ASM Metals HandBook Vol. 14 - Forming and Forging
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Table 6 Mechanical property data for P/F-2000 materials
Ultimate
tensile strength
0.2% offset
yield strength
Forging
mode
Carbon,
%
Oxygen,
ppm
MPa ksi MPa ksi
Elongation,
% in 25
mm (1 in.)
Reduction of
area, %
Core hardness,
HV
(a)
Blank carburized
Upset
(b)
0.19 450 1205 175 . . . . . . 10.0 37.4
390
Re-press
(b)
0.23 720 1110 161 . . . . . . 6.3 17.0
380
Upset
(c)
0.25 130 1585 230 . . . . . . 13.0 47.5
489
Re-press
(c)
0.25 110 1460 212 . . . . . . 11.3 36.1
466
Quenched and stress relieved
Upset
(b)
0.31 470 1790 260 . . . . . . 9.0 27.3
532
Re-press
(b)
0.32 700 1745 253 . . . . . . 4.0 9.0
538
Upset
(b)
0.54 380 2050 297 . . . . . . 1.3 . . .
694
Re-press
(b)
0.50 520 2160 313 . . . . . . 2.0 . . .
653
Upset
(c)
0.65 120 1605 233 . . . . . . . . . . . .
710
Re-press
(c)
0.67 130 1040 151 . . . . . . . . . . . .
709
Upset
(b)
0.73 270 1110 161 . . . . . . . . . . . .
767
Re-press
(b)
0.85 370 1345 195 . . . . . . . . . . . .
727
Upset
(b)
0.70 420 600 87 . . . . . . . . . . . .
761
Re-press
(b)
0.67 320 540 78 . . . . . . . . . . . .
778
Upset
(c)
0.91 120 910 132 . . . . . . . . . . . .
820
Re-press
(c)
0.86 120 840 122 . . . . . . . . . . . .
825
Quenched and tempered
Upset
(d)
0.28 720 1050 153 895 130 10.6 42.8
336
Upset
(e)
0.37 1200 1450 210 1385 201 10.2 33.0
447
Upset
(e)
0.56 580 1680 244 7560 226 9.8 28.6
444
Upset
(f)
0.70 760 1805 262 1565 227 5.0 11.8
531
Upset
(g)
0.86 790 1425 207 1310 190 10.4 30.0
450
Upset
(h)
0.26 920 835 121 705 102 22.6 57.6
269
Upset
(i)
0.38 860 860 125 785 114 20.8 56.5
288
Upset
(j)
0.55 840 917 133 820 119 17.8 49.5
305
Upset
(k)
0.73 820 965 140 855 124 15.4 42.7
304
Upset
(k)
0.87 920 995 144 850 123 15.6 33.9 318
(a)
30-kgf load.
(b)
Sintered in dissociated ammonia at 1120 °C (2050 °F).
(c)
Sintered in dissociated ammonia at 1260 °C (2300 °F).
(d)
Tempered at 175 °C (350 °F).
(e)
Tempered at 315 °C (600 °F).
(f)
Tempered at 345 °C (650 °F).
(g)
Tempered at 425 °C (800 °F).
(h)
Tempered at 620 °C (1150 °F).
(i)
Tempered at 650 °C (1200 °F).
(j)
Tempered at 660 °C (1225 °F).
(k)
Tempered at 675 °C (1250 °F)
Table 7 Mechanical property and fatigue data for iron-copper-carbon alloys
Sintered at 1120 °C (2050 °F) in dissociated ammonia, reheated to 980 °C (1800 °F) in dissociated ammonia, and forged
Ultimate
tensile strength
0.2% offset
yield strength
Room-
temperature
Charpy V-notch
impact energy
Fatigue
endurance
limit
Forging
mode
Carbon,
%
Oxygen,
ppm
MPa ksi MPa ksi
Elongation,
% in 25
mm (1 in.)
Reduction
of area,
%
J ft · lb
Core hardness,
HV30
MPa
ksi
Ratio of fatigue
endurance to
tensile strength
Upset
(a)
0.39 250 670 97 475 69 15 37.8 4.1 3.0 228 . . . . . .
. . .
Upset
(b)
0.40 210 805 117 660 96 12.5 38.3 5.4 4.0 261 325 47
0.40
Re-press
(a)
0.39 200 690 100 490 71 15 35.4 2.7 2.0 227 . . . . . .
. . .
Re-press
(b)
0.41 240 795 115 585 85 10 36.5 4.1 3.0 269 345 50
0.43
Upset
(a)
0.67 170 840 122 750 109 10 22.9 2.7 2.0 267 . . . . . .
. . .
Upset
(b)
0.66 160 980 142 870 126 15 24.9 4.1 3.0 322 470 68
0.48
Re-press
(a)
0.64 190 825 120 765 111 10 24.8 3.4 2.5 266 . . . . . .
. . .
Re-press
(b)
0.67 170 985 143 875 127 10 20.6 4.7 3.5 311 460 67
0.47
Upset
(a)
0.81 240 1025 149 625 91 10 19.2 2.7 2.0 337 . . . . . .
. . .
Upset
(b)
0.85 280 1130 164 625 91 10 16.6 4.1 3.0 343 525 76
0.46
Re-press
(a)
0.81 200 1040 151 640 93 10 16.2 2.7 2.0 335 . . . . . .
. . .
Re-press
(b)
0.82 220 1170 170 745 108 10 12.8 2.7 2.0 368 475 69 0.41
(a)
Still-air cooled.
(b)
Forced-air cooled
Fig. 22 Mechanical properties versus carbon content for iron-carbon alloys. Source: Ref 76.
Fig. 23 Effect of sulfur and carbon on the ultimate tensile strength of iron-copper-carbon alloys. Samples we
re
upset forged and forced-air cooled.
The iron-copper-carbon alloys were either still-air cooled or forced-air cooled from the austenitizing temperature of 845
°C (1550 °F). Cooling rates for these treatments are shown in Fig. 24. The austenitizing temperature influences core
hardness. These iron-copper-carbon alloys are often used with manganese sulfide additions for enhanced machinability.
The tensile, impact, and fatigue properties for a sample with a 0.35% manganese sulfide addition are compared with a
material without sulfide additions in Table 8. The results obtained for a sulfurized powder sample are included for
comparison. The tensile properties for iron-copper-carbon alloys with a range of forged carbon content are summarized in
Fig. 23. Data from the samples with manganese sulfide and sulfurized powders are included for comparison. The
manganese sulfide addition had little influence on tensile strength, whereas the sulfurization process degraded tensile
properties.
Table 8 Mechanical property and fatigue data for iron-copper-carbon alloys with sulfur additions
Sintered at 1120 °C (2050 °F) in dissociated ammonia, reheated to 980 °C (1800 °F) in dissociated ammonia, and forged
Ultimate
tensile
strength
0.2% offset
yield strength
Room-temperature
Charpy
V-notch
impact energy
Fatigue
endurance
limit
Addition Carbon,
%
Oxygen,
ppm
Sulfur,
%
MPa
ksi MPa ksi
Elongation,
% in 25 mm
(1 in.)
Reduction
of area,
%
J ft · lb
Core
hardness,
HV30
MPa
ksi
Ratio of fatigue
endurance to
tensile strength
Manganese sulfide
0.59 270 0.13 915 133
620 90 11 23.2 6.8 5.0 290 430 62
0.47
Sulfur 0.63 160 0.14 840 122
560 81 12 21.4 6.8 5.0 267 415 60
0.50
None 0.66 160 0.013 980 142
870 126 15 24.9 4.1 3.0 322 470 68 0.48
Fig. 24 Cooling rates used for iron-copper-carbon alloys.
Compressive Yield Strength. The 0.2% offset compressive yield strengths for P/F-4600 at various forged carbon
levels and after different heat treatments are summarized in Table 9. A comparison of 0.2% offset tensile yield strength
with the compressive yield strength for P/F-4600 with a range of carbon contents is given in Fig. 25 for samples stress
relieved at 175 °C (350 °F).
Table 9 Compressive yield strengths of P/F-4600 materials
Sintered at 1120 °C (2050 °F) in dissociated ammonia
Compressive yield
strength (0.2%
offset)
Forged carbon
content, %
Forged oxygen
content, ppm
Heat treatment
MPa
ksi
0.22 460 Stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F)
1240
180
0.22 350 Tempered at 370 °C (700 °F) 1155
168
0.22 440 Tempered at 680 °C (1255 °F) 575
84
0.29 380 Stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F)
1440
209
0.35 430 Stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F)
1670
242
0.43 410 Stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F)
1690
245
0.41 410 Tempered at 370 °C (700 °F) 1360
197
0.41 460 Tempered at 680 °C (1255 °F) 680
99
0.46 480 Stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F)
1780
259
0.44 380 Tempered at 370 °C (700 °F) 1275
185
0.44 400 Tempered at 680 °C (1255 °F) 685
100
0.57 330 Stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F)
1980
287
0.66 400 Tempered at 440 °C (825 °F) 1325
192
0.60 330 Tempered at 680 °C (1255 °F) 700
101
0.75 300 Stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F)
2000
290
0.80 480 Tempered at 455 °C (850 °F) 1355
196
0.77 410 Tempered at 695 °C (1280 °F) 700 101
Fig. 25 Comparison of the tensile and compressive yield strengths of quenched and stress relieved P/F-
4600 at
various carbon levels
Rolling-Contact Fatigue. Powder forged materials have been used in bearing applications. Rolling-contact fatigue
testing is an accelerated bearing test used to rank materials with respect to potential performance in bearing applications.
Rolling-contact fatigue testing of both case carburized and through hardened P/F-4600 and P/F-2000 materials was
carried out using ball/rod testers according to the procedure described in Ref 77. Weibull analysis data are summarized in
Table 10.
Table 10 Rolling-contact fatigue data for carburized and through-hardened P/F-4600 and P/F-2000
Sintering conditions
Forging
mode
Carbon,
%
Oxygen,
ppm
Life to 10%
failure rate,
10
6
cycles
Life to 50%
failure rate,
10
6
cycles
Slope of
Weibull plot
Surface
hardness,
HRC
Carburized P/F-4600
1120 °C, DA
(a)
Upset . . . . . . 4.31 12.59 1.78
. . .
1120 °C, DA Re-press . . . . . . 4.95 16.40 1.59
1260 °C, DA Upset . . . . . . 4.27 16.70 1.38
. . .
1260 °C, DA Re-press . . . . . . 12.50 23.00 3.18
. . .
1120 °C, ENDO
(b)
Upset . . . . . . 13.80 27.20 2.82
. . .
1120 °C, ENDO Re-press . . . . . . 6.37 22.24 1.52
. . .
Through-hardened P/F-4600
1120 °C, DA Upset 0.81 220 5.77 9.70 3.66
. . .
1120 °C, DA Re-press 0.81 210 6.35 11.16 3.35
. . .
1120 °C, DA Upset 1.03 220 5.60 12.97 2.26
. . .
1120 °C, DA Re-press 0.98 330 3.89 11.31 1.78
. . .
1260 °C, DA Upset 0.79 75 11.62 17.61 4.58
. . .
1260 °C, DA Re-press 0.78 85 9.00 18.38 2.66
. . .
1260 °C, DA Upset 1.02 99 10.39 24.23 2.24
. . .