Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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51-12 Industrial Communication Systems

TABLE 51.1 Header.Comparison.Derived.from.RFC4944

Frame.Header

Minimum.

Size

Maximum.

Size

Min..Remaining.

(Assuming.102.

byte.MAC.Frame) Comment

IPv6-compliant

.dat

agram

.(ful

stan

dard

.IPv6.basic.header)

40.byte —

.byte P

lus

.opt

ional

.extensio

headers

OWPAN_HC1

.comp

ressed

(compr

essed

.IPv6.header)

3.byte

.byte

.byte I

ncluding

.4.bit.zero.

padding

Mes

.fram

.(req

uired

.for.mul

ti-hop

mesh.netw

orking

.and.for

warding)

.byte

.byte I

ncluding

.1.byte.for.

identica

tion

.of.mesh.

header

WPAN_HC1

.comp

ressed

requir

ing

.mesh.addressin

(compr

essed

.IPv6.header.+.mesh.

header)

9.byte

.byte

.byte I

ncluding

.4.bit.zero.

padding.and.2.disp

atch

bytes.(for.HC1.and.

MESH)

Frag

mentation

.fram

.(req

uired

.if.

packet.size.excee

.802.15.4.MTU.

and.to.pro

vide

.req

uired

.MTU.

ofIPv6)

5.byte.for.

rst.

fragm

ent

.byte.for.

subse

quent

fragm

ents

.or.96.byte

.byte.for.identic

ation

ofFRAG.header

OWPAN_HC1

.comp

ressed

requir

ing

.frag

mentation

(com

pressed

.IPv6.head

.+.

fragm

entation

.header)

8.byte

.byte

.byte I

ncluding

.4.bit.zero.

padding.and.2.disp

atch

bytes.(for.HC1.and.FRAG)

OWPAN_HC1

compr

essed

.header.onl

.in.

rst.frag

ment

LOWPAN_HC1

.comp

ressed

requir

ing

.mesh.addressin

.and.

fragm

entation

.(comp

ressed

.IPv6.

header.+.mesh.header.+.

fragm

entation

.header)

14.byte.rst.

fragm

ent

.byte.

subse

quent

fragm

ents

.byte.rst.

fragm

ent

.byte.

subse

quent

fragm

ents

.or.90.byte

LOWPAN_HC1

compr

essed

.header.onl

.in.

rst.frag

ment

Including

.4.bit.zero.

padding

oadcast/multicast

.map

ping

(mapp

ing

.to.keep.16.bit.sho

addressing.sch

eme

.of.802.15.4)

— 3 St

andalone

.not.

applic

able

Optional,

.non-m

apped

addressing.can.be.use

with.64.bit.destin

ation

broadc

ast/multicast

address.car

ried

.in-line

WPAN_HC1

.comp

ressed

requir

ing

.mesh.addressin

.and.

broadc

ast/multicast

.header.sup

port

(compr

essed

.IPv6.+.mesh.header.+.

broadc

ast/multicast

.header)

12.byte

.byte

.byte T

.sup

port

.mesh.bro

adcast/

multicast

Including

.4.bit.zero.

padding

UDP

.(ful

.sta

ndard

.UDP.header

;

addition

.to.underl

ying

.lay

ers/

headers)

— 8 Standalone

.not.

applic

able

Excluding

.IP.and.oth

headers

C_UDP.(compressed.UDP.header;.

additional.to.underlying.layers/

headers)

4 9 Standalone.not.

applicable

Excluding.IP.and.other.

headers

.(ful

.sta

ndard

.TCP.header

;

addition

.to.underl

ying

.lay

ers/

headers)

20 20

.+.

mult

iples

of.32.bit

tandalone

.not.

applic

able

Excluding

.IP.and.oth

headers

.opt

ions

.are.opt

ional

and.mul

tiples

.of.32.bit

CMP

.(ful

.sta

ndard

.ICMP.header

;

addition

.to.underl

ying

.lay

ers/

headers)

4 — Standalone

.not.

applic

able

Excluding

.IP.and.oth

headers

ata

.eld.is.opt

ional

6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor Networks and Smart Cooperating Objects 51-13

active.RFC4944.of.the.6LoWPAN.working.group..It.should.be.mentioned.here.that.active.discussions.

in.the.time.of.writing.this.chapter.of.6LoWPAN.working.group.are.heading.to.an.update.of.RFC4944..

Hence,.the.values.might.dier.if.the.RFC.is.updated.but.might.provide.an.overview.about.approximate.

header.sizes.. e.third.column.in.the.table.shows.the.remaining.space.for.the.payload.or.further.pro-

tocol

.headers.. e.combination.of.MESH,.FRAG,.and.IP.headers.with.the.listed.TCP,.UDP,.and.ICMP.

headers.is.omitted.for.clarity.

51.5.8 Security

Specic.application.domains.and.scenarios.require.secure.data.transmission.and.data.integrity..For.

example,.for.health.care.applications,.recorded.vital.parameters.of.patients.sent.via.6LoWPAN.over.

IEEE.802.15.4.should.be.exchanged.with.trusted.endpoints.only.. e.6LoWPAN.working.group.analyzed.

dierent.possibilities.to.meet.the.necessary.security.constraints.

.rst.security.issue.that.has.to.be.considered.is.the.secure.data.transmission.itself..IEEE.802.15.4.

provides.AES.encryption.security.on.the.link.layers.for.secure.point-to-point.communication..System.

engineers.should.always.keep.in.mind.that.it.is.not.specied.in.IEEE.802.15.4,.how.the.key.for.the.

encryption.is.deployed.. e.6LoWPAN.working.group.proposes.to.use.the.built-in.AES.security.for.

communication.of.RFDs.in.terms.of.IEEE.802.15.4.

6LoWPAN

.does.not.exclude.the.usage.of.existing.security.mechanisms.and.protocols.like.IPsec.and.

TLS,.which.allow.end-to-end.security..Because.of.the.estimated.higher.energy.consumption.due.to.the.

security.on.IP.layer.or.above,.these.security.mechanisms.are.proposed.to.be.used.by.FFDs.only..FFDs.

are.expected.to.have.lower.constraints.concerning.energy.consumption..Protocols.like.IPsec.and.TLS.

permit.interoperability.with.external.IP-based.networks.also.(cf..Figure.51.9).

.second.security.issue.bases.on.the.method.how.IPv6-compliant.addresses.are.derived.from.the.

802.15.4.built-in.EUI-64.bit.device.identier..Hence,.this.identier.should.be.unique.for.every.802.15.4.

device,.the.generated.IP.addresses.are.unique.as.well.and.might.be.traced.by.attackers.. ere.is.no.pro-

tection

.that.the.generated.IPv6.address.is.not.globally.unique..In.specic.scenarios,.persons.do.not.want.

to.be.identied.through.their.surrounding.wireless.body.area.network.based.on.6LoWPAN.devices..

 us,.the.6LoWPAN.specications.do.not.forbid.the.usage.of.customizable.device.identiers.for.IPv6.

address.generating.

TCP/UDP

Application

802.15.4 MAC

6LoWPAN

TCP/UDP

Application

TCP/UDP

Application

External IP core

network node

FFD 6LoWPAN node RFD 6LoWPAN node

TCP/UDP

Application

6LoWPAN FFD

edge router

802.X PHY 802.x + 802.15.4 PHY 802.15.4 PHY 802.15.4 PHY

6LoWPANIPv6 6LoWPAN/IPv6

802.15.4 MAC802.X MAC 802.X + 802.15.4 MAC

Point-to-point via 802.15.4 AES End-to-end via IPSec

End-to-end via TLS

FIGURE 51.9 Security.protocols.

51-14 Industrial Communication Systems

51.6 Summary

6LoWPAN.realizes.the.basis.of.a.massively.scalable.networking.and.bridges.the.gap.between.enterprise.

netw

orks

.and.massi

vely

.depl

oyed

.SCO.like.wire

less

.sens

.and.actor.netw

orks.

.6LoW

PAN

.has.show

appl

icability

.of.IPv6.for.low-

power,

.low-

rate

.wire

less

.radi

.comm

unication

.base

.on.IEEE.802.

15.4

stan

dard.

. ere

fore,

.6LoW

PAN

.prov

ides

.proto

cols

.for.IP.head

.comp

ression,

.addr

ess

.autoc

ongura-

tion,

.ado

ption

.lay

.to.t.IPv

.spe

cic

.MTU.req

uirements,

.etc

But

.furt

her

.eor

.are.stil

.acti

.to.deve

lop

.new.rout

ing

.conc

epts

.tail

ored

.for.6LoW

PAN

.netw

orks,

focu

sed

.by.the.IETF.ROLL.work

ing

.grou

.Addi

tionally,

.appl

icability

.of.exis

ting

.appl

ication

.laye

.pro-

cols

.and.requ

ired

.adopt

ions

.and.enha

ncements

.to.t.the.requ

irements

.are.stil

.missi

.at.the.time.of.

writ

ing

.this.sect

ion.

.But.6LoW

APP

.acti

vities

.in.IETF.will.bear.die

rent

.solu

tions

.base

.on.know

.and.

matu

red

.pro

tocols

.ins

tead

.of.dev

eloping

.new.one

references

[Boh09].H..Bohn.and.F..Golatowski,.Web.Services.for.embedded.devices,.In.R..Zurawski.(Ed.),.Embedded

Systems Handbook: Embedded Systems Design and Verication,

. ISBN:. 978-1-4398-0755-2,. CRC.

Press,.Boc

.Rat

on,

.FL,.S..19-1–19-31,.June.2009.

[Dun04]

.A..Dunke

ls,

.B..Gron

vall,

.and.T..Voigt,.Cont

iki—A

.lightw

eight

.and.exible.operat

ing

.system.for.

tiny.netwo

rked

.senso

rs,

.in.Proc

eedings of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local

Computer Networks,

.Was

hington,

.DC,.pp..455–462,.2004,.Nov

ember

.16–18,.2004.

[Dun07]

.A..Dunk

els,

.uIP,.Tec

hnical

.repo

rt,

.htt

p://www.sics.se/~adam/uip/index.php,

.2007.

[Dur08]

.M..Durvy

.J..Abeil

lé,

.P..Wetter

wald,

.C..O’Fly

nn,

.B..Lever

ett,

.E..Gnosk

.M..Vidales.et.al.,.Makin

senso

.netw

orks

.IPv6.read

.in.SenSys

’08,

.Raleig

.NC,.Nov

ember

.5–7,.2008.

[Dur09]

.M..Durvy

.J..Abeil

lé,

.P..Wetter

wald,

.C..O’Fly

nn,

.B..Lever

ett,

.E..Gnosk

.M..Vidales,.G..Mulliga

N..Tsies,.N..Finne,.and.A..Dunke

ls,

.Makin

.senso

.netwo

rks

.IPv6.ready

.in.Proc

eedings of the

6th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems,

.Raleigh,.NC,.Novem

ber

.05–07,.2008,.

SenSys’08,.ACM,.New.Yor

.pp..421–422,.2008.

[EU

I64]

.IEEE

.Guid

elines

.for.64-B

.Glob

.Iden

tier

.(EUI

-64)

.Regi

stration

.Auth

ority,

.Tech

nical

.Repo

rt,

.2010

[IEEE154]

.IEEE.Com

puter

.Societ

.IEEE Std. 802.15.4–2003

.IEEE.Com

puter

.Societ

.New.Yor

.2003.

[IETFRO

LL]

.IETF.Netwo

rking

.Grou

.Rout

ing

.Over.Low.Power.and.Lossy.Netwo

rks

.(ROLL).Work

ing

Grou

.htt

p://tools.ietf.org/wg/roll/,

.2010,.[onlin

e].

[IETF6LoW]

.IETF.Netw

orking

.Grou

.IPv6.over.Low.Powe

.WPAN.(6Lo

WPAN)

.Work

ing

.Grou

http:/

/tools.ietf.org/wg/6lowpan/,

.2010,.[onlin

e].

[RFC2460]

.S.. Deering. and. R.. Hinden,. Internet. Protocol,. Version.6.(IPv6).Specication-RFC. 2460.

(Dra



.Stan

dard),

.Decem

ber

.1998,.Upd

ated

.by.RFCs.5095,.5722,.5871.

[RFC2464]

.M..Crawfo

rd,

.Transmi

ssion

.of.IPv6.Packets.over.Ether

net

.Netwo

rks-RFC

.2464.(Prop

osed

Stan

dard),

.Decem

ber

.1998.

[RFC4861]

.T..Nart

en,

.E..Nordm

ark,

.W..Simpso

.and.H..Solima

.Neighb

.Discov

ery

.for.IP.Version.6.

(IPv6)-RFC.4861.(Dra.Sta

ndard),

.Sept

ember

.2007,.Upd

ated

.by.RFC.5942.

[RFC4861]

.S.. oms

on,

.T..Nart

en,

.and.T..Jinmei,.IPv6.Stat

eless

.Address.Auto

conguration-RFC

.4862.

(Dra.Sta

ndard),

.Sept

ember

.2007.

[Mor09_2]

.G..Mori

tz,

.E..Zeeb

.S..Prut

er,

.F..Gola

towski,

.D..Timmerm

ann,

.and.R..Stol

.Devices.pro

for

web

services

wireles

senso

netwo

rks:

Adap

tations

and

enhan

cements,

IEEE Con

ference

on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation,

.2009.(ETFA

2009),

.La.Palma,.Spain,.pp..1–8,.

Septem

ber

.22–25,.2009.

[Mor09]

.G..Mori

tz,

.C..Corn

elius,

.F..Gola

towski,

.D..Timmerm

ann,

.and.R..Stol

.Dierences.and.com-

mon

alities

.of.service-o

riented

.device.archi

tectures,

.wireles

.senso

.netwo

rks

.and.netwo

rks-on-chip,

Inter

national Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2009.

WAINA’09,

.Bradfo

rd,

.U.K.,.pp..482–487,.May.26–29,.2009.

52-1

52.1 Introduction

Most.recent.statistics.presented.by.International.Telecommunication.Union.(ITU).show.that.wireless.

mobi

.serv

ices

.expl

oded

.from.11.mill

ion

.subsc

ribers

.worl

dwide

.in.1990.to.over.2.bill

ion

.in.2005.[1]..

Worl

dwide

. inte

roperability

. for. micr

owave

. acce

. (or. WiMAX

)

. has. mate

rialized

. as. reac

tion

. to. the.

ever

lasting

.need.for.high

-speed

.broa

dband

.acce

ss,

.reli

eving

.the.Inte

rnet

.prov

iders

.from.need

.infr

structure

.cost

.espe

cially

.appa

rent

.in.rura

.and.remo

.area

.WiMAX.tech

nology

.merg

.toget

her

.the.

conv

enience

.of.wire

less

.tech

nology

.with.comp

elling

.perf

ormance

.of.broa

dband

.acce

.and.can.be.seen.

as.the.next.logi

cal

.step.in.the.evol

ution

.of.wire

less

.and.mobi

.tech

nologies,

.with.a.goal.of.prov

iding

Inte

rnet

.conn

ectivity

.to.the.wide

.arra

.of.ubiq

uitous

.mobi

.devi

ces

.rang

ing

.from.laptop.PCs,.cell

ular

and.smar

tphones,

.palm.pilo

ts,

.hand

sets,

.inpu

t/output

.devi

ces

.to.cons

umer

.elec

tronics

.such.as.gami

devi

ces,

.cam

eras,

.musi

cal

.dev

ices

.lik

.iPO

Ds,

.and.oth

ers.

Following

.the.step

.of.the.Wi-Fi.tech

nology,

.the.WiMAX.has.now.beco

.avai

lable

.and.aor

dable

tech

nology,

.beco

ming

.a.name.for.the.stan

dard

.itse

lf.

.WiMAX.is.base

.upon.the.IEEE.802.

.wire

less

metr

opolitan

.area.netw

orks

.(Wire

lessMAN)

.tech

nology

.fami

ly,

.whic

.prov

ides

.spec

ications

.of.the.

medi

.acce

.cont

rol

.(MAC

)

.laye

.and.the.PHYsi

cal

.(PHY

)

.laye

.[2].. e.exac

.term.“WiMA

X”

.is.not.

a.stan

dard,

.it.is.rath

.a.mark

eting

.term.(pro

duced

.by.WiMAX.foru

•

).that.has.become.synonymous.

with.IEEE.802.

16-based

.netw

orks,

.in.a.simil

.fash

ion

.as.the.“Wi-F

i”

.has.beco

.a.syno

nym

.for.the.

IEEE.802.

11-based

.wide.area.netw

orks

.(WAN

s).

. e.WiMAX.real

.refe

.to.the.subs

.of.IEEE.802.

capa

bilities,

.bri

ey

.add

ressed

.in.fol

lowing

.par

agraphs.

.WiMAX.tech

nology

.is.a.stan

dards-based

.wire

less

.tech

nology

.for.prov

iding

.high

-speed

.broa

band

.conn

ectivity

.to.not.only.home

.and.busin

esses

.but.also.for.mobi

.wire

less

.netw

orks

.(Fig

ures

.52.1.

and.52.2

. e.WiMAX.ther

efore

.esta

blished

.itse

.as.the.so-c

alled

.“las

t-mile”

.(sho

.dist

ance,

.broa

band

.to.hom

.con

nection.

WiMAX in Industry

52.1. Introduction.....................................................................................52-1

52.2

. e.WiMA

.Bro

adband

.Tec

hnology...........................................52-3

Backhaul/Access.Network.Applications. •. Relationship.

with.Other.Wireless.Technologies. •. WiMAX.vs..Wi-Fi

52.3. WiMAX.Architecture.....................................................................52-4

MAC.Layer/Data.Link.Layer. •. PHYsical.Layer. •. WiMAX.

Equipment

52.4. e.WiMAX.Forum.and.Working.Groups.................................52-6

52.5

. Inte

gration

.wit

.Oth

.Net

works.................................................52-6

WiMAX-DSL.Integration. •. WiMAX-3GPP.Integration

52.6. Conclusion........................................................................................52-8

References.....................................................................................................52-8

Milos Manic

University of Idaho

Idah

Fal

Sergiu-Dan Stan

Technical University

of Clu

j-Napoca

Strahinja Stankovic

Ninet Company Wireless ISP

52-2 Industrial Communication Systems

Figure.52.1.describes.the.comparison.of.several.widely.used.network.types:.WANs,.wireless.broad-

band

.(WiBro),.WirelessMAN,.wireless.local.area.networks.(WLANs),.and.wireless.personal.area.net-

works

.(WPANs).

WiMAX

.technology.is.available.in.two.versions:.xed.wireless.and.mobile.. e.xed.wireless.ver-

sion

.(point-to-point),.known.as.802.16d-2004,.was.designed.as.replacement.for.broadband.cable.access.

or.DSL.. e.mobile.version.(point-to-multipoint),.802.16e-2005.supports.roaming.in.addition.to.xed.

wireless.applications..For.this.reason,.the.two.standards.are.generally.known.as.xed.WiMAX.and.

mobile.WiMAX.

ISP

Home LAN

WiMax 802.16

transmitter

No line-of-sight

WiMax 802.16

transmitter

Line-of-sight

backhoul

WiMax 802.16

transmitter

Internet

backbone

ISP

connections

FIGURE 52.2 e.example.of.WiMAX.conguration.

WAN (such as cellular networks, WiMax IEEE 802.16e, WiBro)

WMAN (such as WiMAX IEEE 802.16-2004)

WLAN (WiFi ﬂavors of IEEE 802.11)

WPAN (such as Bluetooth

IEEE 802.15.1, UWB)

FIGURE 52.1 Comparison.of.networks.types.

WiMAX in Industry 52-3

However,.the.terms.xed.WiMAX,.mobile.WiMAX,.“802.16,”.“802.16d,”.and.“802.16e”.are.frequently.

used.inc

orrectly.

. e.cla

rications

.fol

low:

•

. e.IEEE.802.Stand

ards

.Comm

ittee

.deve

lops

.LAN.stan

dards

.and.MAN.stan

dards

.[3],.avai

lable

for.dow

nload

.at.htt

p://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/.

•

. e. IEEE. 802.

. Work

ing

. Grou

. on. broa

dband

. wire

less

. acce

. stan

dards

. deve

lops

. stan

dards

.and.reco

mmended

.prac

tices

.to.supp

ort

.the.deve

lopment

.and.depl

oyment

.of.broa

dband

Wire

lessMAN

.[4].

•

. 802.

16-2004

.is.oen.call

.802.

16d,

.name

.aer.the.IEEE.Stand

ard

.“Tas

.Grou

.d”.that.pro-

uced

.it.and.cove

.the.“Air.Inte

rface

.for.Fixe

.Broa

dband

.Wirel

ess

.Acce

.Syst

ems.”

.Speci

cally,

IEEE.Standard.802.16.revised.by.the.Task.Group.d.resulted.in.802.16-REVd,.later.on.published.

as.802.

16-2004

.(rep

lacing

.IEEE.Stand

ards

.802.

16-2001,

.802.

16c-2002,

.and.802.

16a-2003)

.[5]..It.is.

also.fre

quently

.ref

erred

.to.as.“xe

.WiMA

X”

.sinc

.it.has.no.sup

port

.for.mob

ility.

•

. 802.

16e-2005

.is. oen.call

.802.

16e,

.name

.aer.the.“Tas

.Grou

.e”. that.deve

loped

.it.. is.

amen

dment

.to.IEEE.Stand

ard

.802.

.is.cove

ring

.“PHY.and.MAC.laye

.for.combi

ned

.xed.and.

mobi

.oper

ation

.in.lice

nsed

.band

s.”

.It.intr

oduced

.supp

ort

.for.mobi

lity,

.amon

.othe

.thin

.and.

is,.the

refore,

.als

.kno

.as.“mob

ile

.WiMA

X”

.[6,7

52.2 the WiMaX Broadband technology

Growing.popularity.of.WiMAX.broadband.access.technology,.similarly.to.cellular.phone.technologies.

such.as.glob

.syst

.for.mobi

.comm

unications

.or.GSM.(ori

ginally

.from.grou

.spé cia

.mobi

le)

.and.

code.divi

sion

.mult

iple

.acce

.or.CDMA

.is.beco

ming

.espe

cially

.evid

ent

.in.rura

.area

.as.it.does.not.

requ

ire

.wir

.bro

adband

.con

nections.

.is.to.be.expec

ted

.that.WiMA

.will

.in.addi

tion

.to.bein

.used.as.a.wire

less

.back

haul

.techn

ology

.for.2G,.

3G,.and.4G.netw

orks,

.be.also.inst

rumental

.in.furt

her

.depl

oyment

.and.grow

.of.Wi-F

.hots

pots.

.Whil

curr

ent

.oper

ation

.of.most.Wi-F

.hots

pots

.is.based.on.wired.broa

dband

.conn

ections,

.in.futu

re,

.WiMA

coul

.serve.as.a.fast

.and.chea

per

.alte

rnative

.to.wired.back

haul

.for.these.hots

pots.

.Usin

.the.poin

t-to-

multipoint

.tran

smission

.capa

bilities

.of.WiMA

.to.serve.as.back

haul

.link

.to.hots

pots

.coul

.subs

tantially

impr

ove

.the.busi

ness

.case.for.Wi-F

.hots

pots

.and.prov

ide

.furt

her

.mome

ntum

.for.hots

pot

.depl

oyment

.[8].

52.2.1 Backhaul/access Network applications

Backhaul,. in. telecommunications,. typically.refers. to. intermediate. links.between. the. backbone. and.

smal

ler

.subn

etworks

.of.the.over

all

.netw

ork

.(loc

.acce

.poin

.[APs

]

.and.the.back

bone

.netw

ork)

.[2]..

 e.pote

ntial

.to.serv

.as.the.back

haul

.conn

ection

.to.the.rapi

dly

.incr

easing

.mark

.of.Wi-Fi.hots

pots

pave

.the.way.for.the.WiMAX.in.the.urba

.but.also.in.non-

urban

.area

.An.expl

oding

.numbe

.of.Wi-Fi.

hots

pots

.is.bein

.depl

oyed

.in.publ

.area

.such.as.conv

ention

.cent

ers,

.hote

ls,

.airp

orts,

.and.coe

.shop

in.the.Unit

.State

.and.othe

.deve

loped

.mark

ets

.[8]..In.addi

tion,

.WiMAX.tech

nology

.can.serv

.as.

over

lay

.to.cabl

.DSL,.data.and.tele

communication

.serv

ices.

.Oen.adve

rtised

.as.the.“comb

ination

.of.the.

mobi

lity

.you.love.abou

.your.cell.phon

.with.the.spee

.you.want.from.broa

dband,”

.WiMAX.prov

iders

are.con

tinually

.gro

wing

.the.cov

erage

.of.“po

rtable

.Int

ernet”

.and.“Br

oadband

.On. e.Go”.[9–

11].

Deploying

. WiMAX. in. rura

. area

. with. limi

ted

. or. no. Inte

rnet

. back

bone

. will. be. chal

lenging

. as.

addi

tional

.meth

ods

.and.hard

ware

.will.be.requ

ired

.to.proc

ure

.suc

ient

.band

width

.from.the.near

est

sour

ces—the

.dic

ulty

.bein

.in.prop

ortion

.to.the.dist

ance

.betw

een

.the.end.user.and.the.near

est

.suf-



cient

.Int

ernet

.bac

kbone.

.WiMAX.tower.station.can.connect.directly.to.the.Internet.either.via.a.broadband.wired.connection.

or.to.anot

her

.WiMAX.tower.using.a.micr

owave,

.line

-of-sight

.link.(LOS

. e.adva

ntageous

.char

acter-

istic

.of.WiMAX.is.exac

tly

.the.back

haul,

.i.e.,.the.abil

ity

.to.brid

.the.rura

.area

.via.LOS.conn

ection

.to.

anot

her

.towe

52-4 Industrial Communication Systems

Today’s.market.of.mobile.devices,.personal.computers,.Pocket.PCs,.and.netbooks.is.increasingly.

comi

.as.“WiM

.read

y,”

.simi

larly

.to. the.devi

ces

.adve

rtised

.in.the.past.as.“Wi-

.read

y.”

.On.

Apri

.18,.2005

.Inte

.debu

ted

.its.rst.WiMa

.chip.[12]

.It.feat

ured

.the.plug

-in

.radi

.unit.that.coul

have.been.repl

aced

.to.t.to.die

rent

.freq

uencies

.whil

.at.the.same.time.prov

iding

.a.conn

ection

.for.

exte

rnal

.ante

nna.

52.2.2 relationship with Other Wireless technologies

 e.most.constructive.approach.is.that.Wi-Fi.and.WiMAX.are.strongest.when.working.together,.

howe

ver.

. e.mobi

.stan

dards

.comp

arison

.is.pres

ented

.in.Tabl

.52.1

.IEE

.802

.16

.rad

ius

.and.dat

.rat

.are.als

.sup

erior

.to.PAN.and.WLA

.[2].(Ta

ble

.52.

2).

52.2.3 WiMaX vs. Wi-Fi

WiMAX.and.Wi-Fi.frequently.get.confused.due.to.the.wireless.Internet.access.capabilities.that.both.of.

thes

.tec

hnologies

.pro

vide.

.For.thi

.rea

son,

.it.is.imp

ortant

.to.rec

ognize

.the

.dis

tinctive

.fea

tures:

•

. Both.stan

dards

.den

.P2P.and.ad.hoc.netw

orks,

.wher

.an.end.user.comm

unicates

.to.user

.or.

serv

ers

.on.ano

ther

.LAN.usin

.its.AP.(Wi-

Fi)

.or.bas

.sta

tion

.(WiM

AX).

•

. Whil

.WiMAX.uses.lice

nsed

.and.unli

censed

.spec

trum,

.Wi-Fi.uses.unli

censed

.spec

trum.

.Whil

WiMAX.deli

vers

.poin

t-to-point

.(PTP

)

.Inte

rnet

.to.user.(or.anot

her

.tower

.pred

ominantly

.for.

WMAN

.with.a.tran

smission

.rang

.of.seve

ral

.mile

.Wi-Fi.aims.at.WLAN

.with.a.tran

smission

rang

.of.up.to.100.m.(su

.as.hot

spots).

•

. Whil

.the.Wi-Fi.stan

dard

.is.base

.on.the.cont

ention

.acce

.MAC.call

.carr

ier

.sens

.mult

ple

.access/collision.avoidance.(CSMA/CA).protocol,.WiMAX.MAC.uses.a.connection-oriented.

MAC.algo

rithm

.wher

.subs

criber

.init

ially

.gets.a.stab

.time.slot.assig

ned

.by.the.base.stat

ion

.(BS)

52.3 WiMaX architecture

As.we.noted.at.the.beginning,.WiMAX.is.not.a.standard,.rather.a.term.grown.to.become.a.synonym.for.

the.IEEE.802.

.stan

dard,

.simil

arly

.to.how.Wi-Fi.beca

.the.term.inte

rchangeably

.used.for.inte

roper-

able

.imp

lementations

.of.the.IEE

.802

.11

.wir

eless

.LAN.sta

ndard.

.IEEE.802.

.WiMA

.arch

itectural

.mode

.is.simi

lar

.to.the.one.foun

.with.cellu

lar

.tele

phone

netw

orks

.[2]..Each.IEEE.802.

.cove

rage

.area.cons

ists

.of.one.BS.supp

orting

.seve

ral

.subs

criber

.stat

ions

(SSs

)

.that.prov

ide

.acce

.for.the.end.user.into.the.broa

dband

.netw

ork.

. e.desc

ribed

.arch

itecture

TABLE 52.1 e.Mobile.Standards.Comparison

3G Wi-Fi:.802.11 WiMAX:.802.16 Mobile-Fi

Max

.spe

ed 2

.Mbps 54.Mbps 100.Mbps 16.Mbps

Are

.covera

ge Several

.miles 300. 50.miles Se

veral

.miles

Licen

sing

.mode

l Licensed Unlicensed Either Licensed

Advantages Range,

.mobi

lity Speed,

.price

Speed,

.rang

e Speed,

.mob

ility

Disadvantages Slow,

.expensi

ve Short

.rang

e Interference

.iss

ues High

.price

TABLE 52.2 WiMAX.vs..WLAN.and.PAN

PAN WLAN WiMAX

IEEE

.stan

dard 802.15 802.11

.a/b/g 802.16.a/d/e

Radiu

s <30

. <500.

∼5

.miles

ta.rate <1.Mbps

∼11–54

.Mbps ∼100.Mbps

WiMAX in Industry 52-5

represents.a.single.cell.of.network.coverage.. ese.cells.are.further.connected.through.a.core.net-

work

.(CN

.Tra

nsmissions

.can.be.PTP

.poi

nt-to-multipoint

.(PM

P0),

.or.poi

nt-to-consecutive-point

(PT

CP),

.whe

.SSs.can.rel

.dat

.(ac

.as.rou

ters),

.sup

porting

.the.nod

.tha

.do.not.hav

.the.LOS.

con

nectivity

.wit

.BSs.[2]

.It.is.imp

ortant

.to.not

.tha

.BSs.are.equ

ipped

.wit

.wid

e-beam

.ant

ennas,

whe

.SSs.are.equ

ipped

.wit

.hig

hly

.dir

ectional

.ant

ennas

.poi

nting

.tow

ard

.the.BSs

. is.is.why.BSs.

can.pro

vide

.sup

erior

.dat

.rat

.rel

ative

.to.the.IEE

.802

.11

.WLA

Ns,

.typ

ically

.equ

ipped

.wit

.omn

directional

.ant

ennas.

.SS

-to-BS

.li

.is.kn

own

.as.up

link,

.wh

ile

.BS

-to-SS

.is.ty

pically

.re

ferred

.to.as.th

.do

wnlink.

52.3.1 MaC Layer/Data Link Layer

While.the.IEEE.802.11.Wi-Fi.standard.is.based.on.the.connectionless.and.contention-based.access.

(MA

.whe

.the.sub

scribers

.are.con

necting

.to.a.wir

eless

.AP.(AP

)

.on.a.ran

dom

.int

errupt

.bas

is,

.802

.16

MAC.use

.a.sch

eduling

.alg

orithm

.for.whi

.the.sub

scriber

.sta

tion

.nee

.to.comp

ete

.with.oth

.sub

scribers

.onl

.onc

.(for.init

ial

.ent

.int

.the.net

work).

. is.ent

ails

.tha

.with.Wi-

.con

nection,

.sub

scribers

.fur

ther

.awa

.from.the.AP.ten

.to.be.rep

eatedly

.int

errupted

.by.clo

ser

.sub

scribers,

.gre

atly

red

ucing

.the

.thr

oughput.

. is.mak

.hig

.dat

.rat

e-dependent

.ser

vices

.suc

.as.Voi

.over.Int

ernet

Pro

tocol

.(Vo

IP)

.or.Int

ernet

.Pro

tocol

.Tel

evision

.(IP

TV)

.di

cult

.to. mai

ntain

.for.lar

ger

.num

ber

.of.

sim

ultaneous

.use

rs.

Unlike

. wit

. Wi-F

. tec

hnology,

. the. 802

.16

. MAC.is. bas

. on. a. sch

eduling

. alg

orithm

. whe

. sub

scriber

.ini

tially

.get

.a.tim

.slo

.assi

gned

.by.the.BS..In.add

ition

.to.bei

.sta

ble

.und

.ove

rload

.and.ove

subscription,

.the.802

.16

.sch

eduling

.alg

orithm

.unl

ike

.802

.11,

.can.als

.be.mor

.ban

dwidth

.ec

ient.

. e.

sch

eduling

.alg

orithm

.can.bal

ance

.the.tim

e-slot

.assi

gnments

.amo

.the.sub

scribers,

.hen

.con

trolling

the.Qu

ality

.of.Se

rvice

.(Q

oS)

.pa

rameters.

52.3.2 PHYsical Layer

 e.IEEE.802.16.standard.(IEEE,.2004,.2005b).reference.model.comprises.the.data,.control,.and.man-

agement

.pla

nes.

. e.dat

.pla

.pro

tocol

.sta

.inc

ludes

.the.PHY.lay

.and.the.MAC.lay

er.

.Mul

tiple

.PHY.

lay

ers

.are.sup

ported,

.ope

rating

.in.the.2–6

.GHz.fre

quency

.spe

ctrum,

.and.sup

port

.sing

le-

.and.mul

ti-

carrier

.ai

.in

terfaces,

.de

pending

.on.th

.pa

rticular

.op

erational

.en

vironment

.[1

3].

.IE

.80

2.16

.PH

.la

yer

.pr

ovides

.th

.fo

llowing

.opt

ions

.[2

,14]:

•

. Wire

less

.MAN

-SC

.(Me

tropolitan

.Are

.Net

work-Single

.Car

rier)

.is.a.sing

le-carrier

.opti

.and.is.

int

ended

.fo

.us

.in.LO

.en

vironments.

•

. Wire

less

.MAN

-OFDM

.(Or

thogonal

.Fre

quency-Division

.Mul

tiple

.Acc

ess)

.wit

.256.sub

carriers,

whi

.is.man

datory

.in.the.unl

icensed

.ban

ds.

. is.mod

.fea

tures

.Tim

.Div

ision

.Mul

tiplexing

(TDM).in.the.downlink.direction.and.Time.Division.Multiple.Access.(TDMA).in.the.uplink.

dir

ection.

•

. Wire

less

.MAN

-OFDMA

.wit

.204

.car

riers.

. is.mod

.pro

vides

.OFD

.acc

ess

.by.sep

arating

the.us

ers

.usi

.FD

.in.th

.up

link

.di

rection

.in.ad

dition

.to.TD

MA.

While

.the.ori

ginal

.ver

sion

.of.the.IEE

.802

.16

.WiMA

.sta

ndard,

.spe

cied

.a.PHY.lay

.ope

rating

.in.

the.10–

.GHz.ran

ge,

.802

.16a

.upd

ated

.in.200

.(80

2.16-2004),

.add

.spe

cications

.for.the.2–1

.GHz.

ran

ge.

.In.200

.IEE

.802

.16-2004

.was.upd

ated

.by.802

.16e-2005,

.and.int

roduced

.the.sca

lable

.ort

hogo-

nal

.fre

quency-division

.mul

tiple

.acc

ess

.(SO

FDMA)

.as.opp

osed

.to.the.ort

hogonal

.fre

quency-division

mul

tiplexing

.(OF

DM)

.wit

.256.sub

carriers

.(of.whi

.200.are.use

.in.802

.16d.

. e.fol

lowing

.rev

sions

.of.IEE

.802

.16

.suc

.as.802

.16e

.int

roduced

.the.mul

tiple

.ant

enna

.sup

port

.thr

ough

.MIM

.whi

imp

roved

.the.cov

erage,

.pow

.con

sumption,

.fre

quency

.reu

se,

.and.ban

dwidth

.ec

iency,

.wit

.the.add

ful

.mob

ility

.sup

port.

.Fin

ally,

.the.WiMA

.cer

tication

.all

owed

.ven

dors

.wit

.802

.16d

.pro

ducts

.to.sel

the

.eq

uipment

.as.WiM

.ce

rtied.

52-6 Industrial Communication Systems

52.3.3 WiMaX Equipment

WiMAX.Forum.Certied•.equipment.is.designed.and.congurable.for.a.range.of.broadband.wireless.

acce

.depl

oyment

.scen

arios

.[15]

. ese.scen

arios

.incl

ude

.long

er-range

.LOS.depl

oyments

.in.low-

density

outd

oor

. envi

ronments

. and. shor

ter-range

. non-

LOS

. depl

oyments

. in. clut

tered

. urba

. envi

ronments.

Serv

ices

.can.be.xed

.port

able

.or.mobi

le,

.or.some.combi

nation

.ther

eof.

.Over.this.rang

.of.cond

itions,

the.comm

.goal.is.the.capa

bility

.to.reli

ably

.deli

ver

.broa

dband

.conn

ectivity

.to.busin

ess

.and.home.

user

.Most.radi

.spec

trum

.that.is.appl

icable

.to.WiMAX.netw

orks

.is.limi

ted

.in.appl

ication

.and.usag

 e.ITU-

.and. Nati

onal

.Admi

nistrations

.use. vari

ous

. well

-known

.band. desig

nations

. to. dete

rmine

whic

.appl

ications

.are.perm

itted

.in.die

rent

.freq

uency

.band

.Allo

cations

.to.WiMAX.serv

ice

.prov

id-

ers

.can.be.typi

cally

.char

acterized

.as.eith

.xed.or.land.mobi

le.

.Most.Nati

onal

.Admi

nistrators

.typi

cally

rest

rict

.xed.spec

trum

.allo

cations

.to.xed.and,.some

times,

.noma

dic

.appl

ications.

.Conv

ersely,

.some.

admi

nistrations

.allo

.land.mobi

.spec

trum

.allo

cations

.to.be.used.for.a.broa

der

.set.of.appl

ications,

whic

.may.cove

.all.WiMAX.usag

.scen

arios

.(xe

.noma

dic,

.port

able,

.simpl

.mobi

lity,

.and.full.mobi

ity).

.Land.mobi

.spec

trum

.allo

cations

.are.also.gene

rally

.link

.to.IMT-

2000

.syst

ems.

. e.WiMAX.

Foru

.is.lobb

ying

.for.the.rela

xation

.of.appl

ication

.(usa

.scen

ario)

.limi

tations.

.A.few.admi

nistrations

are.alre

ady

.tech

nology

.and.appl

ication

.neut

ral.

. ese.admi

nistrations

.allo

.any.WiMAX.usag

.sce-

ario

.to.be.depl

oyed

.in.cert

ain

.band

.Over.time

.it.is.expe

cted

.that.band

.that.are.init

ially

.limi

ted

.to.

spec

ic

.usag

.scen

arios

.will.be.rela

xed

.and.WiMAX.serv

ice

.prov

iders

.will.then.oer.mult

iple

.usag

scen

arios

.if.the.busi

ness

.cas

.loo

.att

ractive

.[15

52.4 the WiMaX Forum and Working Groups

 e.WiMAX.Forum.is.an.industry-led,.nonprot.organization.formed.to.certify.and.promote.the.compat-

ibility

.and.inte

roperability

.of.broa

dband

.wire

less

.prod

ucts

.base

.upon.the.harm

onized

.IEEE.802.

16/ETSI

Hipe

rMAN

.stan

dard

.[15]

.A.WiMA

.Foru

.goal.is.to.acce

lerate

.the.intr

oduction

.of.thes

.syst

ems

.into.the.

mark

etplace.

.WiMA

.Foru

.Cert

ied

.prod

ucts

.are.full

.inte

roperable

.and.supp

ort

.broa

dband

.xed

.por-

able,

.and.mobi

.serv

ices.

.Alon

.thes

.line

.the.WiMA

.Foru

.work

.clos

ely

.with.serv

ice

.prov

iders

.and.

regu

lators

.to.ensu

.that.WiMA

.Foru

.Cert

ied

.syst

ems

.meet.cust

omer

.and.gove

rnment

.requ

irements.

.WiMAX.Foru

.orga

nizes

.its.tech

nical

.acti

vities

.thro

ugh

.a.numbe

.of.work

ing

.grou

.coor

di-

nated

.by.a.Tec

hnical

.Stee

ring

.Com

mittee.

. e.pri

mary

.fun

ction

.of.the.tec

hnical

.act

ivities

.is.to.dev

elop

the.tec

hnical

.spe

cications

.und

erlying

.WiMA

.For

.Cer

tied

.pro

ducts

.(Fi

gure

.52.

3).

52.5 Integration with Other Networks

While.WiMAX.may.seem.like.competing.technology,.it.is.really.oering.means.for.integration.of.vari-

ous

.choi

ces

.for.Inte

rnet

.acce

.or.back

hauling.

.Some.of.thos

.optio

ns,

.name

.the.inte

gration

.with.DSL.

and.3GP

.wil

.be.bri

ey

.add

ressed

.her

52.5.1 WiMaX-DSL Integration

Cable.or.DSL.represent.inexpensive.broadband.technologies,.unlikely.to.disappear.even.in.developing.

coun

tries.

.Whil

.DSL.or.cabl

.may.be.avai

lable

.with

.city.limi

ts,

.low-c

ost

.WiMA

.oer

.a.tech

nology

.of.

choi

.for.the.rural.and.remo

.area

.that.lack.broa

dband

.opti

ons.

.WiMA

.as.robu

.mobi

le,

.port

able,

.or.

xed.broa

dband

.access.open

.the.door.to.a.whol

.new.worl

.of.loca

tion-variable

.broa

dband

.Inte

rnet

.access.

.the.scena

rio

.of.WiMA

X-DSL

.inte

gration,

.an.incu

mbent

.digi

tal

.subs

criber

.line.(DSL

)

.opera

tor

woul

.depl

.a.WiMA

.acce

.netw

ork

.(AN).and.woul

.inte

grate

.it.with.the.exis

ting

.DSL.back

end

infr

astructure,

.enabl

ing

.maxi

mal

.reus

.of.the.exis

ting

.swit

ching,

.servi

.prov

isioning,

.and.bill

ing

.infr

structures.

. e.subs

criber

.woul

.perfo

.rst.netw

ork

.entry.and.auth

entication

.in.the.WiMA

.net-

ork,

.and.then.enabl

.tra

.to.the.DSL.netw

ork.

.In.a.typi

cal

.depl

oyment

.scena

rio,

.a.DSL.depl

oyment

WiMAX in Industry 52-7

with.Ethernet.switching.between.the.digital.subscriber.line.access.multiplexer.(DSLAM).and.the.broad-

band

.remote.access.server.(BRAS).can.be.reused.by.replacing.the.DSL.link.with.a.wireless.WiMAX.link.

with.enabled.Ethernet.convergence.sublayer.. e.higher.layer.network.architecture.remains.unchanged..

In.this.scenario,.DSL.reference.architecture.interface.typically.exists.between.the.AN.and.the.service.

providers.. is.interface.connects.either.an.application.service.provider.(ASP).to.the.network.service.

provider.(NSP).owning.the.AN,.or,.in.roaming.scenarios,.the.NSP.with.the.AN.. e.T.interface.is.dened.

between.the.terminal.equipment.(TE).and.the.DSL.modem.in.the.customer.premises.network.(CPN).

Technical Steering Committee

* Ensure the consistency of Working Group activities and outputs;

* Ensure that technical planning, specication, and certication is

broad-based, representing the Principal Membership and driving

the ecosystem; and

* Promote broad acceptance of roadmaps and decisions by the

WiMAX Forum Membership.

Applications Working Group

Characterize and demonstrate best practice solutions across classes of

user-friendly applications, ensure various applications are competitive

with existing technologies, and exploit unique WiMAX capabilities.

Certication Working Group

Manage the WiMAX Forum Certication Program through the selection

and oversight of certication test labs, the evaluation of testing options and

the integration of key Technical Working Group System Proles, PICS and

TSS and TP deliverables to ensure that products are certied under the

highest ethical and technical standards.

Global Roaming Working Group

Assure availability of global roaming service for WiMAX

technology in a timely manner as demanded by the marketplace.

Marketing Working Group

Drive worldwide adoption of WiMAX-enabled wireless broadband

connectivity anytime, anywhere.

Network Working Group

Create end-to-end networking and network interoperability (NWIOT)

specications for xed, nomadic, portable and mobile WiMAX systems,

beyond what is dened in the scope of IEEE 802.16. e specications shall be

based on harmonized requirements delivered by the Service ProviderWorking

Group and requirements from other organizations as deemed appropriate.

Regulatory Working Group

Promote worldwide access to spectrum “t for purpose” for WiMAX Forum

Certied systems with sucient harmonization of frequency ranges to

facilitate signicant economies of scale; and encourage adoption of

appropriate regulatory frameworks based on principles of technology and

service neutrality, allowing service providers to deploy the most appropriate

solutions for their markets. To achieve these goals, RWG is the central

authority within the WiMAX Forum on spectrum and regulatory matters.

Service Provider Working Group

Provide coordinated input from service providers to other working groups

and the WiMAX Forum Board. Participation is open to all WiMAX Forum

members. e Service ProviderWorking Group is the single source for

coordinated recommendations and requirements that drive the network

and air interface specications for WiMAX networks and products.

Technical Working Group

Develop technical product specications and certication test suites for the air

interface based on the OFDMA PHY, complementary to the IEEE 802.16

standards, primarily for the purpose of interoperability and certication of

mobile stations, subscriber stations and base stations conforming to the

IEEE 802.16 standards.

FIGURE 52.3 WiMAX.working.groups.