Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

Portuguese

142

9) The subject of a personal infinitive

a) is either a noun or a pronoun:

Abri a porta para Pedro entrar.

Abri a porta para eles entrarem.

b) uses the subject form (not the object form) if it is a pronoun;

English uses an object pronoun or a possessive adjective; compare:

PORTUGUESE

ENGLISH

(SUBJECT)

(OBJECT / POSSESSIVE)

para elas irem

for them to go

por eu sair

by / because of my leaving

sem eles me verem

without their seeing me

10) The subject of a personal infinitive is either explicit or implicit.

a) An explicit subject eliminates ambiguity in the

i)

1st- / 3rd-persons singular

(which share the same form);

ii)

3rd-person plural

(which, like the 3rd-singular, can refer

to an infinite number of subjects):

implicit:

Vi o gato antes de ir.

(before who went? the cat?)

explicit:

Vi o gato antes de eu ir.

(before I went)

implicit:

As tias viram os gatos antes de irem.

(before who went? the cats?)

explicit:

As tias viram os gatos antes de elas irem.

(before the aunts went)

b) It is not necessary to state the subject of a 1st-person plural or a 2nd-person

infinitive, since the endings of these forms reveal their subject.

implicit:

Vimos o gato antes de sairmos.

(the subject can only be nós)

11) A compound infinitive (either impersonal or personal)

a) is the infinitive ter ("to have") + masculine singular past participle;

1

b) expresses an action or state of being completed before that of the main verb:

Sinto não ter estudado.

(= haver)

(to have studied)

É bom elas terem viajado!

(= haverem)

(for them to have traveled)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

haver occasionally replaces ter, although colloquial Portuguese prefers ter.

Grammatical Categories

143

PAST PARTICIPLE AND COMPOUND TENSES AND FORMS

1) Regular past participles

a) A regular past participle

i) derives from its infinitive, with which it shares the same radical;

ii) is formed by dropping the final vowel + r of the infinitive and adding

the following vowel + past participle marker -do:

(1st CONJ.)

(2nd CONJ.)

(3rd CONJ.)

ending:

ado

ido

infinitive:

falar

comer

partir

past participle:

falado

comido

partido

b) An acute accent marks a stressed i preceded by a / o / u in the radical.

INFINITIVES

PAST PARTICIPLES

sair / cair

saído / caído

doer / moer

doído / moído

constituir / construir / destruir

constituído / construído / destruído

2) Irregular past participles

a) The following Portuguese past participles (and any derived ones) are irregular and

correspond to irregular Spanish ones; the original Latin past participles were also

irregular and served as the basis of the English cognates.

INFINITIVE

PORTUGUESE IRREG.

SPANISH IRREG.

ENGLISH

PAST PART.

COGNATE

abrir

aberto

(entreaberto / reaberto)

abierto

aperture

cobrir

coberto

(descoberto / encoberto)

cubierto

covert

dizer

dito

(predito)

dicho

dictate

fazer

feito

(desfeito / satisfeito)

hecho

fact

pôr

posto

(composto / imposto / suposto)

puesto

post

ver

visto

(previsto)

visto

vista

escrever

escrito

(descrito / inscrito / transcrito)

escrito

scripture

b) The past participle of vir is vindo (which is identical to the present participle).

Portuguese

144

3) The following Portuguese verbs have two forms of the past participle:

a)

regular:

is used in compound tenses with ter or haver

(see p. 146)

b)

irregular:

1

is used as an adjective, often with

i)

ser in the passive voice

(see pp. 147–148)

ii)

estar (or ficar)

(see p. 147)

INFINITIVE

REG. PART.

IRREG. PART.

SPANISH

ENGLISH

(with ter / haver)

(adjective)

IRREG. PART.

COGNATE

absorver

absorvido

absorto

absorption

aceitar

aceitado

aceito

(EP: aceite)

acepto

accepted

acender

acendido

aceso

afligir

afligido

aflito

aflicto

afflicted

agradecer

agradecido

grato

grateful

atender

atendido

atento

attended

benzer

benzido

bento

bendito

Benedict

cegar

cegado

cego

ciego

-cluir

-cluído

-cluso

2

-cluso

-clusive

completar

completado

completo

complete(d)

confundir

confundido

confuso

confused

convencer

convencido

convicto

convict(ed)

3

corrigir

corrigido

correto

correcto

correct(ed)

corromper

corrompido

corrupto

corrupt(ed)

cultivar

cultivado

culto

cult

descalçar

descalçado

descalço

descalzo

discalced

dispersar

dispersado

disperso

dispersed

dissolver

dissolvido

dissoluto

disoluto

dissolute

eleger

elegido

eleito

electo

elected

encher

enchido

cheio

plenary

entregar

entregado

entregue

integrated

(des)envolver

(des)envolvido

(des)envolto

(des)envuelto

involution

enxugar

enxugado

enxuto

enjuto

erigir

erigido

ere(c)to

erecto

erect(ed)

exaurir

exaurido

exausto

exhausted

exaustar

exaustado

exausto

exhausted

expelir

expelido

expulso

expulsion

expressar

expressado

expresso

expreso

expressed

exprimir

exprimido

expresso

expreso

expressed

expulsar

expulsado

expulso

expulsion

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

In colloquial Portuguese and Spanish, the regular form often replaces the irregular one when

used in the passive voice; most irregular forms, however, are still widely used as adjectives.

2

concluso / incluso

3

convicto normally means "convinced"; in the term "réu convicto," it means "convict(ed)."

Grammatical Categories

145

INFINITIVE

REG. PART.

IRREG. PART.

SPANISH

ENGLISH

(with ter / haver)

(adjective)

IRREG. PART.

COGNATE

fartar

fartado

farto

harto

findar

findado

findo

fixar

fixado

fixo

fijo

fixed

frigir

frigido

frito

fritter

fritar

fritado

frito

fritter

ganhar

ganhado

1

ganho

gained

gastar

gastado

1

gasto

wasted

imprimir

imprimido

impresso

impreso

impressed

infe(c)tar

infe(c)tado

infe(c)to

infecto

infected

inserir

inserido

inserto

inserted

isentar

isentado

isento

exento

exempt(ed)

juntar

juntado

junto

joint

libertar

libertado

liberto

liberty

limpar

limpado

limpo

limpio

limpid

manifestar

manifestado

manifesto

manifiesto

manifest(ed)

matar

matado

morto

muerto

mortician

-mergir

-mergido

-merso

2

-merso

-mersed

morrer

morrido

morto

muerto

mortician

murchar

murchado

murcho

nascer

nascido

nato / nado

nato

natal

ocultar

ocultado

oculto

occult

omitir

omitido

omisso

omiso

omission

pagar

pagado

1

pago

paid

prender

prendido

preso

prison

romper

rompido

roto

ruptured

salvar

salvado

salvo

salvaged

secar

secado

seco

sec

segurar

segurado

seguro

secure(d)

soltar

soltado

solto

suelto

solution

sujeitar

sujeitado

sujeito

sujeto

subject(ed)

suprimir

suprimido

supresso

supreso

suppressed

surpreender

surpreendido

surpreso

sorpreso

surprised

suspeitar

suspeitado

suspeito

suspect(ed)

suspender

suspendido

suspenso

suspense

tingir

tingido

tinto

tinted

-tinguir

-tinguido

-tinto

3

-tinto

-tinct

torcer

torcido

torto

tuerto

tort

vagar

vagado

vago

vague

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

The irregular form is also used with ter / haver.

2

emerso / imerso / submerso

3

distinto / extinto

Portuguese

146

4) Past participles in compound tenses and forms

a) A past participle is a verbal that is often used with ter ("to have") in compound

tenses and forms, which are listed below.

1, 2

TENSE / FORM

EXAMPLE (eles):

ENGLISH: (they)...

left / been leaving:

present perfect indicative

têm partido

have

compound past perfect indicative

tinham partido

had

future perfect indicative

terão partido

will have

conditional perfect

teriam partido

would have

present perfect subjunctive

(que)

tenham partido

have

past perfect subjunctive

(que)

tivessem partido

had / would have

future perfect subjunctive

(que)

tiverem partido

will have

compound (personal) infinitive

ter(em) partido

to have

compound present participle

tendo partido

having

b) Only the masculine singular past participle is used in compound tenses and forms,

regardless of the gender / number of the subject or object.

c) If a past participle has two forms, the regular one is used.

d) haver occasionally replaces ter, although colloquial Portuguese prefers ter.

2

Ana tinha estudado os textos.

(= havia)

(had studied)

Eles terão elegido o senador.

(= haverão)

(will have elected)

Tendo lido a revista, Pedro saiu.

(= havendo)

(having read)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Their specific uses are discussed in the pages corresponding to each tense / form.

2

Note to Spanish Speakers: Spanish uses haber (not tener) in compound tenses / forms

(han / habían / habrán / habrían / haber / habiendo + partido).

Grammatical Categories

147

5) Past participles as adjectives

a) When a past participle functions as an adjective, it agrees in gender and number

with the noun that it modifies.

b) The following are the circumstances in which a past participle functions as an

adjective:

i) in the passive voice with ser ("to be") (see p. 148: 2 for details):

Os livros foram estudados.

O senador será eleito de novo?

Todas as revistas tinham sido lidas.

ii) with estar ("to be") or ficar ("to be [still] / remain // become / get");

these verbs express a state of being resulting from an action or a change

(see pp. 224, 226: 2 for details); compare:

cause:

action:

José abriu a porta.

(opened)

(= active)

change:

A porta foi aberta por José.

(was opened)

(= passive)

effect:

state of being:

A porta está aberta.

(is open [because it was opened])

state of being:

A porta fica aberta.

(is [still] / remains open)

iii) if it directly modifies a noun:

as portas abertas

(open)

o prédio recém-pintado

(painted)

iv) if it is "nominalized" (see p. 57: 2 for details):

as (portas) abertas

(the open ones)

o (prédio) recém-pintado

(the painted one)

v) in an "absolute" participial phrase:

1

Inaugurado o presidente, nós voltamos para casa.

(The president having been inaugurated, we returned home.)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

In an "absolute" participial phrase, the subject of the participle is not the subject of the main verb;

this construction derives from the Latin "ablative absolute" and is normally used only in very

formal Portuguese.

Portuguese

148

PASSIVE VOICE

Portuguese verbs are used in either the active or the passive voice.

1) Active voice:

The subject of the active voice performs the action expressed by the verb.

José abre a porta.

(José opens the door.)

Rosa nos deu um carro.

(Rosa gave us a car.)

2) Passive voice:

a) The "true" passive (vs. the reflexive passive) consists of ser + past participle.

b) The subject of the passive voice receives the action expressed by the verb and is

acted upon by an "agent," which may or not be expressed;

to introduce the agent, Portuguese uses "por..." (English "by...").

A porta é aberta por José.

(The door is opened by José.)

Foi-nos dado um carro por Rosa.

(We were given a car by Rosa.)

c) The past participle of the passive is an adjective and therefore agrees in gender and

number with the noun that it modifies.

A porta é aberta por José.

(opened)

As camisas foram lavadas.

(washed)

O menino será premiado.

(rewarded)

d) The passive can be expressed in any tense corresponding to an active one,

as seen in the following examples.

TENSE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

present indicative

Abrem a porta.

A porta é aberta.

imperfect indicative

Abriam a porta.

A porta era aberta.

preterite indicative

Abriram a porta.

A porta foi aberta.

simple past perfect indicative

Abriram a porta.

A porta fora aberta.

future indicative

Abrirão a porta.

A porta será aberta.

conditional

Abririam a porta.

A porta seria aberta.

Grammatical Categories

149

3) The following patterns correspond between the passive and the active voice.

PASSIVE

ACTIVE

subject

("S")

=

direct object

("DO")

past participle

("PP")

=

verb

("V")

agent

("A")

=

subject

("S")

S

PP

A

passive:

A porta é aberta por José.

S

V

DO

active:

José abre a porta.

PP

S

A

passive:

Foi-nos dado um carro por Rosa.

1

S

V

DO

active:

Rosa nos deu um carro.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Note to Spanish Speakers: The Portuguese passive foi-nos dado um carro por Rosa cannot be

expressed in the Spanish passive because it contains an agent (por Rosa); instead, the active must be

used (Rosa nos dio un carro). Even without the agent, Spanish cannot use the "true" passive

(= ser + past participle) because the corresponding Spanish active construction contains an indirect

object (nos); instead, Spanish must use a reflexive passive construction that maintains the indirect

object (se nos dio un carro); compare:

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

active:

Rosa nos deu um carro.

Rosa nos dio un carro.

passive:

Foi-nos dado um carro por Rosa.

––––

active:

Deu-nos um carro.

Nos dio un carro.

passive:

Foi-nos dado um carro.

Se nos dio un carro.

Portuguese

150

4) The reflexive pronoun se + 3rd-person verb is also used in Portuguese to express the

passive (see p. 98 for details).

Abre-se a porta.

(is opened)

Lavam-se carros.

(are washed)

However, there are differences between the "true" passive and the reflexive passive,

as seen in the following examples.

"TRUE" PASSIVE

REFLEXIVE PASSIVE

(SER + PAST PARTICIPLE)

(SE + 3rd-PERS. VERB)

subject:

thing or person:

only a thing (not a person):

A porta é aberta por José.

Abre-se a porta.

As camisas foram lavadas.

Lavaram-se as camisas.

O menino será lavado.

––––

agent of passive:

can be expressed:

cannot be expressed:

A porta é aberta por José.

Abre-se a porta.

5) The passive is used when the subject of the verb is unknown, or when it is important to

emphasize or contrast the agent of the passive.

A porta foi aberta.

(we don't know by whom)

A porta foi aberta por José.

(by José, not by anyone else)

6) The passive is used more in official and journalistic Portuguese than in English

(which tends to discourage its use since it adds words and tends to complicate what, in the

active voice, would be the relatively simple construction of subject + verb + direct object).

Grammatical Categories

151

INDICATIVE MOOD

Portuguese verbs of the indicative mood

1) express an action or state of being that is considered real, factual, certain, true, specific,

or definite;

2) are generally used in the main clause of declarative sentences, and in exclamations and

questions:

Pedro canta bem.

(Pedro sings well.)

Como Pedro canta bem!

(How well Pedro sings!)

Pedro canta bem?

(Does Pedro sing well?)

3) may be used in subordinate clauses:

1

Sabemos que Pedro canta bem.

(We know that Pedro sings well.)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Since the subjunctive mood is also used in subordinate clauses, English speakers may find it

difficult to choose the correct mood; this choice depends on various factors, which are analyzed on

pp. 197–209.

Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

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