Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Bluetooth 49-3

49.1.2.5 Bluetooth 2.1 + EDr

 e.addi

tional

.feat

ures

.are.the.adde

.secu

rity

.feat

ures

.and.the.impr

oved

.late

ncy

.for.encr

ypted

.chan

nels

and.pow

.con

sumption,

.as.wel

.as.an.enh

anced

.qua

lity

.of.ser

vice.

49.1.2.6

Blue

tooth 3.0 + HS

Bluetooth

.3.0.+.HS.(hig

.spee

.is.the.late

.Blue

tooth

.tech

nology

.stan

dard

.oper

ating

.sinc

.Apri

.22,.

2009

. e.inte

resting

.fact.is.that.it.did.not.depr

ecate

.any.exis

ting

.Blue

tooth

.tech

nology-supported

feat

ure.

.Blue

tooth

.3.0.has.sign

icantly

.impr

oved

.its.spee

.and.now,.it.is.no.long

.a.mere.drea

.to.

be.able.to.wire

lessly

.tran

sfer

.a.bulk.of.musi

.libr

aries

.betw

een

.a.PC.and.a.musi

.playe

.to.down

load

abu

.of.imag

.from.a.came

.to.a.PC,.and.to.send.vide

.les.from.a.came

raphone

.to.a.compu

ter

.or.

a.tele

vision.

. e.said.stan

dard

.has.incor

porated

.the.foll

owing

.major.impr

ovements:

•

. An.802.

.proto

col

.adap

tation

.laye

r—to

.oer.comp

atibility

.with.exis

ting

.high

-speed

.wire

less

netw

orks,

.and.whic

.can.now.suppo

.up.to.a.24.Mbps.data.tran

sfer

.rate

•

. Unic

ast

. conn

ectionless

. data

—a

. chal

lenge

. for. wire

less

. comm

unications

. medi

. to. supp

ort

Blue

tooth,

.ins

tead

.of.mul

ticast

.dat

•

. An.enhanced.retransmission.and.a.streaming.mode—to.support.real.time.services.(audio.and.

vide

.ove

.a.low

-speed

.and.a.sho

rt-range

.net

work

49.2 Bluetooth Core architecture Blocks

 e.Bluetooth.core.system.covers.the.four.lowest.layers.and.the.associated.protocols.dened.by.the.

Blue

tooth

.spec

ication,

.as.well.as.one.comm

.serv

ice

.laye

.proto

col,

.the.serv

ice

.disc

overy

.proto

col

(SDP

.and.the.over

all

.pro

.requ

irements

.that.are.spec

ied

.in.the.gene

ric

.acce

.pro

.(GAP

.A.com-

lete

.Blue

tooth

.appl

ication

.requ

ires

.a.numbe

.of.addi

tional

.serv

ices

.and.high

.laye

.proto

cols

.that.are.

den

.in.the.Blu

etooth

.spe

cication

.[1]

.comm

.impl

ementation

.of.Blue

tooth

.is.show

.in.Figu

.49.1

. e.thre

.lowe

.laye

.are.know

as.the.Blue

tooth

.cont

roller

.and.are.typi

cally

.foun

.on.a.sing

.chip

.whil

.the.uppe

.are.know

.as.the.

Blue

tooth

.host

.In.orde

.to.achi

eve

.inte

roperability

.betw

een

.die

rent

.Blue

tooth

.devi

.inte

rfaces,

.the.host.

cont

roller

.inte

rface

.(HCI

)

.is.speci

ed,

.whic

.uses.a.UART.or.a.USB.inte

rface

.as.the.tran

sport

.laye

. e.

impl

ementation

.of.the.prot

ocols

.shou

.conf

orm

.to.the.foll

owing

.logi

cal

.stru

cture

.and.not.exac

tly

.what.is.

show

.in.the.diag

ram.

. ese.logi

cal

.unit

.work.toge

ther

.as.the.core.cont

rollers

.of.Blue

tooth

.tech

nology.

49.2.1 Channel Manager

 e.channel.manager.block.has.the.following.responsibilities:

•

. It.uses.the.L2CAP.proto

col

.to.inte

ract

.with.a.remo

.devi

.and.to.conn

ect

.its.end.poin

.to.the.

appr

opriate

.ent

ities.

•

. It.int

eracts

.wit

.its.loc

.lin

.man

ager

.to.cre

ate

.new.log

ical

.lin

ks.

•

. It.con

gures

.the.abo

.lin

.for.the.pro

vision

.of.qua

lity

.of.ser

vice

.of.the.tra

nsported

.dat

49.2.2 L2CaP resource Manager

 is.block.is.responsible.for.the.following:

•

. Mana

ging

.the.ord

ering

.of.the.PDU.fra

gments

.sen

.to.the.bas

eband.

•

. Main

taining

.some.sche

duling

.betw

een

.chan

nels

.for. QoS.. is.is.requ

ired

.as.the. Blue

tooth

cont

roller

.does.not.have.limi

tless

.bue

ring

.or.an.HCI,.whic

.is.a.pipe.of.inn

ite

.band

width.

•

. Oer

ing

.poli

cing

.serv

ices

.by.the.L2CAP.reso

urce

.mana

ger

.to.the.subm

itted

.L2CAP.SDUs.agai

nst

thei

.QoS.set

tings.

49-4 Industrial Communication Systems

49.2.3 Device Manager

 is.block.controls.the.general.behavior.of.the.Bluetooth-enabled.device.. e.behavior.includes

•

. Indirect.data.transport.operations,.for.example,.inquiring.for.the.presence.of.another.Bluetooth-

enabled

.device,.Bluetooth.device.discovery,.connecting.the.devices,.etc.

•

. Performing.functions,.such.as.requesting.access.to.the.transport.medium.from.the.baseband.

resource.controller

•

. Controlling.local.device.behavior.by.using.various.HCI.commands,.for.example,.managing.the.

device,.its.stored.keys,.etc.

49.2.4 Link Manager

The. link. manager. block. is. responsible. for. managing. the. logical. links. and. the. updates. of. the.

parameters. related. to. the. physical. link. between. them.. This. can. be. achieved. by. the. use. of. the.

Link.Management.Protocol.(LMP).. It.allows.the.creation. and.the.management.of.logical.links..

Additionally,.it.manages.the.encryption.on.the.logical.transport.and.guarantees.QoS.transport.at.

the.link.

Link

manager

Link

controller

Baseband

resource

manager

Device manager

Bluetooth controller

Radio

layer

Baseband

layer

Link

manager

layer

HCl

Device

control

services

C-plane and control

surfaces

U-plane and data traffic

Protocol signalling

L2CAP

layer

L2CAP

Resource

manager

Channel

manager

Data

Control

Asynchronous and

isochronous framed traffic

Synchronous

unframed traffic

Radio LC LMP L2CAP

FIGURE 49.1 Bluetooth.core.system.architecture..(From.Bluetooth.Special.Interest.Group,.URL.from.January.

2009:.http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/SIG/.)

Bluetooth 49-5

49.2.5 Baseband resource Manager

 e.baseband.resource.manager.ensures.access.to.the.radio.medium..For.access.to.the.channel,.it.runs.

a.sche

duler

.to.gran

.time.to.the.nego

tiated

.enti

ties

.by.a.cont

ract.

. e.othe

.major.func

tion

.is.to.cont

rol

the.cont

racts

.amon

.enti

ties.

.A.cont

ract

.mean

.the.guar

anteed

.QoS.cont

ents

.deli

very.

. e.Blue

tooth

beha

vior

.for.such.type.of.cont

racts

.mana

gement

.incl

udes

.the.norm

.exch

ange

.of.data.betw

een

.con-

ected

.dev

ices.

.It.als

.man

ages

.the.ali

gnment

.bet

ween

.slo

.on.the.phy

sical

.cha

nnel.

49.2.6 Link Controller

 e.link.controller.is.responsible.for.the.encoding.and.the.decoding.of.Bluetooth.packets.from.the.data..

It.also.carr

ies

.out.link.cont

rol

.proto

col

.signa

ling

.that.is.used.to.comm

unicate

.ow.cont

rol,

.ackn

owl-

edgement,

.and.retr

ansmission

.requ

est

.signa

ls.

. e.signa

.char

acteristics

.of.logi

cal

.tran

sport

.is.asso

ci-

ated

.wit

.the.bas

eband

.pac

ket.

49.2.7 radio Frequency

 e.radio.frequency.(RF).block.is.responsible.for.transmitting.and.receiving.data.packets.on.the.physi-

cal

.chan

nel.

. e.base

band

.bloc

.cont

rols

.the.timi

.and.the.freq

uency

.carr

ier

.of.the.RF.bloc

.whic

.is.

betw

een

.the.bas

eband

.and.the.RF.blo

ck.

Bluetooth

.work

.as.a.WLAN.in.the.lice

nse-free

.ISM.band.at.2.4–

2.4835

.GHz,.whic

.is.spli

.up.into.79.

chan

nels

.of.1.MHz.band

widths.

. ere.are.some.limi

tations

.for.a.few.coun

tries

.wher

.only.23.chan

nels

can.be.used

.Blue

tooth

.swit

ches

.amon

.79.freq

uency

.chan

nels

.1600.time

.per.seco

.esca

ping

.possi

ble

inte

rferences

.very.quic

kly.

.In.its.basic.mode

.the.modu

lation

.is.Gaus

sian

.freq

uency-shi

.keyi

.(GFS

K).

 e.raw.wir

eless

.dat

.rat

.is.1.and.3.Mbps.sup

ported

.for.Ver

sion

.2.x.+.EDR

 ere

.are.die

rent

.devi

.clas

ses

.den

.die

rentiating

.the.maxi

mum

.RF.powe

.outp

ut,

.and.henc

the.ran

.(Ta

ble

.49.

1).

From

. spec

ication

. 1.2,. adapt

ive

. freq

uency

. hopp

ing

. (AFH

)

. was. desig

ned

. to. redu

. inte

rference

betw

een

.wire

less

.tech

nologies.

.It.uses.the.avai

lable

.freq

uency

.in.the.spec

trum.

.It.is.possi

ble

.to.choo

the.unus

.freq

uency

.by.dete

cting

.the.used.freq

uencies

.in.the.spec

trum.

. is.adapt

ive

.hopp

ing

.allo

for.a.more.eci

ent

.tran

smission

.with

.the.spec

trum,

.prov

iding

.user

.with.grea

ter

.perf

ormance,

.even.

if.usin

.oth

.tec

hnologies

.alo

.wit

.Blu

etooth

.tec

hnology.

.devi

ces

.acce

.the.physi

cal

.chan

nel

.using.assig

ned

.time.slot

. e.cons

ecutive

.time.slot

.can.be.

assig

ned

.dyna

mically

.to.the.same.devi

.depe

nding

.on.the.circ

umstances.

.It.uses.the.full

-duplex

.tran

mission

.mod

.und

.the.tim

e-division

.dup

lex

.(TD

.mec

hanism.

49.2.8 Bluetooth Networks

49.2.8.1 Piconet

When

.Blue

tooth

.devi

ces

.esta

blish

.conn

ection

.betw

een

.them

selves

.and.form.an.ad.hoc.netw

ork,

.this.

pers

onal

.area.netw

ork

.(PAN

)

.is.know

.as.a.pico

net.

.Each.pico

net

.can.cont

ain

.up.to.seve

.slav

.and.one.

TABLE 49.1 Bluetooth.Classes

Class Range Power.Output.(dBm)

Class

.1.radios 100.m.or.300. 20.(100.mW)

Cla

.2.radios 10.m.or.33. 4.(4.mW)

Cla

.3.radios 1.m.or.3. 0.(1.mW)

49-6 Industrial Communication Systems

master.device.. e.master.device.is.used.as.the.reference.for.communication.between.all.the.piconets,.

while.any.device.can.belong.to.multiple.piconets..A.piconet.oers.the.same.frequency-hopping.channel.

to.the.connected.devices.

49.2.8.2

Scatternet

Once

.a.device.belongs.to.multiple.piconets,.the.master.devices.of.the.corresponding.piconets.need.to.be.

connected.among.themselves.in.order.to.make.this.access.available,.which.ultimately.forms.a.scatternet..

 e.frequency.distribution.is.simple.and.can.work.without.interfering.with.others,.as.each.piconet.is.

responsible.for.the.distribution.to.its.connected.devices.(Figure.49.2).

49.2.9 Bluetooth Security

 ere.are.three.modes.of.security.for.Bluetooth.access.between.two.devices.

•

. Security.Mode.1:.Nonsecure

•

. Security.Mode.2:.Service-level.enforced.security

•

. Security.Mode.3:.Link-level.enforced.security

.is.the.responsibility.of.the.vendor.to.implement.the.security.mode.. e.devices.have.a.two-level.

security.consisting.of.“trusted.devices”.and.“un-trusted.devices.”. e.trusted.device.can.pair.with.any.

of.the.devices.and.has.unrestricted.access.to.the.services.

 ere

.are.dierent.levels.of.security.in.services.as.well,.such.as

•

. Services.that.require.authorization.and.authentication

•

. Services.that.require.authentication.only

•

. Services.that.are.open.to.all.devices

.general,.a.personal.identication.number.(PIN).is.selected.by.the.user,.which.must.be.a.48.bit.

number..Additionally,.a.private.link.key.(128.bit.random.numbers).and.a.private.encryption.key.(8–128.

bit).are.used.as.a.security.measure.for.data.transfer.

49.3 Bluetooth Protocol Stack

A.protocol.stack.(oen.referred.to.as.a.communications.stack).designates.a.soware.implementation.

of.a.computer.networking.protocol.suite.. e.modularization.within.the.denition.(suite).of.protocols.

enhances.design.and.evaluation.. ese.protocols.are.commonly.described.as.layers.in.a.stack.of.proto-

cols,

.the.lowest.protocol.always.being.the.low-level,.physical.interaction.of.the.hardware,.all.the.way.to.

(a) (b)

Master

Slave

FIGURE 49.2 Bluetooth.piconets.

Bluetooth 49-7

the.top,.with.the.user.application.layer.typically.dealing.with.the.topmost.layers.. e.underlying.generic.

standard,.the.Open Systems Interconnection.(OSI),.was.developed.by.the.International Organization for

Standardization

.(ISO).in.1974.. e.Bluetooth.protocol.stack.is.illustrated.in.Figure.49.3.

Based

.on.the.functionality.of.the.protocols,.they.have.been.classified.into.four.basic.types.of.pro-

tocols:

.core,.telephony,.cable.replacement,.and.adopted.protocols.[2,3].. is.section.will.only.briey.

list.the.classication.of.the.protocols..More.details.on.each.of.these.can.be.found.in.Sections.49.2.

and49.4.

Bluetooth Core Protocols

.entail.the.Base.band,.the.Link.Manager.Protocol.(LMP),.the.Logical-

Link

.Control.Adaptation.Protocol.(L2CAP),.and.the.Service.Discovery.Protocol.(SDP).

Telephony Control Protocols

.entail.the.Telephony.Control.Specication.Binary.(TCS-BIN).and.

the.AT.Commands.

Cable Replacement Protocols

.incorporate.Radio.Frequency.Communication.(RCCOMM).

Adopted Protocols

. comprise. the. Point-to-Point. Protocol. (PPP),. the. User. Datagram,. the.

Protocol/Transmission. Control. Protocol/Internet. Protocol. (UDP/TCP/IP),. the. Wireless.

Application.Protocol.(WAP),.the.Object.Exchange.Protocol.(OBEX),.and.the.Infrared.Mobile.

Communications.(IrMC).

49.4 Bluetooth Proles

Proles.enable.end-user.functionality.by.dening.usage.models.and.behavior.characteristics.[4]..One.of.

the.most.important.objectives.while.dening.proles.are.the.expectations.on.achieving.a.certain.level.

of.interoperability.between.various.manufacturers.of.Bluetooth.devices.. e.proles.dene.a.minimum.

set.of.characteristics.that.should.be.inherent.in.all.products.

OBEX

WAP

UDP/TCP

PPP

SDP

TCS BIN

Commands

WAG

Logical link control and adaptation protocol

Link manager protocol

Baseband

Bluetooth radio

Host controller interface

RFOOMM

IrMC

Audio

FIGURE 49.3 e.Bluetooth.protocol.stack.

49-8 Industrial Communication Systems

49.4.1 Four Bluetooth General Proles

 e.Bluetooth.specications.dene.four.general.proles.on.which.usage.models.and.all.other.proles.

are.bas

.[3]

. os

.are.the.GAP

.the.Ser

ial

.Por

.Pro

le

.(SP

P),

.the.Ser

vice

.Dis

covery

.App

lication

.Pro

le

(SD

AP),

.an

.th

.Ge

neric

.Ob

ject-Exchange

.pr

ole

.(G

OEP).

All

.fou

ndation

.pro

les

.are.bas

.in.the.GAP.tha

.out

lines

.a.set.of.com

prehensive

.key.fea

tures

.tha

may.or.may.not.be.use

.in.the.spe

cic

.gov

erning prole.

.Hen

ce,

.the.GAP.pro

vides

.the.fou

ndation

.upo

whi

.oth

.pro

les

.can.be.bas

ed.

.Whi

.de

ning

.pro

le

.imp

lementation,

.it.is.imp

ortant

.to.emp

ha-

size

.the.fea

tures

.(de

grees

.of.ado

ption)

.of.tha

.pro

le.

. os

.fea

tures

.are.des

cribed

.as.man

datory

.(M)

opti

onal

.(O

.co

nditional

.(C

.ex

cluded

.(S

.an

.no

.ap

plicable

.(N

/A).

Serial Port Prole

.(SP

.de

nes

.how.dev

ices

.can.be.set.up.for.ser

ial

.por

.emu

lation

.usin

.Blu

etooth

Radio.Frequency.Communications.(Bluetooth.RFCOMM)..RFCOMM.is.a.simple.transport.

pro

tocol

.tha

.emu

lates

.a.vir

tual

.ser

ial

.por

.bet

ween

.Blu

etooth

.dev

ices

.usin

.RS-

232

.con

trol

sign

aling.

Service Discovery Application Prole

.(SD

AP)

.de

nes

.the.pro

cedures

.use

.to.dis

cover

.ser

vices

.reg

istered

.on.oth

.Blu

etooth

.dev

ices.

.SDA

.is.res

ponsible

.for.bot

.kno

.ser

vice

.and.gen

eral

ser

vice

.sea

rches

.and.use

.onl

.con

nection-oriented

.cha

nnels

.(no.L2CA

P).

.SDA

.req

uires

.the.

Ser

vice

.Di

scovery

.Pr

otocol

.(S

DP).

Generic Object-Exchange Prole

.(GO

EP)

.de

nes

.the.req

uirements

.tha

.Blu

etooth

.dev

ices

.mus

mee

.to.sup

port

.obje

.exc

hange

.(OB

EX)

.usa

.mod

els.

.Usa

.mod

els,

.suc

.as.le.tra

nsfer

.and.

syn

chronization

.are.bas

.on.thi

.pro

le.

. e.GOE

.dep

ends

.on.the.Ser

ial

.Por

.Pro

le

.for.

obje

.exc

hange

.and.des

cribes

.the.est

ablishment

.of.an.OBE

.ses

sion

.bet

ween

.the.cli

ent

.and.

the.se

rver,

.an

.PU

T/GET

.(p

ush/pull

.of.a.da

.ob

ject

.to/

from

.th

.se

rver).

49.4.2 Bluetooth General Proles

Bluetooth.proles.as.dened.by.Bluetooth SIG.are.general.behaviors.through.which.Bluetooth-enabled.

dev

ices

.com

municate

.wit

.oth

.dev

ices

.[1]

.By.fol

lowing

.the.gui

dance

.pro

vided

.in.Blu

etooth

.spe

cica-

tions,

.dev

elopers

.can.cre

ate

.app

lications

.to.wor

.wit

.oth

.dev

ices

.als

.con

forming

.to.the.Blu

etooth

spe

cication.

.At.a.min

imum,

.eac

.pro

le

.spe

cication

.con

tains

.inf

ormation

.on.the.fol

lowing

.topi

cs:

dep

endencies

.on.oth

.pro

les,

.sug

gested

.use

.int

erface

.for

mats,

.and.spe

cic

.par

.of.the.Blu

etooth

pro

tocol

.st

ack

.us

.by.th

.pr

ole

.[5

–7].

 ere

.are.cur

rently

.25.Blu

etooth

.oc

ially

.ado

pted

.pro

les.

.Mos

.of.the.Blu

etooth

.pro

les

.wer

.int

ro-

duced

.wit

.the.Blu

etooth

.Cor

.Spec

ication

.Ver

sion

.1.1

. e.Blu

etooth

.SIG.gov

erns

.the.dev

elopment

.of.

new.Bl

uetooth

.pr

oles.

.ord

.for.one.Blu

etooth

.dev

ice

.to.con

nect

.to.ano

ther,

.bot

.dev

ices

.mus

.sha

.at.lea

.one.of.the.

sam

.Blu

etooth

.pro

les.

.For.exa

mple,

.if.you.wan

.to.use.a.Blu

etooth

.hea

dset

.wit

.you

.Blu

etooth-

enabled

.cel

.pho

ne,

.bot

.dev

ices

.mus

.use.the.Hea

dset

.(HS

)

.pro

le

.(de

ned

.bel

ow).

.To.per

form

.its.tas

eac

.pro

le

.use

.par

ticular

.opti

ons

.and.par

ameters

.at.eac

.lay

.of.the.sta

ck.

. is.may.inc

lude

.an.out

line

.of.the.req

uired

.ser

vice

.rec

ord,

.if.app

ropriate.

.A.bri

.out

line

.of.cur

rently

.de

ned

.pro

les

.wit

hin

.the.

cur

rent

.Bl

uetooth

.sp

ecication

.fo

llows

.[8

Advanced Audio Distribution Prole

.(A2

DP)

.des

cribes

.how.ste

reo

.qua

lity

.sou

.can.be.str

eamed

fro

.a.me

dia

.so

urce

.to.a.sin

Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol

.(AV

RCP)

.is.desi

gned

.to.pro

vide

.a.sta

ndard

.int

erface

.to.

con

trol

.TVs

.hi-



.equ

ipment,

.etc

.A.sing

.rem

ote

.con

trol

.(or.ano

ther

.dev

ice)

.sho

uld

.be.abl

.to.

con

trol

.al

.th

.A/

.eq

uipment

.to.wh

ich

.a.us

.ha

.ac

cess.

Basic Imaging Prole

.(BI

.de

nes

.how.an.ima

ging

.dev

ice

.can.be.rem

otely

.con

trolled,

.how.an.

ima

ging

.dev

ice

.may.pri

nt,

.as.wel

.as.how.an.ima

ging

.dev

ice

.can.tra

nsfer

.ima

ges

.to.a.stor

age

device.

Bluetooth 49-9

Basic Printing Prole.(BPP).allows.devices.to.send.texts,.e-mails,.vCards,.images,.or.other.items.

to.pri

nters

.bas

.on.pri

.jobs

Common ISDN Access Prole

.(CIP

)

.den

.how.ISDN.signa

ling

.can.be.tran

sferred

.via.a.Blue

tooth

wire

less

.con

nection.

Cordless Telephony Prole

. (CTP

)

. den

. how. a. cord

less

. phon

. can. be. impl

emented

. over. a.

Blue

tooth

.wir

eless

.lin

Dial-Up Network Prole

.(DUN

)

.prov

ides

.a.stan

dard

.to.acce

.the.Inte

rnet

.and.othe

.dial

-up

serv

ices

.via.Blu

etooth

.tec

hnology.

Fax Prole

.(FA

.de

nes

.how.a.FAX.gat

eway

.dev

ice

.can.be.use

.by.a.ter

minal

.dev

ice.

File Transfer Prole

.(FTP

)

.den

.how.fold

ers

.and.les.on.a.serv

.devi

.can.be.brow

sed

.by.

aclie

ntdevice.

General Audio/Video Distribution Prole

.(GAV

DP)

.prov

ides

.the.basis.for.an.ADP.and.a.VDP,.

the.basis.of.the.syst

ems

.desig

ned

.for.dist

ributing

.vide

.and.audi

.stre

ams

.using.Blue

tooth

tech

nology.

Generic Object Prole

.(GO

EP)

.is.use

.to.tra

nsfer

.an.obje

.fro

.one.dev

ice

.to.ano

ther.

Hands-Free Prole

.(HFP

)

.desc

ribes

.how.a.gate

way

.devi

.can.be.used.to.plac

.and.rece

ive

.call

for.a.han

d-free

.dev

ice.

Hard Copy Cable Replacement Prole

.(HCR

.den

.how.driv

er-based

.prin

ting

.is.acco

mplished

over.a.Blu

etooth

.wir

eless

.lin

Headset Prole

.(HSP).describes.how.a.Bluetooth-enabled.headset.should.communicate.with.a.

Blue

tooth-enabled

.dev

ice.

Health Device Prole

.(HDP

)

.is.an.appl

ication

.pro

.to.conn

ect

.heal

th-monitoring

.sour

.devi

ces,

such.as.bloo

.pres

sure

.moni

tors,

.gluc

ose

.mete

rs,

.and.puls

.oxim

eters

.to.sink.devi

ces,

.such.as.

comp

uters,

.lapto

.etc

Human Interface Device Prole

.(HID

)

.den

.the.proto

cols,

.proc

edures,

.and.feat

ures

.to.be.used.

by.Blue

tooth

.HID,.such.as.keyb

oards,

.poin

ting

.devi

ces,

.gami

.devi

ces,

.and.remo

.moni

tor-

ing

.dev

ices.

Intercom Prole

.(ICP

)

.den

.how.two.Blue

tooth-enabled

.mobi

.phon

.in.the.same.netw

ork

.can.

comm

unicate

.dir

ectly

.wit

.eac

.oth

.wit

hout

.usin

.the.pub

lic

.tel

ephone

.net

work.

Object Push Prole

.(OP

.de

nes

.the.rol

.of.the.pus

.ser

ver

.and.the.pus

.cli

ent.

Personal Area Networking Prole

.(PAN

)

.desc

ribes

.how.two.or.more.Blue

tooth-enabled

.devi

ces

can.form.an.ad.hoc.netw

ork,

.and.how.the.same.mech

anism

.can.be.used.to.acce

.a.remo

netw

ork

.thr

ough

.a.net

work

.acc

ess

.poi

nt.

Service Discovery Application Prole

.(SDA

.desc

ribes

.how.an.appl

ication

.shou

.use.SDP.to.

disc

over

.ser

vices

.on.a.rem

ote

.dev

ice.

Service Port Prole

.(SPP

)

.den

.how.to.set.up.virt

ual

.seri

.port

.and.to.conn

ect

.two.Blue

tooth-

enabled

.dev

ices.

Synchronization Prole

.(SYN

.used. in.conj

unction

.with.GOEP.enab

les

.the.sync

hronization

of.cale

ndar

.and.addr

ess

.info

rmation

.(per

sonal

.info

rmation

.mana

ger

.(PIM

)

.item

.betw

een

Blue

tooth-enabled

.dev

ices.

Video Distribution Prole

.(VDP

)

.den

.how.a.Blue

tooth-enabled

.devi

.stre

ams

.vide

.over.

Blue

tooth

.wir

eless

.tec

hnology.

49.5 Competitive technologies

Besides.Bluetooth.technology,.there.is.a.plethora.of.technologies.intended.to.work.in.local.and.PANs.to.

repl

ace

.wir

.com

munication.

. es

.tec

hnologies

.are.dis

cussed

.in.the.fol

lowing

.par

agraphs.

IEEE

.802.

.is.the.most.popu

lar

.WLAN.tech

nology.

. ere.are.die

rent

.worki

.grou

.curr

ently

worki

.for.IEEE.802.

11.

.IEEE.802.

11a

.uses.OFDM

.oper

ates

.in.a.5.GHz.rang

.and.oer

.data.rate

.up.

to.54.Mbps

.IEEE.802.

11b

.uses.DSSS

.oper

ates

.in.a.2.4.GHz.rang

.and.oer

.data.rate

.up.to.11.Mbps

49-10 Industrial Communication Systems

IEEE.802.11g.uses.OFDM,.operates.in.a.2.4.GHz.range,.and.oers.data.rates.up.to.54.Mbps..IEEE.

802.

11e

.enha

nces

.the.qual

ity

.of.the.serv

ice

.para

meters.

.IEEE.802.

11h

.supp

orts

.dyna

mic

.freq

uency

sele

ction;

.tran

smits

.powe

.cont

rol,

.spec

trum,

.and.powe

.mana

gement.

.IEEE.802i.uses.an.adva

nced

encr

yption

.stan

dard

.to.enha

nce

.secu

rity.

.IEEE.802k.focu

ses

.on.radi

.reso

urce

.mana

gement.

.802.

11n

oper

ates

.in.5.GHz.rang

es,

.oer

.data.rate

.up.to.100.Mbps

.and.focu

ses

.on.multi

media

.appli

cations

.[9].

.high

-performance

.radi

.LAN.(HIP

ERLAN)

.is.a.Euro

pean

.coun

terpart

.of.IEEE.802.

.den

by.the.Euro

pean

.Tele

communication

.Stand

ards

.Inst

itute

.(ETS

I).

.HIPE

RLAN/1

.oper

ates

.in.a.5.15.and.a.

17.1.GHz.rang

.and.oer

.data.rate

.up.to.23.5.Mbps

.HIPE

RLAN/2,

.inte

nded

.for.shor

t-range

.comm

nication,

.oper

ates

.in.a.5.GHz.rang

.oer

.data.rate

.up.to.54.Mbps

.and.focu

ses

.on.wire

less

.mult

imedia

serv

ices.

.HIP

ERACCESS,

.int

ended

.to.be.the

-last-mile,

.oe

.dat

.rat

.up.to.25.Mbps.[10

HomeRF

.is.a.shor

t-range

.comm

unication

.tech

nology

.inte

nded

.to.be.used.in.smal

.area

.like.hous

or.sma

.bui

ldings.

.It.use

.FHS

.ope

rates

.in.a.2.4.GHz.ran

ge,

.and.oe

.dat

.rat

.up.to.10.Mbps.[11

Infrared

.(irD

.is.a.poin

t-to-point,

.ultr

.low.powe

.data.tran

smission

.stan

dard

.desig

ned

.to.oper

ate

over.a.dist

ance

.of.1.m.(the.dist

ance

.can.be.incr

eased

.with.a.high

.powe

.[12]

.It.can.achi

eve

.data.rate

up.to.16.Mbps

.Bei

.che

aper

.and.of.low.pow

er,

.irD

.is.wid

ely

.use

Ultra-Wideband

.(UWB

)

.oer

.a.good.combi

nation

.of.low.powe

.cons

umption

.(∼1.mW/M

bps)

.and.

a.high.data.thro

ughput

.(up.to.480.Mbps

.WiMed

.UWB.is.an.inte

rnationally

.reco

gnized

.stan

dard

(ECM

A-368,

.ISO/

IEC

.2697

.and.ECMA

-369,

.ISO/

IEC

.2690

8).

.Unli

.irDA

.UWB.allo

.for.data.rate

up.to.480.Mbps.at.rang

.of.seve

ral

.mete

.and.a.data.rate.of.appr

oximately

.110.Mbps.at.a.rang

.of.up.

to.10.m.[13].

.cert

ied

.wire

less

.USB.is.a.shor

t-range

.comm

unication

.tech

nology

.that.oer

.data.rate

.up.to.

480.Mbps.for.up.to.a.2.m.rang

.and.110.Mbps.for.up.to.a.10.m.rang

.It.uses.the.same.radi

.as.the.

WiMed

.All

iance

.[14

Radio

.Freq

uency

.Iden

tication

.(RFI

.is.used.for.trac

king

.purp

oses.

. ere.are.over.140.die

rent

ISO.stan

dards

.for.a.vari

ety

.of.appl

ications.

.It.oper

ates

.in.low-

frequency,

.high

-frequency,

.and.ultr

ahigh-

freq

uency

.rang

es.

.Near

-eld-communication

.is.base

.on.RFID.tech

nology

.that.oer

.a.data.rate.of.

212.kbps.ove

.an.ext

remely

.sho

.dis

tance

.of.up.to.20.cm.[15

.ZigB

.stan

dard

.is.a.shor

t-range

.wire

less

.comm

unication

.stan

dard

.for.PANs

.It.oer

.date.rate

up.to.250.kbit

.at.2.4.GHz,.40.kpbs.at.915.MHz,.and.20.kpbs.at.868.MHz.with.a.rang

.of.10–1

.m..

ZigB

.uses.IEEE.802.

15.4

.as.physi

cal

.and.medi

um-access

.cont

rol

.laye

rs.

. e.uppe

.laye

rs,

.as.well.as.

ZigB

.sec

urity

.arc

hitecture,

.is.de

ned

.by.the.Zig

Bee

.sta

ndard

.[16

WiBree

.is.an.evol

ved

.Blue

tooth

.stan

dard

.used.for.conn

ecting

.ultr

alow

.powe

.cons

umption

.devi

ces

(but

ton

.cell.batt

eries).

.It.was.init

iated

.by.Noki

.in.2001.and.was.ulti

mately

.adapt

.by.Blue

tooth

.SIG.as.

the.Blue

tooth

.low-

energy

.stan

dard

.in.2008

. e.key.bene

t

.is.that.it.prov

ides

.peop

.with.new.feat

ures,

like.spor

.and.ente

rtainment.

.It.oper

ates

.in.a.2.4.GHz.ISM.band.with.a.1.Mbps.physi

cal-link

.data.rate

 e.exa

mple

.dev

ices

.can.be.wri

.wat

ches,

.toys.etc

.[17

49.6 Future of the Bluetooth technology: Challenges

Although.Bluetooth.technology.has.already.established.a.well-known.standard.in.personal.communi-

cation

.syst

ems,

.when.user.dema

nds

.and.requ

irements

.beco

.ubiq

uitous

.and.mobi

.in.natu

re,

.it.need

more.robu

st,

.secu

re,

.and.data

-intensive

.tech

nologies

.to.supp

ort

.them

.Blue

tooth

.SIG.has.prop

osed

.a.

futu

.spe

cication

.tha

.is.exp

ected

.to.oe

.the.sam

.set.of.ser

vices

.and.dat

.rat

.is.inte

nded

.that.Blue

tooth

.chan

nels

.will.work.in.the.push.info

rmation

.mode

.inst

ead

.of.in.the.pull.

info

rmation

.mode

.as.it.will.enab

.user

.to.use.any.shar

.info

rmation

.poin

.at.vari

ous

.plac

es,

.e.g.,.

whil

.buy

ing

.som

.ite

.and.app

liances.

.topo

logy

.mana

gement

.of.the.pico

net

.and.the.scat

ternet

.shou

.be.dyna

mic

.and.seam

less.

. e.user.

shou

.not.be.both

ered

.to.make.such.con

gurations

.and.chan

ges.

Bluetooth 49-11

An.alternative.MAC.and.PHY.medium.is.to.be.used.while.working.in.high-performance.networks,.

for.exa

mple,

.whi

.tra

nsferring

.bul

.dat

. e.sys

tem

.sho

uld

.be.com

patible

.and.ada

ptable

.eno

ugh

.to.

wor

.wi

.an

.MA

.or.PH

.in.or

der

.to.ac

hieve

.hi

.pe

rformance

.in.PA

Ns.

Another

.fut

ure

.enh

ancement

.wil

.be.imp

rovement

.in.the.qua

lity

.of.ser

vice,

.esp

ecially

.reg

arding

aud

.an

.vi

deo

.da

.tr

ansfer

.at.hi

.sp

eed

.wi

.hi

gh,

.qu

ality

.me

asures.

.is.als

.int

ended

.tha

.Blu

etooth

.wil

.use.mor

.ada

ptable

.pro

tocols

.in.ord

.to.wor

.in.dyn

amic

.env

ronments

.to.mee

.the.cha

llenges

.of.act

ive

.and.con

gurable

.sys

tems.

. e.fut

ure

.Blu

etooth

.Rad

.2.0.wil

oe

.up.to.a.48

.Mbp

.da

.ra

te.

references

. 1.. Bluetooth.Special.Interest.Group,.URL.from.January.2009:.http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/SIG/.

. 2.. Prab

hu,

. C.S.R.,. Prat

hap

. A.R.,. Blu

etooth Technology and Its Applications with JAVA and J2ME,

Pren

tice-Hall

.of.In

dia,

.Ne

.De

lhi,

.2006.

. 3.. Bak

ker,

.D.,.McM

ichael,

.D.,.Gi

lster,

.R.,.Bl

uetooth End to End,

.Wi

ley,

.Ne

.Yo

rk,

.2002.

. 4.. Grat

ton,

.D.A.,.Bl

uetooth Proles,

.Pr

entice

.Ha

.PTR,.Up

per

.Saddle

.NJ,.2003.

. 5.. Hua

ng,

.A.S

.Rud

olph,

.L.,.Blu

etooth Essentials for Programmers,

.Cam

bridge

.Uni

versity

.Pre

ss,

New.Yor

.200

. 6.. Lab

iod,

.H.,.A,.H.,.De.Sant

is,

.C.,.Wi-Fi,

Bluetooth, Zigbee and WiMax,

.Spr

inger,

.Dor

drecht,

.the.

Neth

erlands,

.2007.

. 7.. Mor

row,

.R.,.Bl

uetooth: Operation and Use,

.McG

raw-Hill

.Pr

ofessional,

.Ne

.Yo

rk,

.2002.

. 8.. Bluet

ooth

.Pro

les,

.Bluet

ooth

.Spe

cial

.Int

erest

.Gro

up,

.URL.fro

.Jan

uary

.2009:.htt

p://bluetooth.com/

Bluetooth/Technology/Works/Proles_Overview.htm.

. 9.. IEEE.802.11.St

andard,

.ht

tp://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html

. 10.. HIPERLAN.Sp

ecication,

.ht

tp://portal.etsi.org/bran/Summary.asp

. 11.. IEEE. Hom

eRf

. Tut

orial

. IEEE. 802.11-98/54,. htt

p://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/pub/1999/

Mar99/90547S_WPAN-HomeRF-Tutorial.ppt

. 12.. IrDA. Spe

cications

. and. tec

hnical

. not

es,

. htt

p://www.irda.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=

1&sub

articlenbr=7

. 13.. ECM

.Sta

ndard-

.368

.htt

p://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm

. 14.. WiMedia.Alliance,.http://www.wimedia.org/en/resources/index.asp?id=res

. 15.. RFID.in.U.S..Li

braries,

.NISO.RP-6-2008,.ht

tp://www.niso.org/publications/rp/RP-6-2008.pdf

. 16.. ZigBe

. Spe

cication

. Dow

nload,

. htt

p://www.zigbee.org/ZigBeeSpecicationDownloadRequest/

tabid/311/Default.aspx

. 17.. WIBREE. FORU

. MERGES. WITH. BLUE

TOOTH

. SIG,. htt

p://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/

Press/SIG/NOKIAS_LOW_POWER_WIBREE_BROUGHT_INTO_BLUETOOTH_SIG.htm

50-1

50.1 Introduction

ZigBee.is.a.suite.of.very.low-cost.and.low-power,.low.data.rate,.and.short-range.digital.radios.based.on.the.

IEEE.802.

15.4-2006

.stan

dard

.for.low-

rate

.wire

less

.pers

onal

.area.netw

orks

.(LR-

WPANs).

. e.ZigB

.tech

nology

.was.init

ially

.aime

.at.radi

o-frequency

.(RF).appl

ications,

.with.the.idea.of.prod

ucing

.prot

ocol

.that.is.

simp

ler

.and.more.cost

-eective

.than.thos

.of.comp

arative

.WPAN

.such.as.ubiq

uitous

.802.

15.1

.(Blu

etooth).

ZigBee

.suit

.of.proto

cols

.is.regu

lated

.by.the.ZigB

.Alli

ance,

.an.asso

ciation

.of.comp

anies

.(lis

.avai

able

.on.ZigB

.Alli

ance

.site).work

ing

.toget

her

.on.glob

alization

.of.an.open.ZigB

.stan

dard

.[Zig

Bee

Alli

ance].

. e.stan

dard

.emer

ged

.as.resp

onse

.to.a.grow

ing

.dema

.for.self

-organizing

.ad.hoc.digi

tal

radi

.netw

orks.

. e.name.“Zig

Bee”

.is.deri

ved

.from.the.erra

tic

.zig-

zag

.patt

erns

.that.bees.woul

.typi

cally

make.betw

een

.owe

.whil

.coll

ecting

.poll

.and.shar

ing

.crit

ical

.info

rmation

.amon

.its.fell

.hive.

membe

rs.

. e.name.was.neve

.con

rmed

.in.scie

ntic

.stud

ies

.but.was.very.evoc

ative

.of.the.invi

sible

webs.of.con

nections

.exi

sting

.in.a.ful

.wir

eless

.env

ironment.

50.2 ZigBee and Mesh Networks

ZigBee.has.a.wide.application.scope.and.may.be.used.in.building.automation.such.as.access.control,.

smok

.dete

ction,

.HVAC

.and.ligh

ting.

.Othe

.appl

ications

.incl

ude

.indu

strial

.moni

toring,

.autom

atic

mete

.read

ing,

.medi

cal

.sensi

ng,

.and.envi

ronmental

.data.coll

ection.

.Secu

rity

.is.an.impo

rtant

.issu

.in.

thes

.cont

rol

.and.data.acqu

isition

.appl

ications.

.Elec

trical

.appl

iances

.using.ZigB

.tech

nology

.can.be.

link

.toge

ther

.into.a.Zig

Bee

.net

work

.of.vir

tually

.unl

imited

.dis

tance.

ZigBee

.is.buil

.on.top.of.the.IEEE.802.

15.4

.proto

col

.stac

.as.show

.in.Figu

.50.1

.802.

15.4

.den

.the.

medi

.acce

.cont

rol

.and.physi

cal

.laye

.whil

.the.high

.laye

.are.den

.by.the.ZigB

.spec

ica-

tion.

. e.ZigB

.spec

ication

.from.the.ZigB

.alli

ance

.is.not.open

.avai

lable.

.ZigB

.supp

orts

.mult

iple

ZigBee

50.1. Introduction.....................................................................................50-1

50.2

. ZigB

.and.Mes

.Net

works...........................................................50-1

50.3

. ZigB

.in.the.Con

text

.of.Oth

.Wire

less

.Net

works..................50-2

50.4

. ZigB

.Stac

k.....................................................................................50-2

50.5

. IEEE.802

.15.4....................................................................................50-3

Physical.Layer. •. MAC.Layer. •. Network.Layer. •. Application.Layer

50.6. Development.and.Industrial.Applications..................................50-8

ZigBee.Development.Platforms. •. Industrial.Applications

50.7. Conclusion......................................................................................50-10

References...................................................................................................50-10

Stefan Mahlknecht

Vienna University

of Tec

hnology

Tuan Dang

EDF Research and

Deve

lopment

Milos Manic

University of Idaho

Idah

Fal

Sajjad Ahmad

Madani

COMSATS Institute of

Info

rmation

Tec

hnology