. Using analogies to enhance learning in clay science. In: Rule, A.C.,

Guggenheim, S. (Eds.), Teaching Clay Science. CMS Workshop Lectures, vol. 11. The Clay

Minerals Society.

Rule, A.C., 2002b. Learning theory and national standards applied to teaching clay science.

In: Rule, A.C., Guggenheim, S. (Eds.), Teaching Clay Science. CMS workshop lectures,

vol. 11. The Clay Minerals Society.

Rule, A.C., Guggenheim, S. (Eds.), 2002. Teaching Clay Science. CMS Workshop Lectures,

vol. 11. The Clay Minerals Society.

Sarrazin, C., 2004. Lutte contre le psylle, prote

ger le poirier avec l’argile blanche. La France

Agricole, p. 43.

Srogi, L.A., Baloche, L., 1997. Using cooperative learning to teach mineralogy (and other

courses, too!). In: Brady, J.B., Mogk, D.W., Perkins II, D. (Eds.), Teaching Mineralogy,

406. Mineralogical Society.

Taniguchi, N., 1974. On the basic concept of ‘nano-technology.’ Proceedings of the Inter-

national Conference of Product Engineering, Tokyo, Part II. Japan Society of Precision

Engineering, Tokyo.

Thayer, Y., 2000. Virginia’s standards make all students stars. Educational Leadership 57,

70–72.

Thomas, R.C., 2002. DIALOGUE: Overcoming obstacles to incorporating experiential learn-

ing into the geology curriculum. GSA Today 12, 8, 11.

Tomlinson, C.A., 1995. How to differentiate instruction in mixed-ability classrooms. Asso-

ciation for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Alexandria, VA.

References 1195

SUBJECT INDEX

a- and t-plots, 395

abattoirs, 634

ab-initio calculations, 31, 37, 1116

ab-initio energy minimization, 27

ab-initio molecular dynamic simulation, 29

absorptivity, 98, 911

academic departments, 1184, 1186

accessory minerals, 9

acetals, 557

acetate, 124, 127, 128, 220, 221, 224, 225, 311,

315, 316, 658, 767, 993, 1062

acetone clay mineral dispersion, 404

acid activation, 263–281

acid attack, 263, 265, 266, 268, 270, 277, 279, 292,

299, 596, 837

acid cracked wasted liquor, 660

acid dissolution, 267–272

acid treatment, 264–267, 271, 274, 277–280, 292,

545, see also acid activation

acid-activated clay, 274, 278, 557, 561, 633

acid-activated kaolinite, 1167

acid-activation, 263–281

acid-base character, 985

acid-base pairs, 324

acid-base reaction, 318

acidic site, 101, 264, 265, 274, 276–280, 295–297,

407, 590, 591, 914

acidity of soils, 993

acrylic acid, 193, 599, 634, 1036

acrylic amide, 634

actinium (Ac), 727

actinolite, 729

activated carbon, 401, 641, 653, 655

activation energy, 124, 715, 1015

active principles, 623, 717, 719, 720, 734

acridine orange, 479

acylating, 560

adamantine, 647

adenosine phosphate, 327

adhesion, 724, 744, 747, 769

administration, 733, 745, 746, 1066, 1191, 1192

adsorbent, 718, 1186

adsorption capacity, 516

adsorption excess, 340, 342

adsorption excess isotherm, 340–342

adsorption isotherm, 639, 965, 967, 970, 972, 974

adsorptive properties, 336, 401, 746

AEC (anion exchange capacity), 656, 657,

1031–1033, 1056

AES (Auger electron spectroscopy), 631

aesthetic, 623, 722

aesthetic medicine, 623, 722

AFM (atomic force microscopy), 104, 161, 192,

223, 270, 486, 754, 969, 1119

ageing time, 402, 1047

aggradation, 1130, 1134

aggregate, 11, 102, 125, 141, 142, 212, 351, 517,

662, 747, 925, 950, 1119

agriculture, 3, 460, 1164, 1186, 1193

AIPEA (Association Internationale pour l’Etude

des Argiles), 4, 25, 33, 724, 1173, 1194

AIPEA Nomenclature Committee, 25, 33

akaganeite, 181, 210, 842

Al (ﬁve-coordinated), 37, 55

Al (four-coordinated), 876

Al (six-coordinated), 876

Al chemical shifts, see chemical shift

Al NMR spectroscopy, 55, 397

Al chlorohydrate, 398

Al Keggin cations, 397, 406

Al Keggin ions, 397

Al oxocations, 408

Al oxyhydroxide, 612, see also aluminium

hydr(oxide)

, 397–399, 401, 404, 407–409, 902, 1042

dimer (Al

), 397

precursor, 398

(Al

)

pillaring agent, 397

, 397

Al-Fe PILC, see PILC

alcohol, 175, 177, 221, 310, 321, 327, 346, 934,

949, 1030

aldehydes, 318, 556, 557, 1058

aldol, 556, 1058

aldoximes, 563

aliettite, 25

aliphatic, 322, 610

alkali silicates, 10, 1168

alkali-activation, 518, 930, see also soda activation

alkaline earth, 21, 95, 505, 628, 630, 994

alkene, 445, 1058

alkene isomerisation, 1058

alkenylammonium, 593

alkoxysilane, 592

alkylammonium cations, 108, 595, 633, 635, 642

alkylammonium method, 172, 322, 994

alkylammonium salts, 327, 523–525

alkylating, 280, 560, 561

allergy, 747

allophane Al-rich, 303

allophane Al/Si ratio(s), 51, 54, 55

allophane defect-kaolin, 54

allophane ferric, 33

allophane halloysite-like, 54

allophane imogolite-like, 51, 52, 54

allophane-like constituents, 49

allophane silica springs/stream deposit, 54, 55

allophane Si-rich, 54, 55

allophanton, 1164

AlMPILC, 400

Al-oxide, 394

Al-pillared clay mineral, 181, 396

Al-Si pillaring agent, 401

alumina cluster, 408

g-alumina structure, 408

aluminium ﬁve-fold coordination, 37

aluminium 4-coordinate, 55

aluminium 5-coordinate, 55

aluminium (hydr)oxide, 195, 632, 635, 655, 1061

aluminium sulphate, 508, 634, 659

aluminosilicate layer, 650, 656, 854

aluminosilicate short-range order, 48

amesite, 33, 34, 772

amide, 195, 310, 315, 634, 875

amines, 43, 318, 319, 322, 325, 327, 557, 633, 654,

845, 1043

amino acid, 326, 382, 386, 387, 1035

aminoacyladenylates, 386

asymmetric polymerisation, 382

ammonia, 277, 278, 382, 546, 552, 636, 1030

amorphous material, 782

amphiphilic cation, 106, 107

amphoteric, 635, 661

anandite, 38

anhydride, 386, 561, 599

aniline, 445, 590, 608, 1036

anilinium, 44, 555, 608

animal husbandry, 510

anion exchange capacity (AEC), 9, 352, 353, 609,

656, 987, 988, 1031

anionic clay, 11

anisotropy, 8, 219, 332, 870, 876, 885, 894, 897,

901, 903, 922, 928, 1046

anomalous small angle X-ray scattering, see

ASAXS

antacid, 720

antibiotic, 635, 721, 748

anticaking, 516

antifriction agent, 503

antigorite, 33, 34, 772

anti-Markovnikov addition, 555

anti-settling, 516

antithixotropic, antithixotropy, 219, 222

anti-transpirants, 181

antique vases, 518

Aparicio-Gala

n-Ferrell index, 30

application of knowledge, 1189

applied clay mineralogy, 2, 625, 1165

applied research, 16, 281

aqueous clay mineral dispersion, 104, 396

aquifer, 641

argillology, 2

argon, 967–969, 974

aromatic substitution, 551, 554

aromaticity, 650

arsenic (As), 726, 831, 835, 840

ASAXS (anomalous small angle X-ray

scattering), 890–891

asbestos, 729, 730, 732, 734

asbestosis, 729, 730

aspect ratio, 153, 161, 441

asphalt, 509

associated mineral(s), 9, 10, 66, 501, 517, 754,

759, 910

associated phase(s), 9, 10, 721, 726

Association Internationale pour l’Etude des

Argiles, see AIPEA

atomic arrangement, 51, 1165

atomic force microscopy, see AFM

atomic number, 790, 791, 804, 941

atomic shell, 794, 801

atomic structure, 880, 942, 1186

atrazine, 95, 96, 442, 653, 655

attapulgite, 69, 393, 564, 631, 637, 744, 1168,

1171

attenuated total reﬂection (ATR), 107

Atterberg limit, 206, 207, 726

Atterberg method, 206

attractive gel, 216

Subject Index1198

Auger electron spectroscopy, see AES

Auger parameter, 870, 876

auromycin, 635

autotransformation, 265, 993

Avrami-Erofeev equation, 313

axial stress, 1104

azide, 561, 562

p-bonds, 649

bacitracin, 635

backﬁll, 708, 709

backscattering, 754, 794, 797, 804, 806, 808, 813,

814, 822

bacterial reduction, 433, 501

baileychlore, 6, 45

ball clay, 8, 659

balnea, 718

band-type arrangement, 207

barasym, 101

barium (Ba), 511, 985

barrier, 383, 409, 610, 653, 693, 698, 699, 705,

743–745, 748, 1147

basal (d

001

) spacing, 98, 394

base exchange capacity, 1164

base pairing, 327

base-activated kaolinite, 1167

basic dyes, 660, see also dye

basic site, 1058

basicity, 103, 149, 397, 436, 1058

batavite, 1168

Beckman rearrangement, 562

beidellite, 42, 43, 89, 121, 122, 142, 172, 173, 215,

279, 396, 408, 409, 552, 758, 773, 902, 927,

956, 1133, 1134, 1153, 1168, 1169

bemenitite, 7, 33

beneﬁcial effects, 717, 743, 744, 748

Bentone

, 593

bentonite, 8, 48, 106, 145, 152, 157, 159, 199, 205,

219, 220–222, 249, 253, 257, 263, 279, 387,

444, 493, 494, 501, 503, 506, 508, 509, 511,

512, 514, 517, 518, 521, 523, 525, 531, 545,

625, 631–634, 637, 639, 642, 647, 653, 659,

660, 662, 663, 679, 680, 704, 709, 714, 722,

725, 730, 734, 743, 747, 910, 1057, 1134,

1143, 1147, 1150, 1152–1154, 1166, 1169,

1184, 1186

bentonites Cheto type, 1153

bentonites Wyoming type, 106, 734, 1153

benzene, 280, 319, 320, 339, 342, 355, 399, 590,

640, 651, 653, 901, 928, 1057

benzo(a)pyrene, 655

benzoyl peroxide, 355, 594

Bertaut-Warren-Averbach procedure, 161, 778

berthierine, 33, 772, 1140, 1145, 1147

BET (Brunauer Emmett and Teller), 272, 277,

281, 290, 294, 966, 967, 969, 970, 1049

betaines, 175, 176, 220

bidentate, 835, 836, 843

bilayer, 146, 322, 327, 328, 333, 336–338, 347,

588, 648, 683, 902

binding agent, 508, 514, 767, 1061, 1062, 1115

binding coefﬁcient, 681, 983, 991

binding site, 631

bioavailability, 721

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 634

bio-clays, 477, 478, 480

biodegradation, 642

biological cations, 633–636, 661

biological science, 1192

biology, 2

biomimetic catalyst, 1066, 1067

biomineralisation, 3, 477, 478, 486, 496

biopoiesis, 1067

biopyriboles, 60

biosensor, 105

biotite, 60, 156, 454, 775, 812, 814, 818, 821, 838,

874, 875, 956, 957, 1129, 1133, 1134, 1136,

1138, 1141

bipyridinium halides, 635

bitumen, 511

bityite, 38

bleaching earth, 8, 662, 1166

blue asbestos, 729

blue-green algae, 641

boehmite, 120, 182, 214, 744

bonding, see hydrogen bonding

bonding energies, 630

bone china, 505

boromuscovite, 38

bovine serum albumin, 354, 635

brammallite, 1169

bricks, 1, 502, 518, 954, 1152

bridging, 87, 184, 192, 195–199, 844, 1116, 1117

brindleyite, 33

brinrobertsite, 37

brittle mica, 38

broken edge, 91, 270, 271, 833

bromination, 560, 1067

Subject Index 1199

Brønsted acid, 264, 274, 278, 296, 300, 547, 590,

591

brown asbestos, 729

brown-tide, 660

Brunauer Emmett and Teller, see BET

BTEA (benzyltriethylammonium), 647, 653

BTMA (benzyltrimethylammonium), 593, 647,

681, 686

buffering, 1065

building industry, 516

bulk technique, 791

burial diagenesis, 957, 1130, 1141, 1142, 1146,

1147, 1149, 1150

butachlor, 642

butylacrylate, 596

, 1046, 1069

cadmium (Cd), 628, 695

cadmium-cysteine, 311

calcium (Ca), 126, 128, 146, 148, 149, 154, 170,

188, 189, 199, 204, 205, 263, 301, 321, 323,

326, 327, 506, 508, 511, 512, 518, 637, 659,

679, 720, 782, 974, 982, 1052, 1113, 1114,

1115, 1116, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1122, 1123,

1164, 1171

calcium carbonate, 199, 518, 1164

calcium hydroxide, 659, 1114, 1118

capillary porosity, 1114, see also porosity

car washes, 508, 662

carbene, 557

carbocations, 547

carbon tetrachloride, 649, 650

carbonaceous clays, 594, 609

carbonate decomposition, 1050

carbonless copying papers, 263, 358, 514, 654

carbonyl, 310, 386, 387, 557, 598

carbonylation, 547, 560

carboxylic acid, 386

card-house, see house of cards

carlosturanite, 35

caryopilite, 33

b-carotene, 273, 654

carotenoids, 654

carrier, 506

carriers for catalysts, 503, 516

casting, 104, 357, 358, 502, 506, 508, 729, 1067

casting sand, see moulding sand

cat litter, 510

catalysis, 2, 3, 10, 96, 105, 261, 384, 385, 393, 399,

499, 501, 512, 537, 542, 545–547, 552, 557,

558, 931, 1043, 1167

catalyst, 277, 278, 279, 292, 684, 452, 499, 508,

513, 541, 542, 545, 546, 547, 552, 557, 560,

561, 562, 564, 656, 1060, 1061, 1167

catalytic activity, 123, 274, 278–281, 354, 355,

384, 501, 547, 556, 560, 598, 636, 1045,

1054, 1067

catalytic applications, 123, 407, 1039, 1058–1061

catalytic cracking, 553

catalytic properties, 43, 277, 281, 399, 544, 560,

562, 685, 1024, 1061

cataplasm, 717, 722

cation distribution, 34, 39, 302, 821, 822, 923

cation exchange, 9, 42, 99, 109, 127, 141, 145,

222, 264, 314, 319, 325, 327, 330, 333–335,

352, 358, 396, 446, 524, 525, 542, 545, 547,

588, 593, 626, 628, 630, 663, 696, 834, 876,

902, 974, 979, 980, 981, 985, 987, 989, 1097,

1164

cation exchange capacity, see CEC

cation ﬁxation capacity, 460

cation order-disorder, 912

cation size, 911

cationic clays, 10

cationic dyes, 99, 100, 309, 330, 357, 358, 653, see

also dye

cationic exchange, 96

cationic pillar, 395

cationic polyelectrolytes, 197, 653

cationic polymers, 104, 196, 352, 657

CEC (cation exchange capacity), 42, 99, 127, 264,

446, 524, 593, 628, 696, 697, 876, 902, 979

CEC measurements, 980–991

celadonite, 38, 48, 302, 912, 1140, 1169

celadonite-nontronite, 48

cement, 3, 10, 300, 301, 506, 767, 1019, 1024,

1046, 1065, 1113–1115, 1117–1119, 1123,

1125, 1173

cement hydrates, 3, 1113–1125

centrifugation, 129, 130, 155, 327, 386, 403, 517,

766, 767

centrosymmetric, 108, 427, 428, 799, 818, 821

ceramic mass, 206, 506

ceramic materials, 1186

ceramics, 1, 499, 505, 506, 509, 518, 531, 625, 754,

762, 1183, 1186

ceramics industry, 5, 1173

ceramists, 158, 505, 518, 1166

cesium (Cs), 915, 970

Subject Index1200

cetyl pyridinium, 175

chabazite, 1097, 1107, 1110

chamosite, 45, 46

charge density, 11, 42, 94–96, 127, 128, 143–146,

153, 166, 168–172, 174, 176, 180, 184–189,

191, 192, 195, 264, 298, 329, 381, 429, 448,

504, 511, 834, 1033, 1034, 1040, 1042–1044,

1065, 1120–1122, 1124

charge ratio, 834

charge reversal, 153, 154, 182, 662, 1117, 1120

charge transfer, 318, 320, 334, 355, 460, 609, 635,

685

cheap clay materials, 1183

chemical analysis, 66, 265, 266, 268, 598,

772–775, 945, 951, 952, 954, 995, 1003,

1164, 1171, 1172

chemical bonding, 395, 865, 867, 870, 873, 1164

chemical bonds, 266, 1116

chemical shift,

Al, 54

chemical shift,

Si, 923, 932

chemical stability, 713, 1049–1050

chemical-bonding state, 870, 873

chemical-state plot, 870, 872

chemisorption, 629

chiral, 27, 108, 335, 380, 381, 383, 552, 560

chiral recognition, 335

chlorinated aliphatic, 433, 442, 443, 445

chlorite dioctahedral, 25, 1145

chlorite interlayer octahedral sheet, 45

chlorite trioctahedral, 45, 775, 776

chloritization, 773, 1146, 1149

chloroalkane, 548

chlorobenzene, 632, 649

chloroform, 105, 106, 108, 223, 901, 1163

chlorohydrocarbons, 649, 653

chlorophyll, 479, 486, 494, 654, 726

chlorhydrol, 403, 404, 405

chromate, 657, 874, 1035

chromate ion, see CrO

chromium (Cr), 42, 45, 451, 545, 657, 874

chrysotile, 33, 34, 119, 301–303, 596, 720, 729,

730, 732, 733

a-chymotrypsin, 635

CIPEA (Comite

International pour l’Etude des

Argiles), 1173

cis-coordinated, 39

cis-orientation, 19

cis-site, 39, 40, 302, 428, 456, 459, 757

cis-trans isomerisation, 333, 559

cis-vacant (sites), 26, 39, 40, 818

civil engineering, 247, 511, 512, 1167, 1168 1173,

1186

classical oxides, 408

classroom ﬁeld, 1187

clays as drugs, 3

clay catalyst, 278, 545

clay colour, 298

claycop, 514, 543, 545, 559, 562

clay cycle, 1141

clay deposits, 3, 9, 1152

clay dispersion, 128, 155, 187, 196, 396, 403,

766–768, 993

clay-environment interaction, 11

clayfen, 514, 543, 545, 559, 562

clay ﬁlm, 769

clay identiﬁcation, 1163

clays in industry, 3, 499

clays in sedimentary basins, 1142

clay incubators, 1183

clay liners, 650, 693, 696

clay mineral structure, 97, 266, 1005, 1194

clay mineralogy, 2, 625, 725, 789, 1165, 1167,

1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1192, 1193

clay-modiﬁed electrodes, 264, 274, 335, 459, 556

clay-organic interaction, 3, 310

clay organisation, 104

clay-polymer nanocomposites, 338, 354, 499, 562,

586, 587, 592, 599, 600, 611, 902, 903, 1163,

1168

clay powder, 404, 703, 704

clay processing, 704

clay puriﬁcation, 2, 115, 612

clay science, 1–3, 16, 141, 247, 281, 461, 754, 821,

939, 1163, 1165–1168, 1173, 1183–1187,

1190, 1192–1194

clay science education, 1185, 1194

clay science professionals, 1190

clay scientists, 2, 11, 16, 141, 147, 150, 247, 583,

584, 612, 727, 1129, 1172, 1173, 1183, 1185,

1186, 1190, 1192

clay separation, 1164

clay therapy, 743

clay transportation, 1138

claystone, 314

Clayzic, 543

cleaning agents, 510

clinochlore, 45, 47

clinoenstatite, 65

clinoptilolite, 697, 698, 1097, 1103, 1104, 1107,

1109, 1110

clintonite, 38

Subject Index 1201

Cloisite

, 602

CLS (cross-linked smectites), 395

clusters of SiO

, 401

, 108, 128, 211, 381, 768, 1033, 1045, 1065

co-adsorption, 327, 333, 357, 608, 649

coagulation, see fast coagulation

coagulating agent, 181, 660

coating, 104, 222, 290, 317, 459, 478, 479, 499,

502, 503, 504, 514, 873, 947, 948

coating clay, 358, 556

cobalt (Co), 556, 560, 1052, 1060

coefﬁcient of variability, 25

co-hydrolysis, 124, 596, 612

co-ion exclusion, 161

cohesion, 37, 207, 1113, 1115, 1121, 1123, 1124

colleges, 1189, 1190, 1192

colloid chemistry, 2, 1184

colloid ﬁltration, 703

colloid science, 5, 16, 154, 222, 1192, 1193

colloidal complexes, 1164

colloidal dispersion, 146, 150–152, 154, 155, 158,

161, 162, 172, 173, 175, 189, 192, 220, 314,

506, 509, 903, 904, 1057, 1058

colloidal solution, see colloidal dispersion

colour, 273, 290, 298, 319–321, 330, 358, 478, 502,

504, 514, 767, 1062

Comite

International pour l’Etude des Argiles,

see CIPEA

commercial clays, 724, 1152

commercial users of clays, 3

common clays, 5, 160, 501, 502, 518, 1164

Commonwealth Scientiﬁc and Industrial

Research Organization, see CSIRO

competitive adsorption, 327, 646

competitive exchange, 407

complexation, 275, 276, 325, 326, 334, 628–630,

632, 661, 983, 988

complexes inner-sphere, 41, 149

complexes outer-sphere, 41, 149, 629

compliance, 214

composting, 510

compressibility, 247, 896

compressive strength, 257, 1125

computer modelling, 769, 775, 776, 779, 1046,

1167

computer program (FEFF), 801

computer program (IFEFFIT), 796

computer program (TKATOMS), 805

concentrated clay slurry, see slurry

concentrated clay suspension, 404, 683

concentrated clay dispersion, 154, 404, 683

concentrated medium, 403

concept, 1, 146, 189, 322, 393, 699, 704, 708, 709,

711,1143

concepts of chemistry, 1184

concepts of mathematics, 1184

concepts of physics, 1184

concrete, 10, 301, 511, 1024, 1113

condensation, 41, 157, 556, 557, 562, 842, 965,

967, 1005, 1026, 1058, 1060

conducting polymer, 555, 608

conductivity, 129, 131, 247, 250, 251, 278, 441,

442, 477, 584, 591, 607–609, 696, 703, 704,

706, 710, 768, 992, 994

conformational, 193, 344, 346–348, 354, 635

consultants, 537, 1190

contact angle, 90, 149

containment, 502, 641

contaminant, 382, 640, 693, 694, 696, 979

contaminated land, 641

contraction, 1052, 1053, 1098, 1100

contrast matching, 890, 902

controlled rate thermal analysis, see CRTA

controlled-release, 1065, 1066

conventional applications, 3, 499, 501, 537

convergent basins, 1146

co-operative, co-operativity, 219, 313, 314, 709,

985

cookeite, 45

coordination compounds, 400

coordination environment, 91, 791, 817

co-polymer, 634

copper (Cu), 319, 320, 323, 559, 560, 628, 1060,

1065

cordierite, 303

core electron transition, 792, 794, 799

core sand, see moulding sand

correlation distance, 407

corrensite, 25, 452, 1133, 1145, 1146, 1151

corrosion, 516, 1065

cosmetics, 1, 501, 516, 517, 720, 734

cosorption, 327, 333, 357, 608, 649, 824, see also

co-adsorption

cost, 530, 537, 599, 653, 661, 662

Coulombic attraction, 186, 220

coupling agents, 595

coupling macroscopic behaviour to the nano-,

micro-, and mesoscopic structure, 1167

coupling reaction, 598

course standards, 1189

covalent bond, 309, 316, 628, 743, 931, 1005

covalent bonding, 546

Subject Index1202

covalent Si-(OH)-Al pillar bond, 409

CP-MAS (cross polarisation magic angle

spinning), 927, 934, 921

cracking catalysts, 393

cream, 720

creative educational techniques, 1189

creeping measurement, 213

Creta fullonia, 1169

cristobalite, 37, 299, 303, 714, 734

criteria of pillaring, 395

critical assessment of spectroscopic and analytical

techniques, 3

critical coagulation concentration, 147, 162, 163,

168–170, 174, 182, 184, 200, 216

CrO

(chromate ion), 799, 840, 874

crocidolite, 729

cronstedtite, 33, 772

cross-linked smectites, see CLS

cross-linked structure, 272, 409

cross polarisation magic angle spinning, see

CP-MAS

crown ether, 324, 927

CRTA (controlled rate thermal analysis), 967,

970, 1008, 1010, 1014, 1015, 1167

crystal chemistry, 121, 805, 909, 974

crystal growth, 48, 117–120, 1115

crystal size, 48, 120

crystal size measurement, 950

crystal structure, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 38, 48, 60,

182, 315, 875, 941, 1038, 1102, 1110, 1111,

1116

crystal violet, 178, 180, 331, 514, 636, 653, 658,

681, 685, 828, 991

crystalline materials, 1164

crystalline physiology, 380

crystalline silica, 835

crystalline silicic acid 1019, 1168

crystallinity, 119–121, 124, 125, 275, 610, 611,

726, 730, 731, 733, 756, 771, 818, 844, 950,

1028, 1031, 1033, 1035, 1037, 1041, 1047

crystallisation, 48, 117, 119, 123–125, 275, 380,

477, 492, 914, 1129, 1141, 1147, 1151

crystallisation of gels, 591

crystallisation of polymers, 611

crystallite, 842, 844

crystallographic angles, 813, 814

crystallography, 121, 397, 805, 1173, 1184, 1186

C-S-H, 1114, 1115, 1117–1125

CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientiﬁc and Industrial

Research Organization), 1185

curriculum, 2, 1184, 1185, 1192

cyanide, 382, 1067

cyanobacteria, 486, 641

cyclic, 387, 552

cyclic heptapeptide, 634

cyclic voltammetry, 459, 1067

cyclododecyltrimethyl, 648

cysteine, 311, 326, 632

daily life, 3, 1183

DAM (dry as moulded), 602

DCB (dichlorobenzene), 651

DDDMA (didodecyl dimethylammonium), 649

decarboxylation, 562

Debye-Scherrer, 1165

decolouration, 510, 654

decoration, 518

decoupled rotation MAS, see DR-MAS

deﬂocculating agent, 155

deﬂocculation, 199

deformation band, 99

degradable, 642

degree of hydrolysis (OH/Al ratio), 398

de-inking, 510

delamination, 9, 157, 160, 175, 407, 605

delaminated clay, 605

delaminated pillared Laponite, 407

delamination, 106, 126, 150, 152, 153, 155, 159,

173, 198, 202, 220, 314, 338, 351, 356, 505,

521, 584, 1057, 1063

departments of chemistry, 1185, 1186

departments of physics, 1186

depolluting agent, 1

deposition, 104–106, 108, 184, 199, 696, 704,

1138, 1149

detrital palygorskite, 1154

devitriﬁcation, 1140, 1147, 1149, 1153

dewatering, 504, 843

diagenesis, 40, 778, 1130, 1138, 1140, 1146, 1150

diagenetic alteration, 957

dialysis, 129–131, 157, 404, 768

dialysis bag, 129, 404, 683, 684

diaphragma walling, 512

diarrheas, 1061

diaspore, 181, 842

diatoms, 493, 726

diazoalkanes, 558

3,5-dichlorophenol, 655

dichroism, 333

Subject Index 1203

dickite, 26, 27, 30, 31, 275, 299, 309, 311, 1147,

1169

dielectric relaxation, 97

Diels-Alder, 542, 557, 558

diethyl ketone, 632

differential scanning calorimetry, see DSC

differential thermal analysis, see DTA

differential thermogravimetry, see DTG

diluent, 503

dilute dispersion, 130, 404

dilute pillaring solution, 404

dimers, 100, 101, 332, 333, 384, 385, 397

DIMOS (direct intercalation of metal oxide sols),

401

dinitrophenol, 638

diol, 549, 551

dioxin, 655

dipole moment, 94, 100, 313

diquat, 178, 633, 634, 637, 679, 686, 746

direct intercalation of metal oxide sols, see

DIMOS

dirt, 2, 944, 1170

disciplinary boundaries, 1184

discipline, 1, 2, 1163

dispersant, see peptisation

dispersion forces, 1122

displacement reaction, 316

dissolution, 48, 117, 125–127, 129, 145, 146, 184,

263, 265, 267–272, 274–277, 398, 425, 429,

433, 434, 447, 632, 708, 713, 714, 728, 732,

790, 835–837, 931, 956, 987, 1027, 1030,

1114, 1131, 1133, 1137, 1143, 1147–1150,

1153

dissolution of Al metal, 398

dissolved natural organic matter, 659

distance of closest approach, 146, 147, 189

dithionite, 127, 128, 427, 430–432, 435, 441,

444–447, 452, 455, 460, 759, 767, 873, 740

ditrigonal, 32, 34, 43, 44, 98, 99, 316, 915, 928,

969

diuron, 647

divalent cation, 911, 983, 1039

DLS (dynamic light scattering), 161, 163, 201,

895–897, 899, 901, 902, 904

DLVO theory, 168, 180, 186, 189, 220, 889, 1122

DMBL (dimethyl benzyllauryl), 637

DMDO (dimethyl dioctadecyl), 637

DMDOA (dimethyl dioctadecylammonium),

632, 639

DMSO (dimethylsulphoxide), 158, 226, 311,

315–317, 337, 589, 915, 928

DODMA (dioctadecyl trimethylammonium), 49,

824, 826

donbassite, 45

double layer, 149, 166, 177, 188, 189, 213, 250,

699, 829, 983

DR-MAS (decoupled rotation MAS), 921

drilling mud, 200, 211, 509

drinking water, 659, 677, 1183

drug delivery, 1065, 1066

dry cleaning, 654

drying at low temperature, 402

drying at room temperature, 402

drying by freeze-drying, 402

drying in an oven, 768

DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), 349,

352, 1007, 1008, 1048

DTA (Differential thermal analysis), 302, 440,

1005, 1007, 1050, 1165

DTG (differential thermogravimetry), 323

DTMA (dodecyl trimethylammonium), 649

dye, 99, 100, 309, 330, 357, 358, 653, 660

dye-sensitisers, 660

dynamic light scattering, see DLS

dynamic mobility, 154

early diagenesis, 1140

earth sciences, 1185, 1187

earthenware, 502, 505

ECG (European Clay Groups), 1173

ECGA (European Clay Groups Association),

1173

economic beneﬁts, 16

edge site, 833

educational subjects, 1183

educational techniques, 1188

EDX (energy dispersive X-ray), 67, 68, 480, 481,

1043

EDXRF (energy dispersive X-ray ﬂuorescence),

939, 945, 947, 952

effect pigment, see nacreous pigment

efﬂuent, 170, 659

egg-shell porcelain, 314, 505

EGME (ethylene glycol monoethyl ether),

972–974

Eh (redox potential), 477

elastic and dynamic light scattering, 875, 879,

941, see also ELS and DLS

elastic and inelastic neutron scattering, 1044

elastic modulus, 600, 601

Subject Index1204