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121

Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɊȿɌɈɆɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ

ɫɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɊȿɌɈɆɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨ-

ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ

ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ/Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-

ɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ

( ).

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ

ȾɁɌ-

ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɟ. ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɤ ɊȿɌɈɆɭ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɭ ɪɟɥɟ

ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ. ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɬɭɦɛɥɟɪ ɧɚ ɊȿɌɈɆɟ ɢ

ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ȼɤɥ. ȼ ɩɨɥɟ I ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ, ɜɵɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɊȿɌɈ-

Ɇɨɦ. Ɍɨɤ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ

, K

Iɫ

). ȼɵɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɟɪɹɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ

ɜɵɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɟ

Ɉk.

ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12.3.

Ɋɢɫ. 12.3. Ɉɤɧɨ Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ

ɨɤɧɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟ-

ɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ (ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɤ-

ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬ-

ɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɩ.11.

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɨɦ

ɬɟɫɬɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ

ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɊȿɌɈɆɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧ-

ɬɚɤɬɚ ɪɟɥɟ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɞ-

ɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ (ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ, ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɜɤɭ ɪɟɥɟ.

122

Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 12.1) ɧɚ-

ɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ

ɨɤɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. 12.4).

Ɋɢɫ. 12.4. Ɉɤɧɨ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɥɟ. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ

ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

– ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ), ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ-

ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɥɟ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟ-

ɧɢɹ (ɲɚɝɚ) ɬɨɤɚ;

ɤɡ

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɟ;

– ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɚɭɡɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚɦɢ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 12.5),

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɟ

ɍɫɥ (ɪɢɫ. 12.4).

ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ

ɪɢɫ. 12.5.

Ɋɢɫ. 12.5. Ɉɤɧɨ ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.4)

ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.6).

123

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɡɚɤɪɨɣɬɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩ-

ɤɢ

Ɉk. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.4) ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, Ɉɞɢɧɨɱ-

ɧɵɣ

ɢɥɢ ɐɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɬɚɪɬ.

Ɋɢɫ. 12.6. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ȾɁɌ-10

Ɋɟɥɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɤɟ

0,16 0,17y

Ⱥ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ

3,5 3,6y ȼ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢ-

ɱɢɧ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɤɚ-

ɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɥɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɤɟ 0,16 0,17y Ⱥ ɮɢɤɫɢ-

ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɯ ɪɟɥɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ

3,5 3,6y

ȼ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɜɵɦ ɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɜɢɧɬɨɦ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ

ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɢɫɤɢ) ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ, ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ

ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ 0,16 0,17y Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ

3,5 3,6y ȼ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɹɬ

ɡɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ

ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ ɹɤɨɪɶ ɤɚɫɚɥɫɹ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɪɚ. ɉɪɨ-

ɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ 0,8. Ɋɟ-

ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ

ɹɤɨɪɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɸɫɚɦɢ (ɩɪɚɜɵɣ

ɭɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɜɢɧɬ) ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ

ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɭɠɢɧ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

Ɉk.

124

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɆȾɋ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 12.1) ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɦ.ɞ.ɫ. ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.7) ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ

ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.8).

Ɋɢɫ. 12.7. Ɉɤɧɨ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɦ.ɞ.ɫ. ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ

Ɋɢɫ. 12.8. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ȾɁɌ-10

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɡɚɤɪɨɣɬɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩ-

ɤɢ

Ɉk. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.7) ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, Ɉɞɢɧɨɱ-

ɧɵɣ

ɢɥɢ ɐɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɬɚɪɬ.

ɆȾɋ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɩɥɟɱɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɚ

ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɬɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɟɱɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ 100 5r Ⱥ.

ɉɨɞɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ R

. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ

125

ɆȾɋ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ

ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɬɤɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ ɫɪɚ-

ɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɥɟɱɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚ-

ɬɚ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚ-

ɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɲɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ R

ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɫɨ-

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Z ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

Ɉk.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ W

ɢ W

ɜɬ

. ȼ

ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 12.1) ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ

ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ W

ɢ W

ɜɬ

. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.9) ɧɚɠɦɢ-

ɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.10).

Ɋɢɫ. 12.9. Ɉɤɧɨ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ

Ɋɢɫ. 12.10. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ȾɁɌ-10 ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ W

ɢ W

ɜɬ

126

ɉɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚ 11–12 ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ

ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɡɚɤɪɨɣɬɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ

Ɉk. ȼ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɭɸ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɤ

ɊȿɌɈɆɭ ɢ ɜɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɬɤɨɜ. ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɋɬɚɪɬ.

Ɂɚɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɶɬɦɟɬɪɚ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠ-

ɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 0,1 ȼ ɩɪɢ F

= I

= 200 Ⱥ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ

ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ, ɫɞɟɥɚɣɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

Ɉk.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɟ. ȼ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɟ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦ-

ɦɚ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. 12.11).

Ɋɢɫ. 12.11. Ɉɤɧɨ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɟ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ

ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɷɬɚɩɚ:

1) ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (I

ɫɪ1

Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɭɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɭ 11–12) ɨɬ

ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɊȿɌɈɆɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.12).

ȼɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ

ɒɚɝ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɨɩɰɢɸ I

ɫɪ1

ɢ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɬɚɪɬ.

2) Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ (I

cp2

) ɪɟɥɟ.

ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ ɤ ɊȿɌɈɆɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.13). ȼɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ

ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ

ɒɚɝ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɨɩɰɢɸ I

ɫɪ2

ɢ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɬɚɪɬ.

127

Ɋɢɫ. 12.12. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ȾɁɌ-10

Ɋɢɫ. 12.13. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ȾɁɌ-10

3) ȼɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ (ɄI

ɫɪ2

ɇɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɞɜɢɧɶɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɵɛɟ-

128

ɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ

ɒɚɝ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɨɩɰɢɸ I

ɫɪ3

ɢ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɬɚɪɬ. ɉɨ-

ɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɲɚɝ 3 ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ (I

cp3

) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɄI

ɫɪ2

ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (I

ɫɪ4

Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɭɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɭ 11–12) ɨɬ

ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɊȿɌɈɆɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.12).

ȼɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ

ɒɚɝ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɨɩɰɢɸ I

ɫɪ4

ɢ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɬɚɪɬ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ʉ

ɧɚɞ

= I

cp4

cp1

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

Ɉk.

10. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ

. ȼ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɵ-

ɜɟɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. 12.14).

Ɋɢɫ. 12.14. Ɉɤɧɨ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ

ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɯ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɬɤɨɜ. ɉɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ

ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɬɨɤɨɜ. ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ ɤ ɊȿɌɈɆɭ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ

(ɪɢɫ. 12.15).

ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɜɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ X ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-

ɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ

ɍɝɨɥ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɮɚɡ ɦɟɠɞɭ

129

ɢ I

, ɨɬɦɟɬɶɬɟ ɭɝɥɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.

ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɋɬɚɪɬ.

Ɋɢɫ. 12.15. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ȾɁɌ-10

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ. ȼ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ. ȼ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.16) ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨ

ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 12.17).

Ɋɢɫ. 12.16. Ɉɤɧɨ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ

130

Ɋɢɫ. 12.17. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ȾɁɌ-10

ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ, ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ.

ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɋɬɚɪɬ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ

ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ Up = f(Fɩ). ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɬ

ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. 12.18). ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ ɤ ɊȿɌɈɆɭ

(ɪɢɫ. 12.19).

Ɋɢɫ. 12.18. Ɉɤɧɨ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ U

= f(F

)