Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

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Portuguese

192

Even if the 3rd-person plural preterite is irregular, the past subjunctive verb

endings are regular.

INFINITIVE

3rd-PERS.

1st-PERS.

PLUR.

SING.

PLUR.

PRETERITE INDIC.

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

ser / ir

foram

fosse

fôssemos

ver

viram

visse

víssemos

vir

vieram

viesse

viéssemos

dar

deram

desse

déssemos

dizer

disseram

dissesse

disséssemos

querer

quiseram

quisesse

quiséssemos

ter

tiveram

tivesse

tivéssemos

estar

estiveram

estivesse

estivéssemos

fazer

fizeram

fizesse

fizéssemos

poder

puderam

pudesse

pudéssemos

pôr

puseram

pusesse

puséssemos

caber

couberam

coubesse

coubéssemos

haver

houveram

houvesse

houvéssemos

saber

souberam

soubesse

soubéssemos

trazer

trouxeram

trouxesse

trouxéssemos

2) The past subjunctive tense refers to the past or the conditional.

It corresponds to the English past tense or to "might" / "would" + verb.

Esperava que ele ficasse.

(stayed // might / would stay)

Ela não comprava nada que custasse muito.

(cost / might cost)

Disse que ia ficar até que chegássemos.

(arrived)

Estudaríamos se quiséssemos.

(wanted)

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See p. 191n1 for written accentuation of 1st- / 2nd-pers. plur. forms.

Grammatical Categories

193

PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

1) The past perfect subjunctive (also called the "pluperfect" subjunctive) consists of the past

subjunctive of ter (or the less frequently used haver) + masculine singular past participle.

(1st CONJ.)

(2nd CONJ.)

(3rd CONJ.)

falar

comer

partir

1st-

PERS.

SING.

tivesse

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

tivesses

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

tivesse

falado

comido

partido

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

tivéssemos

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

tivésseis

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

tivessem

falado

comido

partido

2) The past perfect subjunctive tense

a) corresponds to English "had" / "would have" + past participle;

b) is used in the subordinate clause if

i) the verb in the main clause is in the past indicative, the conditional, or the

conditional perfect;

ii) the subordinate clause refers to the past perfect or the conditional perfect.

3) The following contrastive sentences exemplify the difference between the past perfect

subjunctive and the past subjunctive (which is used if the subordinate clause refers to

the past or the conditional).

PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

Esperava que ele tivesse ficado.

Esperava que ele ficasse.

Seria possível que ele tivesse ficado?

Seria possível que ele ficasse?

(had stayed / had been staying /

(stayed / was staying //

would have stayed /

might / would stay //

would have been staying)

might / would be staying)

Teríamos estudado se tivéssemos querido.

Estudaríamos se quiséssemos.

(had wanted)

(wanted)

Portuguese

194

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE

1) The future subjunctive of all verbs derives from the 3rd-person plural preterite indicative,

with which it shares the same radical.

falar (1st CONJ.)

comer (2nd CONJ.)

partir (3rd CONJ.)

1st-

PERS.

SING.

falar

comer

partir

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

falares

comeres

partires

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

falar

comer

partir

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

falarmos

comermos

partirmos

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

falardes

comerdes

partirdes

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

falarem

comerem

partirem

The following are the markers of their corresponding forms.

-r

1st- / 3rd-

pers.

sing.

-res

2nd-

pers.

sing.

-rmos

1st-

pers.

plur.

-rdes

2nd-

pers.

plur.

-rem

3rd-

pers.

plur.

An acute accent marks a stressed i preceded by a / u in the radical.

sair:

construir:

sair

construir

saíres

construíres

sair

construir

sairmos

construirmos

sairdes

construirdes

saírem

construírem

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The forms of a future subjunctive verb derived from a regular preterite indicative verb coincide

with those of its corresponding personal infinitive.

Grammatical Categories

195

Even if the 3rd-person plural preterite is irregular, the future subjunctive verb

endings are regular.

INFINITIVE

3rd-PERS.

1st-PERS.

PLUR.

SING.

PLUR.

PRETERITE INDIC.

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE

ser / ir

foram

for

formos

ver

viram

vir

virmos

vir

vieram

vier

viermos

dar

deram

der

dermos

dizer

disseram

disser

dissermos

querer

quiseram

quiser

quisermos

ter

tiveram

tiver

tivermos

estar

estiveram

estiver

estivermos

fazer

fizeram

fizer

fizermos

poder

puderam

puder

pudermos

pôr

puseram

puser

pusermos

caber

couberam

couber

coubermos

haver

houveram

houver

houvermos

saber

souberam

souber

soubermos

trazer

trouxeram

trouxer

trouxermos

2) The future subjunctive tense expresses an action or state of being occurring before or at

the same time as the main verb.

It corresponds to the English present tense or to "may" / "will" + verb

(as does the present subjunctive).

O aluno que estudar, irá ao cinema.

(studies / will study)

Estudem sempre que puderem!

(can // are / may be / will be able)

Estudaremos se quisermos.

(want)

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Besides being an infinitive, vir is also the future subjunctive of ver!

Notes to Spanish Speakers:

The corresponding Spanish future subjunctive tense is still used in very formal speech and in

legalese, as well as in the idiomatic expressions "sea lo que fuere" and "digan lo que dijeren."

Unlike Portuguese, modern Spanish uses the present indicative after si ("if") if the main verb is

in the present / future indicative // imperative; compare:

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

Estudaremos se quisermos.

Estudiaremos si queremos.

Traga o carro se puder!

Traiga el carro si puede!

Portuguese

196

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

1) The future perfect subjunctive consists of the future subjunctive of ter

(or the less frequently used haver) + masculine singular past participle.

(1st CONJ.)

(2nd CONJ.)

(3rd CONJ.)

falar

comer

partir

1st-

PERS.

SING.

tiver

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

tiveres

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

tiver

falado

comido

partido

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

tivermos

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

tiverdes

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

tiverem

falado

comido

partido

2) The future perfect subjunctive tense

a) corresponds to English "has" / "(will) have" + past participle;

b) is used in the subordinate clause if

i) the verb in the main clause is in the future indicative or the imperative;

ii) the subordinate clause refers to the future perfect by expressing an action

or state of being which will have been completed before that of the main verb.

3) The following contrastive sentences exemplify the difference between the future perfect

subjunctive and the future subjunctive (which is used if the subordinate clause expresses

an action or state of being occurring before or at the same time as the main verb).

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE

(implies "in the future")

O aluno que tiver estudado, irá ao cinema.

O aluno que estudar, irá ao cinema.

(has / will have studied [= finished studying])

(studies / will study)

Voltem quando tiverem acabado o trabalho!

Voltem quando acabarem o trabalho!

(when [= after] you have finished)

(when you finish)

Grammatical Categories

197

SUBJUNCTIVE IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

1) Unlike an indicative verb, a subjunctive verb is not usually the main verb of a sentence;

rather, it is used in a subordinate clause.

2) There are three categories of subordinate clauses, which are determined by their function

within the sentence: noun, adjective, and adverb.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

1) A noun clause functions within the sentence as a noun.

The following sentences exemplify how a simple noun, an infinitive, and a noun clause

function in the same way: as direct objects of the verb quer.

Ana quer o livro.

(the book)

Ana quer comprar o livro.

(to buy the book)

Ana quer que eu compre o livro.

(that I buy / me to buy the book)

2) A noun clause is used as

a) the subject of the main verb in "impersonal" expressions

(in English, the true subject of the main verb is "it"; see p. 220: 2 for details):

É preciso que eu compre o livro.

b) the object (direct or prepositional) of the main verb:

Ana quer que eu compre o livro.

Ana insiste em que eu compre o livro.

3) Noun clauses are normally introduced by que.

4) Provided that the subject of the noun clause is not the subject of the main clause,

either the indicative or the subjunctive may be used in the noun clause.

5) If the verb in the main clause expresses knowledge, belief, or certainty, the indicative is

used in the noun clause to express what is considered credible or true.

Pedro sabe que ficarei.

Pedro sabia que ficaria.

Pedro crê / acredita / acha / pensa que vou ficar.

Pedro estava certo (de) que ia ficar.

Portuguese

198

6) If the verb in the main clause expresses emotion, will, doubt, or denial, the present or past

subjunctive is used in the noun clause to express what is felt, wanted, doubted, or denied.

7) A subjunctive noun clause may take either the present or past subjunctive;

which tense to use depends on the tense of the verb in the main clause.

VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:

SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE:

present / future indicative // imperative

→

present

past indicative / conditional

→

past

8) The following sentences exemplify how the subjunctive is used in noun clauses.

1, 2

hope:

Pedro (não) espera que eu fique.

joy:

Pedro (não) está contente de que eu fique.

(= está contente de eu ficar)

sadness:

Pedro (não) está triste de que eu fique.

(= está triste de eu ficar)

regret:

Pedro (não) lamentava que eu ficasse.

(= lamentava eu ficar)

sorrow:

Pedro (não) sentia que eu ficasse.

fear / dread:

Pedro (não) teme / tem medo (de) que eu fique.

surprise:

(A Pedro) (não) lhe surpreende que eu fique.

desire / wish:

Pedro (não) deseja / quer que eu fique.

approval:

Pedro (não) gosta (de) que eu fique.

preference:

Pedro (não) prefere que eu fique.

need:

Pedro (não) precisava que eu ficasse.

demand:

Pedro (não) exigia que eu ficasse.

(= me exigia ficar)

command / order:

Pedro (não) mandava que eu ficasse.

(= me mandava ficar)

Pedro (não) me diz que fique.

(= diz para eu ficar)

insistence:

Pedro (não) insiste em que eu fique.

(= insiste em eu ficar)

request:

Pedro (não) me pede que fique.

(= pede para eu ficar)

advice:

Pedro (não) recomendará que eu fique.

(= me recomendará [a] ficar)

permission:

Pedro (não) permite / deixa que eu fique.

(= me permite / deixa ficar)

prohibition:

Pedro (não) proíbe que eu fique.

(= me proíbe ficar)

hindrance:

Pedro (não) impede que eu fique.

(= me impede de ficar)

avoidance:

Pedro (não) evitaria que eu ficasse.

denial:

Pedro negava que eu ficasse.

doubt:

Pedro duvidava que eu ficasse.

disbelief:

Pedro não crê / acredita / acha / pensa

que eu fique.

uncertainty:

Pedro não está certo (de) que eu fique.

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See pp. 272–274 for a more complete list of verbs that require the subjunctive.

A personal infinitive often replaces a subjunctive noun clause; these alternative constructions are

indicated in parentheses.

The indicative is occasionally used; it conveys less disbelief / uncertainty than the subjunctive.

Affirmative forms of crer / acreditar / achar / pensar / estar certo normally take the indicative

since they express what is considered credible / true.

Grammatical Categories

199

9) The subjunctive is also used in the noun clause if the verb in the main clause is one of the

following:

a) a 3rd-person singular (impersonal) form of bastar / convir / poder ser + que //

não parecer + que:

Basta que fiquemos.

(= Basta ficarmos.)

Convém que fiquemos.

(= Convém ficarmos.)

Podia ser que ficássemos.

Não parecia que ficássemos.

b) a 3rd-person singular (impersonal) form of ser / poder ser / parecer,

followed by an adjective / noun that expresses anything except

knowledge, belief, or certainty:

Não é certo que fiquemos.

(= Não é certo ficarmos.)

É importante que fiquemos.

(= É importante ficarmos.)

Será bom que fiquemos.

(= Será bom ficarmos.)

Seria pior que não ficássemos.

(= Seria pior não ficarmos.)

Era (uma) pena que não ficássemos!

(= Era [uma] pena não ficarmos!)

Pode ser bom que fiquemos.

(= Pode ser bom ficarmos.)

Parecia uma desgraça que não ficássemos.

(= Parecia uma desgraça não ficarmos.)

c) any (personal) form of crer / achar / considerar,

followed by an adjective / noun that expresses anything except

knowledge, belief, or certainty:

Creio necessário que fiquemos.

(= Creio necessário ficarmos.)

Acho lamentável que não fiquemos!

(= Acho lamentável não ficarmos!)

Achavam uma infelicidade que não ficássemos.

(= Achavam uma infelicidade não ficarmos.)

Consideravam interessante que ficássemos.

(= Consideravam interessante ficarmos.)

Considero um horror que não fiquemos!

(= Considero um horror não ficarmos!)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A personal infinitive often replaces a subjunctive noun clause; these alternative constructions are

indicated in parentheses.

The indicative is used with affirmative parecer + que since it expresses what is considered likely.

The indicative is used if the adjective / noun expresses knowledge / belief / certainty.

Portuguese

200

10) The following exclamations and adverbs (rather than a main clause) introduce the

subjunctive.

a) tomara que / oxalá (que)

1, 2

i) mean "hopefully" / "would that" / "God willing"

and are similar in meaning to esperar que;

ii) take either the present or past subjunctive:

SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE:

WHEN THE HOPE / WISH:

aa)

present

→

may possibly come true

bb)

past

→

probably will not come true

aa)

Tomara que chova!

(Hopefully it will rain!

[it just may])

bb)

Oxalá (que) chovesse!

(Would that it would rain!

[it probably won't])

b) talvez / quiçá

i) mean "perhaps" / "maybe"

and are similar in meaning to ser possível / provável que;

ii) take either the present or past subjunctive, when they precede the verb:

4, 5

SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE:

IF THE SENTENCE

REFERS TO THE:

aa)

present

→

present / future

bb)

past

→

past

aa)

Talvez chova hoje.

(Perhaps it will rain today.)

bb)

Quiçá chovesse ontem.

(Maybe it rained yesterday.)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tomara que is used more in BP than in EP.

oxalá (= Sp. ojalá) derives from Arabic inshallah ("God willing!").

quiçá is used more in formal and literary than in colloquial Portuguese.

When talvez / quiçá follow the verb, they take the indicative:

Choverá amanhã, talvez.

Choveu ontem, quiçá.

Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike their Spanish cognates, talvez / quiçá always take the

subjunctive when they precede the verb, even if they refer to something likely to occur.

Grammatical Categories

201

SUBJUNCTIVE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1) An adjective clause functions within the sentence as an adjective.

The following sentences exemplify how a simple adjective and an adjective clause function

in the same way: they both modify the noun livro by stating "what kind of."

Quero ler um livro interessante.

(interesting)

Quero ler um livro que me interesse.

(that interests me)

2) Adjective clauses are normally introduced by que.

3) Either the indicative or the subjunctive may be used in an adjective clause;

the choice of the correct mood depends on whether the noun or pronoun is definite,

indefinite, or nonexistent.

4) An indicative adjective clause describes a noun or pronoun that is definite, specific, and

objectively real.

Compre aquele carro que custa pouco!

(that car)

5) A subjunctive adjective clause describes

a) an indefinite, unspecific noun or pronoun that exists only in the imagination or

mind of the subject; it is not objectively real:

Compre um carro que custe pouco!

(a car)

b) a nonexistent, negative noun or pronoun:

Não compre nenhum carro que custe muito!

(not...any / no car)

6) A subjunctive adjective clause may modify the following indefinite or negative words.

INDEFINITE / NEGATIVE WORD

ENGLISH

um / algum

a(n) / any / some

nenhum

no(ne) / not...any

alguém / alguma pessoa

anyone / someone

ninguém / nenhuma pessoa

no one / not...anyone

algo / alguma coisa

anything / something

nada / nenhuma coisa

nothing / not...anything

qualquer

any...at all / what(so)ever

quem quer

who(m)ever

todo

all / each / every

tudo

all / everything