Backman Clifford R. The Worlds of Medieval Europe
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454 INDEX
Army
Byzantine, 97–99, 106–107
Roman, 10–12
Arnau de Vilanova, 318, 348, 355–356
Arnold of Brescia, 266–267
Arnulf, Saint, 111
Ascalon, 226
Asceticism, 42–43, 69–71, 82, 228. See also
Mysticism
Asser, 143
Athanasius, Saint, 70, 73
Athens, 72, 80
Augustine of Canterbury, Saint, 66–67,
91
Augustine of Hippo, Saint, 40–46, 55–56,
66, 69, 86, 214, 328
City of God, 46–46
Confessions, 43, 328
Augustus (Rom. emp.), 11, 14
Avars, 48, 116–117
Averroe¨s. See ‘Ibn Rushd
Avignon Papacy, 388–390
Bacon, Roger, 288, 305, 318–320
Baghdad, 104, 124, 145–146, 167–168, 196–
197, 222, 241–242, 301–302
Baldwin I (k. Jerusalem), 224
Balearic islands, 148, 222, 297
Banking, 331–333
Barcelona, 8, 109, 117, 149, 168, 170, 198,
239, 296–297, 304, 327
Bari, 148
Bashshar ‘ibn Burd, 146
Basil II (Byz. emp.), 169
Basil of Caesarea, Saint, 72–73, 80
Beauvais, 310
Becket, Thomas, 264–265, 288
Bede, 112, 141
Beguines, 275–276, 424–425
Belisarius, 97
Benedict VI (pope), 209
Benedict IX (pope), 215
Benedict of Aniane, Saint, 138
Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 82–84
Benevento, 60, 203
Berengar of Tours, 233, 247
Bergamo, 248
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 225, 229,
231, 235–236, 307
Bernat de Ventadorn, 304
Be´ziers, 278, 342
Bible, 42–43, 71–72, 79–80, 197, 274, 392–
393
Vetus latina, 42
Vulgate, 42–43, 131
Black Death, 369, 374–381, 429–430
Blanche of Castile, 290–292
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 304, 431
Boethius, 78, 80–82, 86
Boethius of Daca, 237
Bohemund of Taranto, 224
Bologna, 238–240, 244, 247, 268, 356
Bonaventura, Saint, 307
Boniface VI (pope), 209–210
Boniface VIII (pope), 293, 321, 383, 387–
388, 398, 424
Boniface, Saint, 111–114, 122
Bordeaux, 151, 374
Bourges, 88
Bouvines, 271, 287
Bozo (count), 139
Bracton, Henry, 288
Brescia, 266
Brigid of Ireland, Saint, 76, 78
Brigid of Sweden, Saint, 366
Bruges, 177, 333, 346
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 435
Bruni, Leonardo, 433
Bulgars, 168–169
Burgundy, 48, 52, 56, 59–60, 67, 88, 186,
374, 385
Buridan, Jean, 398
Caesarea, 72, 93, 99, 291
Caesarius of Arles, 90
Cahors, 333
Cairo, 242, 344
Calais, 382, 386
Calendars, 79–80, 92, 119
Caligula (Rom. emp.), 14
Calixtus II (pope), 219
Cambrai, 60–61
Canossa, 218
Canterbury, 112, 195, 264
Canute (k. Eng.), 189–191
Capet, Hugh, 187
Capetian dynasty. See France, Capetian
Capitularies, 121
Caracalla (Rom. emp.), 18
Carolingian Empire, 109–133
administration of, 120–125
cultural revival of, 112, 129–133
decline of, 137–153, 177
origins of, 110–114
rulership of, 114–119
society of, 125–129, 158
Carthusian order, 228–229
Cassiodorus, 78–81, 86
Catalonia. See Crown of Aragon
Cathars, 276–277, 354
Cathedral schools, 214, 231, 234–236, 247–
248, 273, 305
INDEX 455
Catherine of Siena, Saint, 366, 390
Cavalcanti, Guido, 304
Celts, 76–78, 90–92
Chaˆlons, 56
Champagne, 331
Charlemagne (Car. emp.), 83, 109, 115–
121, 123, 130, 137–138, 140, 143–144,
179, 182–183, 208–209, 220, 256
Charles IV (k. France), 383
Charles VII (k. France), 385
Charles Martel, 106, 111–112, 122–123
Charles of Anjou (k. Sicily/Naples), 292,
296–297, 423
Charles the Bald, 138–139
Charles the Fat, 139
Charles the Simple, 139, 144, 177
Charroux, 151
Chartres, 178, 304, 312–313
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 81, 339–340, 369, 399–
400, 404–407, 413
Chilperic (k. Franks), 87, 90
Chivalry, 179–181, 252–254, 383–387
Chre´tien de Troyes, 254, 304
Christine de Pizan, 304, 369, 407–408,
413
Chrosroes I (Per. emp.), 97
Chrosroes II (Per. emp.), 98–99
Cicero, 40–42, 44, 129, 214
Ciompi rebellion, 379, 386
Cistercian order, 228–229
Claudius (Rom. emp.), 11, 14
Clement II (pope), 215
Clement IV, Pope, 320
Clement V (pope), 276, 388, 425
Clermont, 219
Clothilde, 61
Clovis (k. Franks), 60–65, 80, 87, 90, 94,
110
Cluny, 210–212, 228, 236, 310
Cologne, 109, 224, 275, 304, 327–329, 373
Columbus, Christopher, 420–421
Commenda contracts, 171–172
Communes, Mediterranean, 170–173, 201–
205, 266–267
Conrad I (Ger. emp.), 181
Conrad II (Ger. emp.), 185–186
Conrad III (Ger. emp.), 265
Constance of Sicily, 270
Constantine V (Byz. emp.), 122–123
Constantine VI (Byz. emp.), 124
Constantine the African, 247
Constantine the Great (Rom. emp.), 19–
21, 24, 36–39, 62, 64, 70, 94
Donation of, 114–115
Constantinople, 21, 37, 56–57, 59, 66, 72,
86, 93–95, 99, 106, 114, 119, 124, 185,
196, 220, 222–227, 270, 298, 327, 415–
417
Constitutions of Melfi, 294
Cordoba, 145, 148, 196
Corpus iuris civilis, 95–96, 203, 238–240
Corsica, 222, 296
Countess of Dia, 257–258
Courtly love, 254
Cre´cy, 384
Crown of Aragon, 346, 382, 419–421
Crusades, 219–227
Albigensian Crusade, 277–279
apocalyptic element of, 222–224
Crusader States, 224–225
First Crusade, 222–224
Fourth Crusade, 269
origins of, 219–222
Peasants’ Crusade, 222–224
recovery treatises, 371
Second Crusade, 225–226
Sixth-Seventh Crusades, 292
Third Crusade, 226–227
Dagobert (k. Franks), 110
Damascus, 93, 98, 104, 145–146, 167–168,
225, 242
Damasus (pope), 215
Damietta, 292
Danelaw, 144, 189
Danube (river), 10, 17–18, 48, 50, 54, 57,
107, 109, 168
Dhuoda, Lady, 149–150
Dio Cassius, 17
Diocletian (Rom. emp.), 19–20, 33, 36, 70,
94
Dniester (river), 169
Dominic, Saint, 278, 354–356
Dominican order, 278–279, 354–356, 376,
418
Domitian (Rom. emp.), 15
Don (river), 169
Durham, 162, 304
Ebbo of Reims, 126
Edessa, 170, 224–225
Edgar (k. Eng.), 144
Edward I (k. Eng.), 289, 292–293, 333,
382, 422–423
Edward II (k. Eng.), 374, 382
Edward III (k. Eng.), 382, 392
Edward the Confessor (k. Eng.), 191
Egypt, 11, 28–29, 70–72, 104, 148–149,
221, 226, 241, 292, 298, 300, 302, 370
Einhard, 115–117, 131
Elbe (river), 181
456 INDEX
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 188–189, 225–227,
265
England, Norman Kingdom of, 189–196
Domesday Book, 194
Exchequer, 195
Justices in eyre, 195–196
Ephesus, Council of, 241
Epirus, 270, 300
Eriugena, John Scotus, 130–132
Ethelbert of Kent, 91
Ethelred the Unready (k. Eng.), 189–191
Euphrates (river), 7–8, 17, 146
Eusebius of Caesarea, 21, 36, 80
Evangelical poverty, 356–359
Evaristus (pope), 213
Exchequer, 286
Exeter, 112
Fairs, 331
Family structures
Germanic, 49–50, 88–89
Roman, 13–14
Federati, 18, 20, 54, 60
Feudalism, 175–181, 186, 193–195, 199–
200, 213, 237–238
Fibonacci, Leonardo, 246–247
Filioque controversy, 123–124
Florence, 238, 327, 333, 346, 371–373, 379,
381, 429, 433, 436
Forests/forestry, 10, 166, 169
Formosus (pope), 209–210
France, Capetian, 187–189, 289–293
Francis, Saint, 357–360
Franciscan order, 307, 357–362, 376, 418
Franks, 18, 48, 52–53, 56–57, 59–63, 67,
87–90, 110–111
Frederick I (Barbarossa) (Ger. emp.), 227,
240, 265–267, 270
Frederick II (Hohenstaufen) (Ger. emp.),
270–272, 293–296, 323
Fre´jus, 148
Frisians, 111, 116
Froissart, Jean, 384, 413
Fulbert of Chartres, 178
Fulda, 50, 112–113, 255
Gaeta, 148, 170, 202
Galbert of Bruges, 177
Gelasius I (pope), 262
Genoa, 168, 202, 227, 283, 296–297
Geoffrey of Bouillon, 224
Gepids, 48
Gerard of Cremona, 200, 241
Gerbert of Aurillac. See Sylvester II
German Empire, 181–186, 333
Drang nach Osten, 182, 186
Habsburg dynasty, 295–296
Hohenstaufen dynasty, 265, 270–272,
293–297, 323
interest in Italy, 182–184
ministeriales, 185–186
Ottonian Renaissance, 185
Salian dynasty, 185–186
Saxon dynasty, 181–185
Germanic peoples, early, 17–19, 48–67, 77–
78, 86–90, 177, 285
clan structures of, 49–52, 88–89
feuds of, 51–52
Vo¨lkerwanderung, 54–55, 57
Gerson, Jean, 234
Gertrude of Nivelles, Saint, 111
Ghenghis Khan. See Mongols
Ghent, 275
Gianni, Giordano, 359
Giotto di Bondone, 369
Glaber, Raoul, 149
Gloucester, 316
Gothic style, 313–318
Gratian, 240–241
Great Alleluia, 361–362
Great Famine, 373–374
Great Schism, 390–392
Gregorian Reform, 156, 208–230
College of Cardinals, 216–217
emergence of bishops, 213–214
investiture conflict, 217–219
monastic reforms of, 227–229
origins of, 210–216
relations with the East, 219–227
revolutionary period of, 216–219
use of forgery in, 213–214
Gregory I (the Great) (pope), 40, 46, 65–
67, 82, 91, 112, 122
Gregory VI (pope), 215
Gregory VII (pope), 194, 208, 217–219,
262, 267
Gregory IX (pope), 275, 294, 302
Gregory of Tours, 60–61, 64, 75, 87–88
Grosseteste, Robert, 288, 305, 318–319
Guelf-Ghibelline conflict, 265, 271, 295
Gui, Bernard, 276
Guilds, 328–331
Guillaume de Machaut, 322
Guiscard, Robert, 203, 217–219
Hadewijch of Flanders, 366
Hadrian IV (pope), 266–267
Hadrian (Rom. emp.), 11, 15, 17
Hadrian’s Wall, 7
Hagia Sophia, Church of, 94–95
Hamburg, 346
Harald Finehair, 143–144
INDEX 457
Harold Godwinson, 191–192
Harun ‘al-Rashid (caliph), 124, 147, 241
Hastings, 191–192
He´loı¨se, 235
Helvetii, 10
Henry I (the Fowler) (Ger. emp.), 181–
182
Henry I (k. Eng.), 195–196
Henry I (k. France), 187
Henry II (Ger. emp.), 184–185, 191
Henry II (k. Eng.), 239, 263–265, 286–288
Henry III (Ger. emp.), 186, 215, 217
Henry III (k. Eng.), 288–289, 382
Henry IV (Ger. emp.), 186, 217–219, 262
Henry V (Ger. emp.), 196, 219, 265
Henry V (k. Eng.), 385
Henry VI (Ger. emp.), 270
Henry VII (Ger. emp.), 381–382
Heraclius (Byz. emp.), 94, 97–99, 103–
104, 106, 145, 169
Heresy, 34–35, 88, 112, 122–124, 131, 273–
277
Arianism, 35, 53–55, 59, 66–67, 124
Donatism, 35, 67
Herman of Carinthia, 20
Heruli, 48
Hildebrandslied, 50–51, 255–256
Hildegard of Bingen, 304
Hincmar of Reims, 142–143
Honorius (Rom. emp.), 55
Honorius III (pope), 294, 302, 354
Honorius IV (pope), 360
Hrotsvitha von Gandersheim, 150–151,
185
Hugh of St. Victor, 248
Humanism, 430–431
Hundred Years War, 369, 382–386
Hungary, 144–145, 186, 269
Huns, 48, 54–57
Hus, Jan, 393
’Ibn ‘al-Khatib, 377
’Ibn ‘Ishaq, 100
’Ibn Jubayr, 225
’Ibn Khaldun, 376
’Ibn Rushd (Averroe¨s), 200–201, 236
’Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 237
Iceland, 143
Iconoclasm, 122–123
’Imad ‘ad-Din Zangi, 225
Imitatio Christ, 352–354, 356–358, 360
Innocent I (pope), 266
Innocent III (pope), 268–279, 287, 293,
342, 358
Innocent IV (pope), 295
Inquisitions, 276–279, 385
Iona, 76
Ipswich, 239
Irene (Byz. emp.), 124
Irnerius of Bologna, 238–239, 247
Isaac II (Byz. emp.), 227
Isidore of Seville, Saint, 241
Islam
’Abbasid dynasty, 145–149, 167
’Aghlabid dynasty, 148, 168
’Ayyubid dynasty, 227
Fatimid dynasty, 148–149, 168, 221, 226
hajj,102
’Idrisid dynasty, 148, 168
madrasas,242
Rustamid dynasty, 168
Shi’a, 103–104, 148, 168
Sunni, 103–104, 148, 168
Tulunid dynasty, 168
’Umayyad dynasty, 104–108, 145, 167
zakaˆt (Islamic alms tax), 102
Zirid dynasty, 148
Ivo of Chartres, 240
Jacob von Ko¨nigshaufen, 423
Jacquerie revolt, 379, 386
James I (the Conqueror) (k. Aragon), 297
Jean de Montreuil, 429
Jerome, Saint, 40–43, 46, 55, 66, 69
Jerusalem, 7, 93, 98–99, 104, 219–221, 224–
227, 267–270, 294, 297, 310
Jews/Judaism, 23–27, 30–32, 39–40, 63,
69, 98, 102, 150, 196–197, 221, 224–
225, 242, 293, 300, 328, 331, 341–344,
376, 422–424
Abraham ben Hiyya, 242
Benjamin of Tudela, 343
Essenes, 25
Hillel, 25
Maimonides, 344
Pharisees, 25–26
Sadducees, 25–26
Talmud, 25, 242, 343
Joan of Arc, 385–386
John (k. Eng.), 227, 239, 248, 263, 271,
286–287
John I (pope), 59
John VIII (pope), 209
John XII (pope), 153, 182, 209
John XIV (pope), 209
John XXII (pope), 397–398
John Cassian, Saint, 77
John of Paris, 398
John of Salisbury, 180–181, 260, 321
Joinville, 290
Josephus, 24
Julian (Rom. emp.), 35
458 INDEX
Julian of Norwich, 366
Juliana of Mont-Corillon, 366
Julius Caesar, 7, 10–11, 54
Justin I (Byz. emp.), 59
Justin II (Byz. emp.), 90, 94
Justin Martyr, 34
Justinian I (Byz. emp.), 60, 94–97, 119
Jutes, 48, 56, 90
Kempe, Margery, 365
Khazars, 169
Kiev, 142, 168–169
Kildare, 76
Knighton, Henry, 376
Lanfranc of Bec, 233, 236
Langland, William, 386
Langton, Stephen, 271, 287
Lateran Council, Second, 189
Lateran Council, Fourth, 236, 272–273,
352, 354, 362
Law
canon, 240–241
Common, 263–264
Roman, 237–240
Lechfeld, 145, 182
Legnano, 267
Le Puy, 88
Leo I (pope), 56
Leo III (pope), 109, 117, 124, 209
Leo IX (pope), 203–204, 215–216, 219
Le´ontin, 304
Liancarven, 76
Liguge´, 73
Lincoln, 319
Lindisfarne, 76, 141
Literacy, 345–346
Literature
Arabic, 145–146
Beowulf, 255
chansons de geste, 255–256
classical, 40–43, 80–81, 93, 104, 214, 232,
431–434
drama, 185, 258–259
fabliaux,259–260
Nibelungenlied, 56
romance, 253–255, 259–260
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 288,
304
Song of Roland, 117, 198–199, 255–256
Song of the Cid, 198–199
troubadour verse, 247, 256–258, 304
Liutberga, Saint, 128–129
Loire (river), 109, 247
Lollards, 392
Lombard, Peter, 236
Lombards, 48, 53, 59–60, 67, 83, 107, 116,
203
London, 192–193, 287, 310, 325, 327, 341,
372–373, 379
Lothair, 138–139
Lothair II, 139
Louis I (the Pious) (Car. emp.), 125, 128,
137–138, 142, 177, 220
Louis II, 139
Louis III, 139
Louis VI (the Fat) (k. France), 165–166,
188
Louis VII (k. France), 188–189, 225–227
Louis VIII (k. France), 290
Louis IX (k. France), 62, 279, 283, 290–3,
296, 302, 340
Louis X (k. France), 383
Louis of Bavaria, 382, 397–398, 400
Louis the Blind, 139
Louis the Child, 139, 181
Louis the German, 138–139
Louis the Stammerer, 139
Lu¨ beck, 329, 339
Lucca, 333
Lull, Ramon, 304, 369
Lyons, 274
Macarius of Alexandria, 70
Maccabaean dynasty, 25
Madinah, 99, 102–103
Madrid, 356
Magdeburg, 182
Magic, 320–321
Magna Carta, 271, 287–288
Magyars, 144–145, 182
Mainz, 109, 112, 140, 224, 327, 373
Malory, Thomas, 414
Mameluks, 415–416
Manichaeans, 44
Manorialism, 159–165, 212–213, 237
Manzikert, 222
Marbode of Rennes, 247
Marcellinus Empiricus, 321
Marcus Aurelius (Rom. emp.), 15
Marie de France, 254
Marie d’Oignies, 366
Marozia, 153
Marseilles, 148, 168, 170, 297, 373, 375
Marsilius of Padua, 398–400, 413
Martianus Capellanus, 79
Martin of Tours, Saint, 73–75, 78, 83
Maurice (Byz. emp.), 97
Mecca, 99, 102–104
Medicine, 147, 244–245
Mehmet II (the Conqueror) (sultan), 417
Meister Eckhart, 365
INDEX 459
Melitene, 170
Menander the Protector, 93
Messiah/messianic expectation, 24–25
Messina, 227, 375
Metz, 111
Michael I (Byz. emp.), 119
Michael of Cesena, 397–398
Milan, 40–41, 44, 56, 60, 109, 202, 267,
327, 329, 371, 373, 379
Edict of, 36–37
Miracles, 24, 74–76
Misogyny, 43
Missi dominici, 121–122
Monasticism, 69–85, 227–229, 285–286.
See also Carthusian order; Cistercian
order; Dominican order; Franciscan
order
Benedictine Rule, 83–84, 138
Byzantine, 69–73
Celtic, 76–78
Mongols, 300–302, 375, 416–417
Monreale, 205
Monte Cassino, 83–84, 148, 244
Montpellier, 170, 244–245, 318, 343
Morocco, 148–149
Muhammad, 99–106
Hadith, 102, 106, 145
Hijrah, 102–103
Qur’an, 100–101, 106, 145, 147, 167, 200–
201
Munich, 346, 397–398, 400
Muntaner, Ramon, 284
Muret, 278
Music, 80, 304, 322–325
Mysticism, 364–367, 385, 387, 424–425
Naples, 168, 170, 202, 250, 283, 307, 373,
382
Narbonne, 278, 297, 343
Nero (Rom. emp.), 14–15, 33
Nerva (Rom. emp.), 15
Nestorian Christianity, 241
Neuillay-les-Bois, 125–126
Nicaea, 270, 300
Council of, 37–39, 53, 72, 208
Nicholas I (pope), 214
Nicholas II (pope), 217
Nicosia, 226
Nitria, 71
Nur ‘ad-Din, 225
Odoacer, 57
Order of Preachers. See Dominican order
Orders of Friars Minor. See Franciscan
order
Oresme, Nicholas, 398
Origen, 24
Orle´ans, 130
Ostrogoths, 48, 55, 57–60, 62, 67, 73, 78–
80, 97
Otto I (the Great) (Ger. emp.), 145, 176,
182–183, 185
Otto II (Ger. emp.), 182
Otto III (Ger. emp.), 182–183
Otto IV (Ger. emp.), 323
Otto of Brunswick, 248, 271–272
Otto of Freising, 202–203
Oxford, 250, 318–319
Pachomius, Saint, 71–72
Paderborn, Diet of, 117
Padua, 202, 250
Paganism
Germanic, 53–54, 61–62, 64–67, 74–75,
77–78, 91–92, 182, 191
Roman, 27–28, 45
Paleologoi dynasty, 415
Palermo, 168, 175, 204, 246, 327, 373, 379
Papacy, 65–67, 114–115, 213–217, 267–273
Paris, 109, 142, 187, 225, 227, 235, 237,
271, 276, 290, 292, 306–307, 318–319,
327, 329, 331, 341, 372–373, 376, 380,
386, 398
Patria potestas, 13–14, 52
Pax Romana, 7, 15, 33
Patrick, Saint, 76
Paul, Saint (the apostle), 24, 29–30
Paul the Deacon, 53, 131
Pavia, 56
Payenne, 311
Peace of God/Truce of God, 151, 180,
186, 210–213, 216, 221, 273, 361
Peasants, 156–167
Carolingian, 125–128
categories of, 164–165
diet of, 161, 171, 335–336
dwellings of, 164
free villagers, 165–167
labor of, 162
Peasants’ Revolt, 379–380, 386
popular religion of, 162–164
Roman, 12–13
Pepin of Heristal, 111, 125
Pepin the Short, 114, 123
Pe´rontin, 304
Perpetua, Saint, 33–34
Persians, 17–18, 28–29, 144–145, 167, 220,
241–242
Peter II (k. Aragon), 278
Peter III (k. Aragon), 296
Peter Damian, Saint, 151
Peter of Blois, 336
460 INDEX
Peter the Deacon, 116
Peter the Hermit, 222–224
Petrarca, Francesco, 369, 390, 413, 431,
434
Philip I (k. France), 188
Philip II (k. France), 226–227, 240, 265,
271–272, 289–290, 422
Philip III (k. France), 292
Philip IV (the Fair) (k. France), 283, 291–
293, 383, 387–388, 398, 423
Philip V (k. France), 383
Philip VI (k. France), 377, 383
Philip Augustus. See Philip II
Philippe de Vitry, 322
Philosophy, 81–82, 104, 232–237
Islamic, 147, 232–234
rediscovery of Aristotle, 232–233
Phocas (Byz. emp.), 97
Piano, Giovanni, 302, 358
Piracy, 148, 171–172
Pisa, 168, 202, 227, 238, 296–297
Plato, 80–81
Plenitudo potestati, 352, 399–400
Plotinus, 72
Poitiers, 73, 90, 385
Polo, Marco, 299, 417–418
Poor Clares, 360–361
Popular culture, 321–325
Prague, 182, 393
Priests/priesthood, 32, 65–67, 111–114,
127–128, 151–153, 189, 216–217, 273–
274
Primogeniture, 138
Procopius of Caesarea, 95–96
Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, 213–214, 216
Rabanus Maurus, 132
Radegund, Saint, 90
Ragnachar, 60–61
Ramon de Penyafort, 355
Rauching, 87–88
Ravenna, 57, 97, 109, 119, 298, 310
Raymond of Toulouse, 276–278
Recared (k. Visigoths), 63–65, 67, 90
Regensburg, 117
Reims, 126, 213, 216, 315
Reinmar von Hagenau, 257
Religious persecution
of Christians, 20–21, 32–34, 59, 63–64,
70, 87–88, 98–99, 197–198, 221, 393
of Jews, 39–40, 63–64, 98–99, 197–198,
221, 224, 294–295, 422–424
of Muslims, 219–227
Representative government, 284–296
Rheims, 142–143
Rhine (river), 10, 17–18, 48, 50, 54, 62,
107, 111, 224
Rhoˆne (river), 109
Richard I (Lionheart) (k. Eng.), 226–227,
263, 265, 271, 286
Richard II (k. Eng.), 380, 393
Richard of Cornwall, 295
Robert I (k. France), 187
Robert II (the Pious) (k. France), 187
Robert of Arbrissel, 247
Robert of Chester, 245
Robert of Flanders, 224
Robert of Normandy, 224
Robert the Monk, 219–221
Roger II (k. Sicily), 204–205
Roger of Wendover, 325
Rollo of Normandy, 144, 177–178, 187
Romance of the Rose, 259–260
Romanesque style, 310–313
Rome, 37, 41, 43, 82, 97, 109, 117, 148,
153, 191, 202, 214–215, 218, 239, 266,
356, 386
Romulus Augustulus, 57
Rouen, 386
Rudolf of Habsburg (Ger. emp.), 295–296
Rudolph of Bruges, 200
Rugians, 48
Russia, 142, 149
Saint-Martial, 151
Saint-Omer, 329
Saints’ lives, 33–34, 74, 132
Life of St. Benedict, 82
Life of St. Martin, 73–75
Saints’ cults, 65–66, 74, 82, 128–129, 212
Saladin, 226–227, 267, 269
Salerno, 219, 244–245, 247
Salimbene de Adam, 322–323, 361–362
Salutati, Coluccio, 436
Sancho III (k. Navarre), 198
Santiago de Compostela, 149, 197–198
Sanudo Torsello, Marino, 371, 428
Sardinia, 222, 296–297, 382
Scholasticism, 304–309
Science, 241–246, 316–321
Sedulius Scotus, 130–132
Seneca, 129
Seville, 142, 197, 242, 344
Sexuality, 41–43, 53, 82, 346–349
Sheep, 166
Ships/shipping, 142–143, 170–172, 419
Sicily, 148, 203–204, 288, 293–294, 296–
297, 374–375, 382
Siger of Brabant, 237
Simeon of Durham, 162
INDEX 461
Simon de Montfort, 278–279
Simon de Montfort (son), 288
Simony, 151–153, 209, 216
Slavery, 89, 98, 125–126, 197
Southampton, 330
Spain/Spanish Kingdoms, 196–201
dhimmi law, 197
Reconquista,198–201, 222
Spiritual Franciscans, 360, 391–392, 397
Spoleto, 60
Stephen (k. Eng.), 196, 263
Stephen VI (pope), 209
Stilicho, 55
Strasbourg, Oath of, 138–139
Suetonius, 115, 129
Suevi, 48, 56, 63
Sulpicius Severus, 73–74
Sutri, 215, 265
Sylvester I (pope), 114, 183
Sylvester II (pope), 183, 232, 246
Sylvester III (pope), 215
Tabennisi, 71
Tacitus, 24, 33, 49–50, 129, 177, 285
Tamerlane, 417
Telesphorus (pope), 213–214
Templars, 292–293
Tertullian, 24, 40, 306
Theodolinda, 67
Theodora (Byz. emp.), 96–97
Theodoric (k. Ostrogoths), 57–59, 62, 64,
78–80, 94
Theodosius (Rom. emp.), 39–41, 55, 69
Theodulf of Orle´ans, 130–131
Theophanes, 98
Theophano (Ger. emp.), 183, 185
Thessalonica, 41, 93
Theudis, 63
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 304, 307–309,
321
Thuringians, 48, 59
Tiberius (Rom. emp.), 14
Tigris (river), 7–8, 17, 146, 225
Titus (Rom. emp.), 15
Toledo, 63–64, 124, 198, 246
Toulouse, 63, 250, 276, 278–279, 342
Tournai, 60
Tours, 73–75, 94, 109, 113–114
Trajan (Rom. emp.), 15, 17
Translation centers, 200–201, 232, 242–
244
Trebizond, 170, 270, 300
Tripoli, 104, 224, 297
Trivium and quadrivium, 79–81, 250–251
Trosle, 209
Trotula, 244–245, 247, 348
Troubadours. See Literature, troubadour
verse
Tunis/Tunisia, 148–149, 292
Turks
Saljuq, 222, 225–227, 300–301, 416–417
Ottoman, 369–370, 382, 415–417
Twelfth-century renaissance, 231–261
astronomy, 246–247
canon law, 240–241
mathematics, 245–246
medicine, 244–245
philosophy, 232–237
Roman law, 237–240
science, 241–246
Tyler, Wat, 370
Ulfilas, 53
Universities, 247–252, 304–309
administration of, 250
curricula, 248–251
development of, 247–248
Urban II (pope), 219, 267
Urban III (pope), 270
Urban life, 286–287, 327, 329–333, 337–
345, 372–373, 378–379
Usury, 269
Utrecht, 109
Valencia, 297
Valenciennes, 276
Valens (Rom. emp.), 55
Valerian (Rom. emp.), 17
Valois dynasty, 383–386
Vandals, 48, 55–56, 59, 63, 97
Varangian Guard, 142
Venantius Fortunatus, 90
Venette, Jean, 376
Venice, 56, 168, 171–172, 227, 269, 283,
296, 298–299, 304, 346, 415, 428–429,
434
Verdun, Treaty of, 139
Vernacular culture, 254–259
Verona, 202
Vespasian (Rom. emp.), 15
Vienna, 181, 257, 373
Vienne, 276, 425
Vikings, 141–144, 187
Danish, 141, 144
Norwegian, 141
Swedish, 141–142, 169
Villani, Giovanni, 346, 372
Virgil, 14, 41, 129, 214, 433–434
Virgin Mary, cult of, 352, 362–364
462 INDEX
Visigoths, 46, 50, 52, 55, 57, 59, 62–64, 67,
88
Viticulture, 160
Vladimir I (k. Russia), 169
Volga (river), 169
Vouille´, 63
Walafrid Strabo, 124, 130
Waldensians, 274–275
Walter of Henley, 334
Walter von der Vogelweide, 323
War of the Roses, 382
Wergeld,52
Whitby, Council of, 92
William I (the Conqueror) (k. Eng.), 191–
194, 203
William II (k. Eng.), 195, 310
William II (k. Sicily), 270
William IX (duke of Aquitaine), 210, 256
William X (duke of Aquitaine), 188
William of Champeaux, 234, 248
William of Malmesbury, 229
William of Ockham, 234, 395–398, 413
William of Rubruck, 302
William Rufus. See William II (k. Eng.)
Winchester, 195
Wolfram von Eschenbach, 304
Women, 257–259, 275–276, 330–331, 336,
356, 360–361, 380–381, 424–425
in early Christianity, 32, 42, 67, 72, 89–
90
Germanic, 52–53
peasant, 162–164
religious, 76–78, 83–84, 229
Roman, 13–14
Worms, 219, 262, 265, 271
Wycliff, John, 234, 392
Ynys Pyr, 76
York, 329
Zacharias (pope), 114
Zara, 269
Zealots, 25
Zoroastrians, 99–101
Zeno (Byz. emp.), 57, 94
Zuider See, 327