Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual
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Portuguese
202
7) A subjunctive adjective clause may take either the present, future, or past subjunctive;
which tense to use depends on the tense of the verb in the main clause.
VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
SUBJ.
IF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
TENSE:
REFERS TO THE:
present / future indicative // imperative
→
present
→
present
present / future indicative // imperative
→
future
→
future
past indicative / conditional
→
past
→
past / conditional
8) Since adjective clauses may take either a subjunctive or an indicative verb, the following
contrastive sentences might help an English speaker to choose the correct mood.
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
(indefinite / negative antecedent)
(definite antecedent)
Não tem nenhum carro que seja econômico?
Não tem aquele carro que é econômico?
Compraria um carro que fosse econômico.
Comprei o único carro que era econômico.
Não compre nada que custe muito!
Não compre esse carro que custa muito!
Não conheço ninguém que fale chinês.
Não conheço o dentista que fala chinês.
Você conhecia alguém que falasse chinês?
Você conhecia o dentista que falava chinês?
Comprarei qualquer camisa que seja barata.
Comprarei esta camisa que é barata.
Queria comprar uma camisa que fosse barata.
Comprei a única camisa que era barata.
Queremos ler um livro que seja interessante.
Queremos ler esse livro que é interessante.
Coma tudo que não tenha gordura!
Coma essa salada que não tem gordura!
Quem quer que esteja na turma, deve estudar.
O aluno que está na turma, deve estudar.
(is / may be)
([routinely] is)
Serão aprovados os alunos que estudarem.
São aprovados os alunos que estudam.
([will] study)
([routinely] study)
Grammatical Categories
203
SUBJUNCTIVE IN ADVERB CLAUSES
1) An adverb clause functions within the sentence as an adverb.
The following sentences exemplify how a simple adverb and an adverb clause function in
the same way: they both modify the verb group pode partir by stating "when."
Você pode partir amanhã.
(tomorrow)
Você pode partir quando quiser.
(when[ever] you want)
2) Indicative and subjunctive adverb clauses are introduced by a subordinating conjunction,
which links the subordinate adverb clause with the main clause (see the following pages).
3) Either the indicative or the subjunctive may be used in many (but not all) adverb clauses;
the choice of the correct mood depends on the nature of the verb in the main clause.
4) An indicative adverb clause expresses
a) an action, state of being, or condition that is habitually or routinely fulfilled;
b) an action or state of being that is considered real, certain, or factual
(and therefore implies or states "indeed").
5) A subjunctive adverb clause expresses an action or state of being that has not been
completed but is merely a plan, speculation, hypothesis, or condition.
6) Since many adverb clauses may take either a subjunctive or an indicative verb,
the contrastive sentences in the following pages might help an English speaker to choose
the correct mood.
1
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1
A personal infinitive often replaces an adverb clause; these alternative constructions are indicated
in parentheses.
Portuguese
204
7) Either the present or past subjunctive or the indicative may be used after the following
conjunctions.
CONJUNCTION(S)
MOOD
ENGLISH
de forma / jeito / maneira / modo que
subjunctive
so that
(= purpose)
indicative
so
(= effect / result)
desde que
subjunctive
provided (that)
indicative
since
(= because / time)
até que
subjunctive
until
até quando
1
indicative
until
VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE:
present / future indicative // imperative
→
present
past indicative / conditional
→
past
The indicative is used when the main verb expresses an action or state of being that is
routinely fulfilled or is considered real, certain, or factual; compare:
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE (implies "routinely" / "indeed")
Fale bem, de modo que ouçamos tudo!
Você fala bem, de modo que ouvimos tudo.
(= de modo a ouvirmos)
(= de modo a ouvirmos)
(so that we [may] hear]
(so we [do] hear)
(= purpose of speaking well)
(= effect / result of speaking well)
Ficarei desde que ela chegue cedo.
Fico desde que ela chega cedo.
(provided that she arrive)
2
(since she arrives // will / does arrive)
Ficaria desde que ela chegasse cedo.
Fiquei desde que ela chegou cedo.
(provided that she arrived)
(since she arrived / did arrive)
Você ficará até que eu chegue?
Você sempre fica até quando eu chego.
(= até eu chegar)
(= até eu chegar)
(until I arrive)
(until I [do] arrive)
Você ficaria até que eu chegasse?
Você sempre ficava até quando eu chegava.
(= até eu chegar)
(= até eu chegar)
(until I arrived)
(until I arrived / used to arrive)
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1
até quando also takes the future subjunctive.
2
Formal English uses the subjunctive after a singular subject to express a provision referring to
the present or the future.
Grammatical Categories
205
8) Either the present or past subjunctive may be used after the following conjunctions
(the indicative is never used).
CONJUNCTION(S)
ENGLISH
antes que
before
a menos que / a não ser que
unless
por...que (mais / menos, etc.)
no matter how... (much / little, etc.)
sem que
without
a fim de que / para que
in order for / so that
apesar de que
despite / in spite of / even though
embora
1
/ ainda que / mesmo que
although / even though / even if
nem que
(not) even though / even if
contanto que / sempre que
2
provided (that)
no caso (de) que
3
in case
VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE:
present / future indicative // imperative
→
present
past indicative / conditional
→
past
SUBJUNCTIVE
Fui antes que ele chegasse.
(before he arrived)
(= antes dele chegar)
Não vou a menos que você me acompanhe.
(unless you accompany me)
Por mais que você estude, não vai saber tudo.
(no matter how much you study)
Saí sem que ninguém soubesse.
(without anyone knowing)
(= sem ninguém saber)
Trabalham para que possamos estudar.
(so that we can study)
(= para podermos estudar)
Apesar de que vocês ficassem, iríamos.
(even though you [might] stay)
(= apesar de vocês ficarem)
Estude, embora não queira!
(even if you do / may not want to)
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1
Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike Sp. aunque, Port. embora always takes the subjunctive,
even if it refers to a reality.
2
sempre que
+ present subjunctive
=
"provided (that)"
sempre que
+ future subjunctive
=
"when(ever)"
(see p. 206n2 for examples)
3
no caso (de) que normally takes the present subjunctive; caso takes the future subjunctive:
Vou amanhã, no caso (de) que você queira me acompanhar.
(= no caso de você querer)
Vou amanhã, caso você quiser me acompanhar.
(= no caso de você querer)
Portuguese
206
9) Either the future or past subjunctive or the indicative may be used after the following
conjunctions.
CONJUNCTION(S)
MOOD
ENGLISH
depois que
1
subjunctive / indicative
after
assim que
1
/ logo que
1
subjunctive / indicative
as soon as
enquanto
subjunctive / indicative
while / as long as
quanto
subjunctive
however much
indicative
all / everything that
como
subjunctive
however
indicative
since / as / the way that
onde
subjunctive / indicative
where(ever)
quando
subjunctive / indicative
when(ever)
sempre que
2
subjunctive / indicative
when(ever) //
each / every time that
VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE:
present / future indicative // imperative
→
future
past indicative / conditional
→
past
The indicative is used when the main verb expresses an action or state of being that is
routinely fulfilled; compare:
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE (implies "routinely")
Irei depois que eles voltarem.
Vou depois que eles voltam.
(= depois deles voltarem)
(= depois deles voltarem)
(after they return)
(after they [do] return)
Eu estudaria enquanto ele jantasse.
Eu estudava enquanto ele jantava.
(while he dined)
(while he dined / used to dine)
Estudarei quanto puder.
Estudo quanto posso.
(however much I can)
(all that I can)
Teresa, estude como puder!
Como Teresa pode, estuda.
(however you can)
(since Teresa can)
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1
The present subjunctive may also be used after these conjunctions.
2
sempre que
+ indicative / future subjunctive
=
"when(ever)"
sempre que
+ present subjunctive
=
"provided (that)"
Ela estuda sempre que pode.
(when[ever] she can)
Estude sempre que puder!
(when[ever] you can)
Estude, sempre que possa!
(provided [that] you can)
Grammatical Categories
207
SUBJUNCTIVE IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1) Either the future, past, or past perfect subjunctive may be used in the subordinate adverb
clause of a conditional sentence after the conjunction se ("if").
VERB IN THE
SUBJ.
IF THE ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE:
TENSE:
EXPRESSES A:
a)
present / future indicative //
→
future
1
→
condition in the future,
imperative
considered likely or possible
b)
conditional
2a
→
past
→
condition in the present,
considered contrary to fact
(= unlikely or impossible)
c)
conditional perfect
2b
→
past perfect
→
condition in the past,
considered contrary to fact
a)
Traga o carro se puder!
1
(if you can)
Ele trará o carro se puder.
1
(if he can)
b)
Ele traria
2a
o carro se pudesse.
(if he could / were able)
3
c)
Ele teria trazido
2b
o carro se tivesse podido.
(if he could have / had been able)
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1
Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike Portuguese, modern Spanish uses the present indicative after
si ("if") if the main verb is in the present / future indicative // imperative (si puede).
2
In colloquial Portuguese:
(a)
the imperfect indicative (trazia) often replaces the conditional (traria);
(b)
the compound past perfect indicative (tinha trazido) often replaces the conditional perfect
(teria trazido).
3
Formal English uses the subjunctive "were" after a singular subject to express a condition
considered contrary to fact.
Portuguese
208
2) The indicative may also be used in the subordinate adverb clause of a conditional sentence
after the conjunction se ("if" / "whether").
A clause with se + indicative expresses
a)
one likely alternative; the other alternative is either implied or expressed,
in which case it is introduced by the conjunction ou ("or"):
Não sabe se vai trazer a moto (ou não).
Não sabia se ia trazer a moto ou deixá-la na garagem.
Não saberá até amanhã se trará a moto ou a bicicleta.
b)
a condition that is routinely / indeed / really fulfilled
(quando often replaces se in the indicative); compare:
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE (implies "routinely" / "indeed")
Ele trará o carro se puder.
Ele traz o carro se pode.
(= quando pode)
(if he can)
(if he can)
(= when[ever])
Ele traria o carro se pudesse.
Ele trazia o carro se podia.
(= quando podia)
(if he could / were able)
(if he could / was able)
(= when[ever])
3)
Either the past or past perfect subjunctive may be used after como se ("as if").
SUBJUNCTIVE
EXPRESSES
SUBJUNCTIVE VERB
TENSE:
WHAT IS NOT REAL
REFERS TO:
WITH RESPECT TO
THE:
a)
past
→
past
→
the same time as
that of the main verb,
which is in either the
present or past indicative
b)
past perfect
→
past perfect
→
a time before
that of the main verb,
which is in either the
present or past indicative
a)
Paula fala / falava português como se fosse portuguesa.
(as if she were Portuguese)
(but she is / was not)
b)
Paula fala / falava português como se tivesse nascido em Portugal.
(as if she had been born in Portugal)
(but she had not been)
Grammatical Categories
209
SUBJUNCTIVE IN COMMON EXPRESSIONS
The following expressions always take the subjunctive.
1) (pelo) que...saber
1
a) means "as far as...know(s) / knew";
b) is fully conjugated;
c) is used in either the present or past subjunctive:
VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE:
i)
present / future / preterite indic.
→
present
ii)
imperfect indic. / conditional
→
past
(Pelo) que...muito.
As far as...a lot.
i)
eu saiba, chove
I know, it rains
i)
eu saiba, choverá
I know, it will rain /
probably rains
i)
eu saiba, choveu
I know, it rained
ii)
eu soubesse, chovia
I knew, it rained / used to rain
ii)
eu soubesse, choveria
I knew, it would rain /
probably rained
2) ou seja
2
a) means "that is" (= "i.e.");
b) is used only in the 3rd-person singular present subjunctive tense,
regardless of the person / number / tense of the main verb:
Pedro é brasileiro; ou seja, nasceu e mora no Brasil.
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Notes to Spanish Speakers:
1
Port. (pelo) que...saber corresponds to Sp. que...saber:
Que yo sepa, llueve / lloverá / llovió mucho.
Que yo supiera / supiese, llovía / llovería mucho.
2
Port. ou seja corresponds to Sp. o sea:
Pedro es brasileño; o sea, nació y vive en (el) Brasil.
Portuguese
210
PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND PROGRESSIVE TENSES AND FORMS
1) The present participle of all verbs
a) derives from its infinitive, with which it shares the same radical;
b) is formed by dropping the -r of the infinitive and adding the present participle
marker -ndo:
1
falar (1st CONJ.)
comer (2nd CONJ.)
partir (3rd CONJ.)
falando
comendo
partindo
2) A present participle
2
a) is expressed in English by "-ing";
b) is a verbal;
c) is invariable in gender and number, regardless of the gender / number of the
subject or object:
Estando as professoras na sala de aula, ninguém fez barulho.
Os meninos chegaram comendo laranjas.
d) usually functions as an adverb, often after a verb:
O Paulo chegou correndo.
e) may in turn be modified by an adverb:
O Paulo chegou correndo rapidamente.
f) may follow the direct object of a main verb
(in particular, "verbs of perception" such as ver and ouvir)
(an impersonal or personal infinitive may also follow the direct object):
Vimos o Paulo correndo.
(= correr)
Ouvi os gatos miando.
(= miar[em])
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1
The present participle of pôr (and derived verbs) is not marked with a circumflex ([su]pondo).
2
See p. 211nn1–2 concerning the terms present participle and gerund.
Grammatical Categories
211
3) A present participle
a) may take a noun or a pronoun object:
Vimos o homem dando-lhe o livro.
(= indirect / direct)
b) has an explicit subject, if this subject differs from that of the main verb:
Estando as professoras na sala de aula, você não deve fazer barulho!
c) does not usually function as an adjective (unlike in English);
1, 2
d) is never a subject or a direct object and is not usually a prepositional object
(unlike in English); the only verbal subject or object that Portuguese normally uses
is an infinitive (see pp. 138–139 for details).
1
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1
Although grammarians of Portuguese sometimes call present participles "gerunds,"
grammarians of English distinguish between present participles and gerunds:
(a)
present participles:
are used in verb groups
(she is running)
function as adjectives / adverbs
(I saw her running / she arrived running)
(b)
gerunds:
function as nouns
(running is easy)
(subject)
(she likes running)
(direct object)
(she excels in running)
(prepositional object)
2
Portuguese often uses an adjective ending in -nte for an English present participle:
conta corrente
(checking account)
Since this -nte form derives from the Latin present participle, grammarians sometimes call it the
"true" present participle to differentiate it from the -ndo form, which they call the "gerund" and
which derives from the Latin gerund. Theoretically, any "true" present participle can be formed
by dropping the -r of the infinitive and adding -nte. The following are common words ending in
-nte, many of which derive directly from Latin present participles.
-ar (1st CONJ.)
-er (2nd CONJ.)
-ir (3rd CONJ.)
distante
agente
ouvinte
estudante
cliente
pedinte
importante
corrente
migrante
diferente
doente
gerente
presente
presidente
suficiente