Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

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Portuguese

172

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE

There are two forms of the past perfect indicative (also called the "pluperfect" indicative):

simple

(used in formal and literary Portuguese)

compound

(used in both colloquial and formal Portuguese)

1) The simple past perfect indicative of all verbs derives from the 3rd-person plural preterite

indicative, with which it shares the same radical.

1, 2

falar (1st CONJ.)

comer (2nd CONJ.)

partir (3rd CONJ.)

1st-

PERS.

SING.

falara

comera

partira

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

falaras

comeras

partiras

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

falara

comera

partira

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

faláramos

comêramos

partíramos

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

faláreis

comêreis

partíreis

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

falaram

comeram

partiram

The following are the markers of their corresponding forms

(the simple past perfect and the preterite share the same 3rd-pers. plur. form).

-ra

1st- / 3rd-

pers.

sing.

-ras

2nd-

pers.

sing.

-ramos

1st-

pers.

plur.

-reis

2nd-

pers.

plur.

-ram

3rd-

pers.

plur.

An acute accent marks a stressed i preceded by a / u in the radical.

sair:

construir:

saíra

construíra

saíras

construíras

saíra

construíra

saíramos

construíramos

saíreis

construíreis

saíram

construíram

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The 1st- / 2nd-pers. plur. of

(a)

regular -er verbs and ser / ir are marked with a circumflex

(comêramos / comêreis // fôramos / fôreis);

(b)

regular -ar / -ir verbs and all irregular verbs except ser / ir are marked with an acute accent

(faláramos / partíreis // víramos / tivéramos / pudéreis / trouxéramos).

Note to Spanish Speakers: The Portuguese simple past perfect indicative tense corresponds to the

Spanish past (imperfect) subjunctive tense ending in -ra, which is also used in formal and literary

Spanish as an alternative past perfect indicative (Juan comiera [= había comido] antes de llegar).

Grammatical Categories

173

Even if the 3rd-person plural preterite is irregular, the simple past perfect verb

endings are regular.

INFINITIVE

3rd-PERS.

1st-PERS.

PLUR.

SING.

PLUR.

PRETERITE INDIC.

PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE

ser / ir

foram

fora

fôramos

ver

viram

vira

víramos

vir

vieram

viera

viéramos

dar

deram

dera

déramos

dizer

disseram

dissera

disséramos

querer

quiseram

quisera

quiséramos

ter

tiveram

tivera

tivéramos

estar

estiveram

estivera

estivéramos

fazer

fizeram

fizera

fizéramos

poder

puderam

pudera

pudéramos

pôr

puseram

pusera

puséramos

caber

couberam

coubera

coubéramos

haver

houveram

houvera

houvéramos

saber

souberam

soubera

soubéramos

trazer

trouxeram

trouxera

trouxéramos

2) The compound past perfect indicative consists of the imperfect indicative of

ter + masculine singular past participle.

(1st CONJ.)

(2nd CONJ.)

(3rd CONJ.)

falar

comer

partir

1st-

PERS.

SING.

tinha

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

tinhas

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

tinha

falado

comido

partido

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

tínhamos

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

tínheis

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

tinham

falado

comido

partido

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See p. 172n1 for written accentuation of 1st- / 2nd-pers. plur. forms.

If a past participle has two forms, the regular one is used.

haver occasionally replaces ter.

Portuguese

174

3) The past perfect indicative (compound and simple) tense

a) is expressed in English by "had" + past participle:

Ele já tinha jantado / jantara.

(had dined)

b) narrates or expresses an action or state of being in the past, which was completed

before another one in the past; in effect, the past perfect is the past of the past:

Ele já tinha jantado / jantara quando cheguei.

(had dined // arrived)

c) is often used with these adverbs:

já

(already / yet)

ainda não

(still not / not...yet)

Vocês já tinham voltado?

Não, ainda não tínhamos voltado.

4) The compound past perfect indicative tense often replaces the conditional perfect in

colloquial Portuguese.

Se tivéssemos querido, não tínhamos voltado.

(= teríamos voltado)

Grammatical Categories

175

FUTURE INDICATIVE

1) Regular verbs

a) The radical of a regular future indicative verb (also called the "simple future") is

its infinitive; the ending is the corresponding (and abbreviated) present indicative

form of haver (falará < falar + há).

falar (1st CONJ.)

comer (2nd CONJ.)

partir (3rd CONJ.)

1st-

PERS.

SING.

falarei

comerei

partirei

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

falarás

comerás

partirás

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

falará

comerá

partirá

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

falaremos

comeremos

partiremos

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

falareis

comereis

partireis

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

falarão

comerão

partirão

The following are the markers of their corresponding forms.

-ei

1st-

pers.

sing.

-ás

2nd-

pers.

sing.

-á

3rd-

pers.

sing.

-emos

1st-

pers.

plur.

-eis

2nd-

pers.

plur.

-ão

3rd-

pers.

plur.

2) Irregular verbs

2, 3

The following verbs (and any derived ones) are irregular in the future indicative because

they lack the -ze of their infinitive radicals; the verb endings, however, are regular.

fazer:

trazer:

dizer:

farei

trarei

direi

farás

trarás

dirás

fará

trará

dirá

faremos

traremos

diremos

fareis

trareis

direis

farão

trarão

dirão

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See p. 159: 4h for present tense of haver.

Future-tense forms of pôr (and derived verbs) are not marked with a circumflex ([su]porei).

Note to Spanish Speakers: Spanish has more irregular future-tense verbs than Portuguese;

many have a [d], which facilitates the phonetic transition from [n] / [l] to [ɾ] and which appeared

after the Latin [e] disappeared (Latin tenēre-habeo > ten'r-hei > Sp. tendré).

Portuguese

176

3) Placement of object pronouns

a) An object pronoun should precede a future-tense verb, if the verb does not begin

the sentence.

Eu não o comprarei.

O que lhe trará o seu amigo?

b) In formal Portuguese, an object pronoun often separates the radical of a

future-tense verb from its ending, if the verb begins the sentence.

Comê-lo-ão amanhã.

(They / You will eat it tomorrow.)

Falar-lhes-emos logo.

(We will speak to them / you soon.)

4) The future indicative tense expresses

a) a future idea from the standpoint of the present (English "will" / "shall"):

Sairemos logo.

(We will / shall leave soon.)

b) a determination or command:

Não fumarão!

(You will / shall not smoke!)

c) the conclusion (= what will occur if the condition is carried out) in the main clause

of a conditional sentence.

The condition is

i) explicit or implicit;

ii) considered likely or possible;

iii) expressed in the subordinate clause by se ("if") + future subjunctive:

Se quisermos, sairemos.

(If we want, we will leave.)

Ele irá (se puder).

(He will go [if he can].)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A hyphen precedes and follows the object pronoun.

The direct object pronoun and the radical of the verb undergo phonetic changes, seen on p. 93: 3.

Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike Portuguese, modern Spanish uses the present indicative after

si ("if") if the main verb is in the present / future indicative // imperative

(si queremos, saldremos // si quiere, salga).

Grammatical Categories

177

5) The future indicative tense is not commonly used in colloquial Portuguese,

which uses the following alternative ways of expressing the future.

a) present indicative:

Ele diz que sai.

(= sairá)

Vocês saem se puderem?

(= sairão)

b) present indicative of ir + infinitive (called the "compound future"):

1, 3

Eu vou sair.

(am going to)

Nós vamos sair.

(are going to)

c) present indicative of haver de + infinitive;

this construction also connotes an obligation and is a partial synonym of

ter que and ter de; it is used in formal Portuguese:

Havemos de ir.

(will / shall // have to / must)

6) The future indicative also expresses probability, doubt, or conjecture with respect to the

present.

Ele estará em casa?

(Can it be that he is...?)

Ele estará em casa.

(He is probably / may be...)

Another common way to express probability, doubt, or conjecture is to use the present

indicative of dever + infinitive.

2, 4

Ele deve estar em casa.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Portuguese uses the present indicative of vir + infinitive to express "coming to"

(= toward the speaker):

Ele vem jantar.

(is coming to)

será que also expresses probability / doubt / conjecture; it is used with the following indic. tenses:

Será que ele está em casa.

(is probably)

(present)

Será que ele tem estado em casa.

(has probably been)

(present perfect)

Será que ele estava em casa.

(was probably)

(imperfect)

Será que ele esteve em casa ontem.

(was probably)

(preterite)

Será que ele tinha estado em casa.

(had probably been)

(past perfect)

Notes to Spanish Speakers:

Unlike Spanish, Portuguese does not use the preposition a between ir / vir and an infinitive;

Portuguese does use a (or para) before the name of a place or destination:

Vamos sair.

Vamos a Portugal.

Unlike Spanish, Portuguese does not use the preposition de between dever and an infinitive.

Portuguese

178

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE

1) The future perfect indicative consists of the future indicative of ter + masculine singular

past participle.

(1st CONJ.)

(2nd CONJ.)

(3rd CONJ.)

falar

comer

partir

1st-

PERS.

SING.

terei

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

terás

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

terá

falado

comido

partido

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

teremos

falado

comido

partido

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

tereis

falado

comido

partido

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

terão

falado

comido

partido

2) The future perfect indicative tense expresses an action or state of being which will have

been completed before that of the main verb (English "will have" + past participle).

Terei posto a mesa antes de ela se sentar.

(will have set...before...)

Ele terá trazido o carro antes de eu chegar.

(will have brought...before...)

Teremos voltado antes de você sair.

(will have returned before...)

3) The future perfect indicative also expresses probability, doubt, or conjecture with respect

to the present perfect or the preterite.

Ele terá estado em casa?

(Can it be that he has been...?)

Ele terá estado em casa.

(He has probably / may have been...)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If a past participle has two forms, the regular one is used.

haver rarely replaces ter.

será que + present perfect indic. also expresses probability / doubt / conjecture

(será que ele tem estado em casa); see p. 177n2.

Grammatical Categories

179

CONDITIONAL

1) Regular verbs

a) The radical of a regular conditional-tense verb is its infinitive;

the ending is the corresponding (and abbreviated) imperfect indicative form of

haver (falaria < falar + havia).

falar (1st CONJ.)

comer (2nd CONJ.)

partir (3rd CONJ.)

1st-

PERS.

SING.

falaria

comeria

partiria

2nd-

PERS.

SING.

falarias

comerias

partirias

3rd-

PERS.

SING.

falaria

comeria

partiria

1st-

PERS.

PLUR.

falaríamos

comeríamos

partiríamos

2nd-

PERS.

PLUR.

falaríeis

comeríeis

partiríeis

3rd-

PERS.

PLUR.

falariam

comeriam

partiriam

The following are the markers of their corresponding forms

(which are the endings of the 2nd- / 3rd-conj. imperfect indicative).

-ia

1st- / 3rd-

pers.

sing.

-ias

2nd-

pers.

sing.

-íamos

1st-

pers.

plur.

-íeis

2nd-

pers.

plur.

-iam

3rd-

pers.

plur.

2) Irregular verbs

2, 3

The following verbs (and any derived ones) are irregular in the conditional tense because

they lack the -ze of their infinitive radicals; the verb endings, however, are regular.

fazer:

trazer:

dizer:

faria

traria

diria

farias

trarias

dirias

faria

traria

diria

faríamos

traríamos

diríamos

faríeis

traríeis

diríeis

fariam

trariam

diriam

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The authors are of the opinion that, since conditional tenses refer to the future (although with

respect to the past), they in fact belong to the indicative and do not constitute a separate verb mood.

Conditional-tense forms of pôr (and derived verbs) are not marked with a circumflex ([su]poria).

Note to Spanish Speakers: Spanish has more irregular conditional-tense verbs than Portuguese;

many have a [d], which facilitates the phonetic transition from [n] / [l] to [ɾ] and which appeared

after the Latin [e] disappeared (Latin tenēre-habeba > ten'r-hia > Sp. tendría).

Portuguese

180

3) Placement of object pronouns

a) An object pronoun should precede a conditional-tense verb, if the verb does not

begin the sentence.

Eu não o compraria.

O que lhe traria o seu amigo?

b) In formal Portuguese, an object pronoun often separates the radical of a

conditional-tense verb from its ending, if the verb begins the sentence.

Comê-lo-iam se pudessem.

(They / You would eat it...)

Falar-lhes-íamos.

(We would speak to them / you.)

4) The conditional tense expresses

a) a future idea from the standpoint of the past (English "would" / "should"):

Dissemos que sairíamos logo.

(We said that we would / should leave soon.)

b) a wish or a request—often with gostar ("would like")

(with querer, the imperfect indicative is usually used):

Gostaríamos de ir a Angola.

(= Queríamos ir a Angola.)

Você gostaria de se levantar?

(= Você queria se levantar?)

c) the conclusion (= what would occur if the condition were carried out) in the

main clause of a conditional sentence.

The condition is

i) explicit or implicit;

ii) considered unlikely or impossible (= contrary to fact);

iii) expressed in the subordinate clause by se ("if") + past subjunctive:

Se quiséssemos, sairíamos.

(If we wanted, we would leave.)

Ele iria (se pudesse).

(He would go [if he could].)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A hyphen precedes and follows the object pronoun.

The direct object pronoun and the radical of the verb undergo phonetic changes, seen on p. 93: 3.

To express futurity from the standpoint of the past, Portuguese and English (as well as Spanish)

use the conditional tense in indirect discourse and the future tense in direct discourse; compare:

INDIRECT DISCOURSE

DIRECT DISCOURSE

Dissemos que sairíamos.

Dissemos: "Sairemos."

(We said that we would leave.)

(We said, "We will leave.")

Grammatical Categories

181

5) The conditional tense never replaces the imperfect indicative (unlike in English).

Ele ia (se podia).

He used to / would go [if he could].)

Eu comia muita carne.

(I used to / would eat a lot of meat.)

6) The conditional tense is not commonly used in colloquial Portuguese,

which uses the following alternative ways of expressing the conditional.

a) imperfect indicative:

Ele disse que saía.

(= sairia)

Vocês saíam se pudessem?

(= sairiam)

b) imperfect indicative of ir + infinitive:

1, 2

Eu ia sair.

(was going to)

Nós íamos sair.

(were going to)

c) imperfect indicative of haver de + infinitive;

this construction also connotes an obligation and is a partial synonym of

ter que and ter de; it is used in formal Portuguese:

Havíamos de ir.

(would / should // had to / must)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Portuguese uses the imperfect indicative of vir + infinitive to express "coming to"

(= toward the speaker):

Ele vinha jantar.

(was coming to)

Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike Spanish, Portuguese does not use the preposition a between

ir / vir and an infinitive; Portuguese does use a (or para) before the name of a place or destination:

Íamos sair.

Íamos a Portugal.