89
Ɋɢɫ. 6.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɊȿɌɈɆ-41 ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɪɟɥɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ – Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ 2-ɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɣ ɊȿɌɈɆɚ (ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨ-
ɝɨɦ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 2 – ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ) ɩɪɟ-
ɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɄɁ, ɬɨɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚ-
ɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ 2-ɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɬɨɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɧɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɧɟ ɬɢɩ ɄɁ, ɚ ɯ). Ⱦɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɬɨɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɹ-
ɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɧɨɩɤɚ
U, I = 0.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɧɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ
(ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ).
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ 3 ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ:
1) ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ
ɉɭɫɤ – ɋɬɨɩ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪɚ;
2) ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɟ
ɋɬɚɪɬ;
3) ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 1 ɢ 2 ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ (ɢɯ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɲɟ-
ɧɵ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ 1-ɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪɚ, 2-ɣ – ɫɬɨɩɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪɚ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ 4 ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɟ.
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
ɉɭɫɤ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨ-
ɝɨ ɢɡ 4-ɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɥɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟ-
ɥɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɨ-
ɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚɱɚ-
ɥɚ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɥɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ
ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
ɉɭɫɤ, ɚ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ.
ɍɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ
(ɬ. ɤ. ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɪɚ-
ɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɧɭɥɹɸɬɫɹ).
ɇɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɚɱɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ
ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹ-