ASM Metals HandBook Vol. 14 - Forming and Forging

• A relatively flat, thin portion of a forging that effects an interconnection between ribs and bosses;

a panel or wall that is generally parallel to the forging plane. See also rib .

• wiper forming (wiping)

• Method of curving sheet metal sections or tubing over a form block or die in which this form

block is rotated relative to a wiper block or slide block.

• wire

• A thin, flexible, continuous length of metal, usually of circular cross section and usually produced

by drawing through a die.

• wire drawing

• Reducing the cross section of wire by pulling it through a die.

• wire rod

• Hot-rolled coiled stock that is to be cold drawn into wire.

• work hardening

• See strain hardening .

• workability

• See formability .

• wrap forming

• See stretch forming .

• wrinkling

• A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the

edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations

when unbalanced compressive forces are set up.

• Y

• yield

• Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep.

• yield point

• The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase

in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Only certain metals--those which exhibit a

localized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic deformation--produce a yield

point. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction can be made between upper and

lower yield points. The load at which a sudden drop in the flow curve occurs is called the upper

yield point. The constant load shown on the flow curve is the lower yield point.

• yield strength

• The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and

strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. Compare with tensile strength .

• yield stress

• The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as structural steels, at which large strains take

place without further increase in stress.

• Young's modulus

• A term used synonymously with modulus of elasticity . The ratio of tensile or compressive

stresses to the resulting strain.

Glossary of Terms

Selected References

•

Bliss Power Press Handbook, E.W. Bliss Company, 1950

•

H.E. Boyer and T.L. Gall, Ed., Metals Handbook Desk Edition, American Society for Metals, 1985

•

T.G. Byrer, S.L. Semiatin, and D.C. Vollmer, Ed., Forging Handbook,

Forging Industry Association and

American Society for Metals, 1985

•

Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 5th ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1979

•

H.E. Davis, G.E. Troxell, and G.F.W. Hauck, The Testing of Engineering Materials, 4th ed., McGraw-

Hill,

1982

•

G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1976

•

D.N. Lapedes, Ed., Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1974

•

A.D. Merriman, A Dictionary of Metallurgy, Pitman Publishing, 1958

•

Section 3, Metal Test Methods and Analytical Procedures, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Vol 03.01 and

03.02, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1984

•

S.L. Semiatin, Introduction to Forming and Forging Processes, in Forming and Forging,

Vol 14, 19th ed.,

Metals Handbook, ASM INTERNATIONAL, 1988

•

J.G. Tweeddale, Mechanical Properties of Metals, American Elsevier, 1964

•

C. Wick, J.T. Benedict, and R.F. Veilleux, Ed., Forming, Vol 2, Tool and Manu

facturing Engineers

Handbook, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1984

•

F.W. Wilson, Die Design Handbook, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill and Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1965.

Abbreviations and Symbols

o Abbreviations and Symbols

• a

• crystal lattice length along the a axis

• A

• area; heat retention factor

• A

• ampere

•

• angstrom

• A

1

• subcritical annealing temperature

• AA

• Aluminum Association

• ac

• alternating current

• ACI

• Alloy Casting Institute

• A/D

• analog to digital

• AFD

• automated forging design

• AI

• artificial intelligence

• AISI

• American Iron and Steel Institute

• ALPID

• Analysis of Large Plastic Incremental Deformation (bulk deformation modeling software)

• AM

• analytical modeling

• AMS

• Aerospace Material Specification (of SAE)

• ANSI

• American National Standards Institute

• API

• American Petroleum Institute

• ASME

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers

• ASTM

• American Society for Testing and Materials

• at.%

• atomic percent

• atm

• atmospheres (pressure)

• AWS

• American Welding Society

• b

• crystal lattice length along the b axis

• bal

• balance or remainder

• bcc

• body-centered cubic

• bct

• body-centered tetragonal

• BDC

• bottom dead center

• BID

• blocker initial design

• c

• crystal lattice length along the c axis

• C

• heat capacity

• C

• coulomb

• CAD/CAM

• computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing

• CAE

• computer-aided engineering

• CDA

• Copper Development Association

• cm

• centimeter

• CNC

• computer numerical control

• cpm

• cycles per minute

• cps

• cycles per second

• d

• density; used in mathematical expressions involving a derivative (denotes rate of change)

• d

• day

• D

c

• critical cylinder diameter (indicator of hardenability)

• D

eff

• effective diffusion coefficient

• DBMS

• data base management system

• dc

• direct current

• diam

• diameter

• DIN

• Deutscher Normenausschuss (German standards organization)

• E

• Young's modulus

• e

• natural log base, 2.71828 . . .

• e

1

• major engineering strain

• e

2

• minor engineering strain

• EDM

• electrical discharge machining

• EP

• extreme pressure

• EPA

• Environmental Protection Agency

• Eq

• equation

• ESR

• electroslag remelting

• f

• local geometric inhomogeneity

• fcc

• face-centered cubic

• FEM

• finite element modeling

• Fig.

• figure

• FLD

• forming limit diagram

• FM

• free from Mannesmann effect (dies or open-die forging process)

• FML

• free from Mannesmann effect, low load (dies or open-die forging process)

• FRP

• fiber-reinforced plastic

• ft

• foot

• g

• gram

• gal

• gallon

• h

• hour

• h

• deformation heat factor

• HB

• Brinell hardness

• hcp

• hexagonal close-packed

• HERF

• high-energy-rate forging

• HIP

• hot isostatic pressing

• HK

• Knoop hardness

• hp

• horsepower

• HR

• Rockwell hardness; requires scale designation such as HRC for Rockwell C hardness

• HSLA

• high-strength, low-alloy (steel)

• HV

• Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness

• Hz

• hertz

• ID

• inside diameter

• IGES

• initial graphics exchange specification

• I/M

• ingot metallurgy

• in.

• inch

• ipm

• inches per minute

• ips

• inches per second

• ISO

• International Organization for Standardization

• J

• joule

• JIC

• Joint Industry Conference

• K

• Kelvin

• k

• Boltzmann's constant

• KBES

• knowledge-based expert system (computer software)

• kg

• kilogram

• KI

• knowledge-based integration

• kN

• kilonewton

• kPa

• kilopascal

• ksi

• kips per square inch (1000 pounds per square inch)

• kW

• kilowatt

• L

• length; liter

• lb

• pound

• lbf

• pound (force)

• LDR

• limiting draw ratio

• ln

• natural logarithm (base e)

• log

• common logarithm (base 10)

• m

• strain rate sensitivity factor

• mA

• milliampere

• max

• maximum

• M.F.

• multiplying factor

• mg

• milligram

• Mg

• megagram

• MIL

• military

• MIL-STD

• military standard

• min

• minimum; minute

• mL

• milliliter

• mm

• millimeter

• MME

• material modeling environment

• MN

• meganewton

• MPa

• megapascal

• n

• strain-hardening exponent

• N

• newton

• NASA

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• NC

• numerical control

• No.

• number

• OBI

• open-back inclinable (press)

• OD

• outside diameter

• OS

• operating system

• OSHA

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration

• oz

• ounce

• p

• page

• Pa

• pascal

• PH

• precipitation-hardenable

• P/M

• powder metallurgy

• ppb

• parts per billion

• ppm

• parts per million

• psi

• pounds per square inch

• psia

• pounds per square inch (absolute)

• psig

• pounds per square inch (gage)

• PVA

• plan view area

• Q

• activation energy for diffusion

• r

• radius; thermal resistance

• R

• radius; range (in statistical process control); area reduction; extrusion ratio

• R

• Rankine

• Ref

• reference

• rem

• remainder or balance

• RFQ

• request for quotation

• RHR

• root height reading

• rms

• root mean square

• rpm

• revolutions per minute

• SAE

• Society of Automotive Engineers

• SE

• software engineering

• sfm

• surface feet per minute

• SI

• Systeme International d'Unites

• SPC

• statistical process control

• SPF

• superplastic forming

• SPF/DB

• superplastic forming/diffusion bonding

• SUS

• Saybolt universal second (measure of viscosity)

• t

• thickness; time

• T

• absolute temperature

• TDC

• top dead center

• TMP

• thermomechanical processing

• tonf

• tons of force

• tsi

• tons per square inch

• TYS

• tensile yield strength

• UHC

• ultrahigh carbon

• UNS

• Unified Numbering System

• UTS

• ultimate tensile strength

• V

• volume

• V

• volt

• VAR

• vacuum arc remelted

• vol%

• volume percent

• w

• weight or mass

• W

• watt

• WRC

• Welding Research Council

• wt%

• weight percent

•

• average (in statistical process control)

• x

• distance in the direction of heat flow

• yr

• year

• °

• degree (angular measure)

• °C

• temperature, degrees Celsius (centigrade)

• °F

• temperature, degrees Fahrenheit

• ÷

• divided by

• =

• equals

•

• approximately equals

•

• not equal to

• >

• greater than

•

• much greater than

•

• greater than or equal to

•

• integral of

• <

• less than

•

• much less than

•

• less than or equal to

• ±

• maximum deviation

• -

• minus; negative ion charge

• ×

• multiplied by; diameters (magnification)

• ·

• multiplied by

• /

• per

• %

• percent

• +

• plus; in addition to

•

• square root of

•

• similar to; approximately

•

• varies as; is proportional to

•

• change in quantity, an increment, a range

•

• strain

•

• coefficient of friction

• in.

• micro-inch

• m

• micron (micrometer)

• s

• microsecond

•

• pi (3.14159 . . .)

•

• density

•

• stress

•

• summation of

•

• ohm; atomic volume

o Greek Alphabet

• A,

• alpha

• B,

• beta

• ,

• gamma

• ,

• delta

• E,

• epsilon

• Z,

• zeta

• H,

• eta

• ,

• theta

• I,

• iota

• K,

• kappa

• ,

• lambda

• M,

• mu

• N,

• nu

• ,

• xi

• O, o

• omicron

• ,

• pi

• P,

• rho

• ,

• sigma

• T,

• tau

• ,

• upsilon

• ,

• phi

• X,

• chi

• ,

• psi

• ,

• omega

ASM Metals HandBook Vol. 14 - Forming and Forging

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