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101

Ɋɢɫ. 8.7. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ U

ɫɪ

ɢ U

ɜɡ

ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɛɟɡ ɩɚɭɡ

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ – ɜɵɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɭ-

ɡɭ, ɫɤɚɱɤɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ

ɬɨɤɚ Ɋɉ-18 ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɫ), ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ U

ɫɪ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫ ɩɚɭɡɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ

ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ

ɩɚɭɡɚ

(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 8.8).

ɧɚɱ

ɤɨɧ

ɫɪ

ɲɚɝ

ɩɚɭɡ

Ɋɢɫ. 8.8. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ U

ɫɪ

ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ Ɍ

ɩɚɭɡɚ

Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ U

ɫɪ

ɢ U

ɜɡ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ U

ɲɚɝ

ȼɪɟɦɹ T

ɲɚɝ

ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ

1, 2 1, 5y

ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟ-

ɦɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ Ɍ

ɫɪ

, Ɍ

ɜɡ

ɫɤɚɱɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ

ɧɚɱ

– U

ɤɨɧ

ɢ ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Ɍ

ɲɚɝ

102

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚ ɩɚ-

ɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ (ɬɢɩɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 35

y ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ).

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɜɨɤ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

100%

Ɋɍ





ɝɞɟ

' – ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ; Ɋ – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ; ɍ – ɭɫɬɚɜɤɚ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ

ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ.

103

10. ȺȼɌɈɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɉɊɈȼȿɊɄȺ ɊȿɅȿ ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə

ɆɈɓɇɈɋɌɂ

ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɟɥɟ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ-

ɹɯ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ.

ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ:

x ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɥɟ:

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ;

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ;

ɭɝɨɥ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ M

Ɇɑ

, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɪɚ-

ɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ;

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚ-

ɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ;

ɬɨɤ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ;

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ;

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɳ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ (S

ɈȻɊ

);

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ;

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ;

x ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɟ-

ɱɚɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪɟ;

x ɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɊȿɌɈɆ-51

ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢɤɨɧɤɚ

Ɋɟɥɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ – Ɋ (ɪɢɫ. 1.11). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ-

ɦɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɟɥɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

(ɪɢɫ. 10.1).

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɟɥɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ:

x ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɥɟ ɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ɊȿɌɈɆ-51;

x ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɪɟɥɟ ɤ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɊȿɌɈɆ-51;

x ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ;

x ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɪɟɥɟ;

x ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ;

x ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ;

x ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɊȿɌɈɆ-51 ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɥɟ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ), ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ-

104

ɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɊȿɌɈɆ-51 ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ

ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɵ:

x ɪɟɥɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ – ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥ U

ɢ U

, ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ~120 ȼ;

x ɪɟɥɟ ɫ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ – ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹ-

ɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

(ɤɥɟɦɦɵ U

ɢ U

), ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɨ ~120 ȼ, ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ

ɢ U

, ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɨ ~240 ȼ, ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ U

ɢ U

ɜɵɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɚɡɟ;

x ɪɟɥɟ ɫ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ – ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹ-

ɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

(ɤɥɟɦɦɵ U

ɢ U

), ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɨ ~120 ȼ, ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ

ɢ U

, ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɨ =339 ȼ,

ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ (ɮɚɡɟ)

– ɡɧɚɤ «-», ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ (ɮɚɡɟ) U

– ɡɧɚɤ «+».

ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɟ

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ

ȼɵɛɨɪ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ

Ɍɢɩ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɪɟɥɟ: ɇɈ ɢɥɢ

ɇɁ

ɇɨɦɟɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɚ

ɊȿɌɈɆ

Ɇɟɧɸ

ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ

ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɥɟ, ɬɨ

ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɥɚɝ:

“~” ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ “=”

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɹɞɨɦ ɜ

ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.

!!! ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ

ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ U

ɢ U

, ɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ,

ɫ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɝɞɟ -U

ɢ +U

!!!

Ɋɢɫ. 10.1. Ɉɤɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ

ɪɟɥɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

105

Ɉɤɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ

Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 10.2) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɦɟɧɸ

ɍɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɜɨɤ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ ɉɚɧɟɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ

ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ

ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɩɚɭɡɵ

ɍɫɬɚɜɤɢ

ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ

ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ

ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ

Ɋɢɫ. 10.2. Ɉɤɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ

Ɉɤɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ ɞɥɹ

ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ-

ɜɟɪɨɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-

ɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ.

Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɥɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, ɜɵ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɤɧɚɯ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɫɜɹɡɚ-

ɧɵ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ

ɍɫɬɚɜɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɊȿɌɈɆ

ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

, ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ – ɫ

ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

. Ʉɚɧɚɥɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ U

ɢ U

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ,

ɞɥɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ (ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ).

106

1. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ (ɧɚ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɬɨɤ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 0) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ

ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɬ I

ɇȺɑ

ɞɨ I

ɄɈɇ

2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɤ ɪɚɜɟɧ 0) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ

ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ U

ɇȺɑ

ɞɨ U

ɄɈɇ

, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜ-

ɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ-

ɧɢ ɄɁ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ.

3. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ

ɦɱ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ M

Ɇɑ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɢ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, I

ɇɈɆ

ɢ U

ɇɈɆ

). Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɫɨ-

ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ

ɫ ɭɝɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ, ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ

Ɇɑ

=+180º, ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɨ-

ɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ 4

'M (ɝɪɭɛɨ) ɩɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɟ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧ-

ɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ

'M ɩɨ ɭɝɥɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ M ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨ-

ɬɢɜ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɢ) ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ.

ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɨɥ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɟ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ

ɡɨɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚ-

ɦɢɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 180º.

4. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ U

ɋɊ

ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵ-

ɜɚɧɢɹ S

ɋɊ

ɊɇɆ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ U

ɋɊ

ɢ S

ɋɊ

, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ Ʉ

ȼɁ

ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɹ-

ɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ U

Ɇɂɇ

ɞɨ U

ɆȺɄɋ

ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɭɝɥɟ

ɉɊɈȼ

ɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ I

ɉɊ

(ɤɚɤ

ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, I

ɉɊ

= I

ɇɈɆ

). ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ S

ɋɊ

. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨ-

ɜɟɪɤɢ U

ȼɁ

ɢ S

ȼɁ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɢɥɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɪɟɥɟ,

ɭɞɜɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ «ɞɪɟɛɟɡɝɚ» (ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨɞɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ) ɢ

ɞɚɥɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-

ɟɬɫɹ U

ȼɁ

, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ S

ȼɁ

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɫɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɧɨ

ɜɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ.

107

5. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ I

ɋɊ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ I

ɋɊ

, I

ȼɁ

, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚ-

ɬɚ Ʉ

ȼɁ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ U

ɉɊɈȼ

ɢ ɭɝɥɟ

Ɇɑ

ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɬ I

Ɇɂɇ

ɞɨ I

ɆȺɄɋ

ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ ǻI.

6. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ

Ɇɑ

ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ

ɪɟɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɥɟ (ɬ. ɟ. ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ). ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɨɥ ɫ

ɇȺɑ

ɧɚ M

ɄɈɇ

7. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-

ɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɥɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ,

ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ S

ɈȻɊ

ɡɚɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɄɁ «ɡɚ ɫɩɢɧɨɣ» (ɡɚɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ

ɍɫɬɚɜɤɢ). ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ-

ɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟ

Ɇɑ

=+180º, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ, ɫɤɚɱɤɨɦ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨ ɤɨ-

ɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ.

8. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ

M = M

Ɇɑ

(ɄɁ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ), ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢ-

ɥɨ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɄɁ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɲɢɧ). Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ S

ɇȺɑ

ɞɨ S

ɄɈɇ

ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ U

ɇȺɑ

ɞɨ U

ɄɈɇ

. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ 2 ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ

ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɪɟɥɟ.

ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ.

108

11. ɉɊɈȼȿɊɄȺ ȾɂɎɎȿɊȿɇɐɂȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɊȿɅȿ

ɋȿɊɂɂ ɊɇɌ-560 ɇȺ ɊȿɌɈɆ-41Ɇ

ȼ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɧɸ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɊȿɌɈɆ-41Ɇ (ɪɢɫ. 1.8)

ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ȾȿɆɈ ɊɇɌ-560. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 11.1).

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɥɟ ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɨɩ-

ɰɢɸ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɸ

. ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɪɟɥɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ,

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 11.2.

Ɋɢɫ. 11.1. ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

Ɋɢɫ. 11.2. Ɉɤɧɨ Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɟ

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɊȿɌɈɆɚ ɢ

ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ.

109

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ

ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ/Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-

ɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ

(ɪɢɫ. 11.3).

Ɋɢɫ. 11.3. Ɉɤɧɨ Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ

ɊɇɌ

ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɟ. ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɤ ɊȿɌɈɆɭ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɭ ɪɟɥɟ

ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ. ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɬɭɦɛɥɟɪ ɧɚ ɊȿɌɈɆɟ ɢ

ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ȼɤɥ. ȼ ɩɨɥɟ I ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ, ɜɵɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɊȿɌɈ-

Ɇɨɦ. Ɍɨɤ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ

(

, K

Iɫ

). ȼɵɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɟɪɹɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ

ɜɵɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɟ

Ɉk.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ

ɨɤɧɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟ-

ɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ (ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɤ-

ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ:

ɋɯɟɦɚ – ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ;

ɋɌȺɊɌ – ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ;

ɍɫɥ. – ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ;

Ɉk – ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɨɤɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɩɢɫɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɜ;

Ɉɬɦɟɧɚ – ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɨɤɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɜ;

ɉɨɦɨɳɶ – ɜɵɡɨɜ ɋɥɭɠɛɵ ɉɨɦɨɳɢ.

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ

ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɊȿɌɈɆɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧ-

ɬɚɤɬɚ ɪɟɥɟ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɞ-

ɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ (ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ, ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɜɤɭ ɪɟɥɟ.

Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 11.1) ɧɚ-

ɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ

ɨɤɧɨ (ɪɢɫ.11.4).

110

Ɋɢɫ. 11.4. Ɉɤɧɨ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɥɟ. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ

ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

– ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ), ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ-

ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɥɟ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟ-

ɧɢɹ (ɲɚɝɚ) ɬɨɤɚ;

ɤɡ

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɟ;

– ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɚɭɡɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚɦɢ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 11.5), ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɟ

ɍɫɥ (ɪɢɫ. 11.4).

ɇɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ

ɪɢɫ. 11.5.

Ɋɢɫ. 11.5. Ɉɤɧɨ ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 11.4)

ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ

ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 11.6).

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ ɡɚɤɪɨɣɬɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩ-

ɤɢ

Ɉk. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 11.4) ɜɵɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ, Ɉɞɢɧɨɱ-

ɧɵɣ

ɢɥɢ ɐɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɋɬɚɪɬ.