Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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53-10 Industrial Communication Systems

53.3.3 time Keeping

An.ISA100.11a.wireless.network.uses.International.Atomic.Time.(TAI).for.its.internal.operation..It.

has.been.alre

ady

.stat

.that.sync

hronization

.is.fund

amental

.to.ensu

.a.corr

ect

.even

.repo

rting

.and.

comm

unication

.proto

cols

.beha

vior.

.For.this.reas

on,

.devi

ces

.must.shar

.a.comm

.sens

.of.time

;

.when.

a.devi

.send

.a.mess

age

.to.a.cloc

.sour

ce,

.it.may.rece

ive

.a.cloc

.ose

.upda

.in.the.ackn

owledge

.and,.

using.this.info

rmation,

.can.corr

ect

.its.cloc

.skew

.Othe

.devi

ces

.coul

.over

hear

.and.upda

.thei

.cloc

base

.on.the.same.mess

age

.exch

ange,

.even.if.the.ISA.prop

osal

.does.not.addr

ess

.this.issu

.Obvi

ously,

each.dev

ice

.tha

.join

.the.net

work

.mus

.spe

cify

.the.qua

lity

.of.its.clo

ck.

53.3.4 the ISa100.11a Network Layer and topologies

 e.network.layer.header.elds.have.been.inuenced.by.6LoWPAN.proposal.[MG07,MKH07],.and.an.

atte

mpt

.is.made.to.faci

litate

.futu

.comp

atibility.

.In.the.ISA.prop

osal,

.the.conc

ept

.of.a.netw

ork

.made.

up.of.ISA1

.devi

ces

.only.(cal

led

.DL.subn

.in.the.foll

owing)

.with.resp

ect

.to.a.back

bone

.netw

ork

.has.

been.sepa

rated;

.a.back

bone

.devi

.is.den

.as.a.devi

.inte

rfaced

.to.a.non-

ISA100

.netw

ork,

.e.g.

.an.

indu

strial

.Ethe

rnet

.or.any.othe

.netw

ork

.with

.the.faci

lity

.inte

rfacing

.to.the.plan

t’s

.netw

ork.

. e.

aim.is.to.take.into.acco

unt

.powe

.and.band

width

.requ

irements

.on.one.side.and.allo

.for.a.huge.vari

ety

.of.topo

logies

.on.the.othe

.one..For.this.reas

on,

.seve

ral

.data

gram

.form

ats

.have.been.cons

idered

for.the.netw

ork

.laye

.(e.g

.usin

.shor

.addr

esses,

.16.bit,.for.DL.subn

.devi

ces

.and.long.addr

esses,

64.bit.iden

tier

.for.the.join

ing

.proc

ess

.and.128.bit.addr

esses

.for.back

bones).

.In.part

icular,

.thre

.for-

ats

.have.been.cons

idered:

.the.basi

.head

.is.only.used.in.a.DL.subn

.(it.is.expe

cted

.to.be.the.most.

comm

.form

.and.mini

mizes

.the.over

head);

.also.the.cont

ract-enabled

.must.be.used.only.over.a.DL.

subn

.but.allo

.to.incl

ude

.more.info

rmation;

.the.full.head

.is.the.IPv6.head

.and.is.inte

nded

.for.

use.over.the.back

bone.

.It.is.a.netw

ork

.laye

.task.to.tran

slate

.addr

esses

.and.to.mana

.pack

.frag

mentation.

.It.must.be.reme

mbered

.that.at.the.netw

ork

.laye

.any.devi

.with

.a.DL.subn

.is.a.sing

netw

ork

.hop.away

53.3.5 the ISa100.11a Upper Layers

A.transport.layer.that.provides.connectionless.services.with.optional.security.has.been.dened.in.the.

stan

dard;

.it.exte

nds

.the.UDP.over.IP.versi

.6.and.6LoW

PAN.

. e.APL.den

.sow

are

.objec

.that.

mimi

.real

-world

.objec

.and.also.den

.the.comm

unication

.serv

ices

.nece

ssary

.to.enab

.objec

t-to-

object

.com

munication.

53.4 OCarI

OCARI.is.an.industrial.wireless.protocol.specication.[D08].that.proposes.a.deterministic.MAC.layer.

for.time

-constrained

.comm

unication

.and.a.netw

ork

.laye

.that.has.an.ener

gy-aware

.and.proa

ctive

.rout

ing

.stra

tegy

.for.the.non-

time-constrained

.comm

unication

.peri

od.

.Its.APL.is.base

.on.the.spec

ica-

tion

.den

.by.the.ZigB

.Alli

ance.

. e.foll

owing

.gur

.illu

strates

.OCAR

.proto

col

.stac

.arch

itecture

(Fig

ure

.53.

10).

53.4.1 Physical Layer

 e.PHY.of.OCARI.is.based.on.IEEE.802.15.4-2006.PHY.over.2.4.GHz.frequency.band.. is.RF.is.

chos

.beca

use

.it.is.an.ISM.band.that.is.usab

.worl

dwide.

.More

over,

.ther

.is.a.larg

.choi

.of.RF.

tran

sceivers

.that.impl

ement

.IEEE.802.

15.4

.PHY.2.4.GHz..Majo

.chip

set

.make

.such.as.TI,.Free

scale,

Atme

.etc..prop

ose

.opti

mized

.RF.tran

sceivers

.over.this.freq

uency

.band

WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI 53-11

53.4.2 MaC Layer

MaCARI.[CGM08,LVV08].is.the.MAC.layer.specied.in.OCARI..It.supports.both.time-constrained.

communication.and.slotted.CSMA/CA.communication.as.depicted.by.Figure.53.11.

.design.of.MaCARI.is.based.on.a.cross-layering.approach..It.proposes.a.tree-based.strategy.of.

packets.relaying.with.deterministic.activities.schedule.to.reduce.possible.collision..In.MaCARI,.the.

PAN.coordinator.schedules.the.cells.activity.and.xes.the.beacons.broadcasting.sequence.. e.beacon.

Management

Device

object

MDO + energy

Public interface

Energy

service

provider

NwCARI

Physical (PHY) layer

2.4 GHz radio

MaCARI

Application support (APS) layer

Application framework

NDE-SAP

NME-

SAP

PDE-SAP

PME-SAP

High layers

OCARI layers

OCARI interface

Application profiles

ESPN-

SAP

APSDE-

SAP

APSDE-

SAP

APSDE-

SAP

APSDE-

SAP

MDE-SAP

High layers interface

MME-SAP

MaCARIME-

SAP

ESPM-

SAP

APSDE-SAP:

APSME-SAP:

NDE-SAP:

NME-SAP:

ESPN-SAP:

ESPM-SAP:

MME-SAP:

MaCARIME-SAP:

MDE-SAP:

PME-SAP:

PDE-SAP:

APS data entity–service access point

APS management entity–service access point

NwCARI data entity–service access point

NwCARI management entity–service access point

Energy service provider NwCARI–service access point

Energy service provider MaCARI–service access point

MaCARI management entity between NwCARI and MaCARI–service access point

MaCARI management entity between MDO and MaCARI–service access point

MaCARI data entity–service access point

Physical layer management entity–service access point

Physical layer data entity–service access point

Control traffic

EOLSRSERENA

Constrained user traffic

Tree relaying

Network creation

Address

allocation

Association

control

Unconstrained user traffic

Unicast routing

according to

EOLSR table

Broadcast routing

according to MPRs

APSDE-

SAP

Application layer

APSME-

SAP

FIGURE 53.10 OCARI.stack.architecture.

53-12 Industrial Communication Systems

is.repeated.in.cascade.through.the.tree.and.contains.all.synchronization.information..Every.node.syn-

chronizes

.on.T

.and.knows.the.next.T

..Within.the.unscheduled.activities.period,.MaCARI.gives.the.

control.to.the.network.layer.that.takes.care.of.routing.packets.using.EOLSR,.an.Energy-aware.OLSR.

protocol.(RFC.3626),.which.is.described.in.[MM081]..MaCARI.also.deals.with.network.initialization.

such. as. address.allocation.and. IEEE. 802.15.4. PAN.association.control.. e. detailed. description. of.

MaCARI.is.out.of.scope.here.

53.4.3 Network Layer and topologies

OCARI.topologies.are.specied.as.follows.(Figure.53.12):

OCARI

.End.Device.is.a.“radio.xed”.network.node.(i.e.,.its.position.varies.very.little.comparing.to.

its.initial.location,.so.that.its.radio.link.is.always.managed.by.the.same.cell.coordinator)..It.is.a.reduce.

function.device.(RFD).as.dened.in.IEEE.802.15.4.specication.

OCARI

.cell.and.workshop.coordinators.are.FFDs.as.specied.in.IEEE.802.15.4.. ey.are.xed.

devices.in.the.infrastructure.and.are.equivalent.to.ZigBee.coordinator.. e.functions.of.cell.coor-

dinator

.consist.of.coordinating.the.intra-cell.network.nodes.using.a.star.topology.and.routing.data.

packets.from.end.device.network.nodes.(e.g.,.sensors).to.the.workshop.coordinator.per.workshop.

domain.

Workshop

.domain.is.a.permissive.volume.(delimited.by.a.threshold.of.the.RSSI).to.electromagnetic.

wave.that.is.covered.by.a.unique.workshop.coordinator.network.node.

Workshop

.coordinator.is.a.gateway.between.the.wireless.sensors.network.resided.in.a.workshop.

domain.and.the.industrial.facility.backbone.

OCARI

.network.layer.is.based.on.a.cross-layering.approach..It.manages.packet.routing.for.unsched-

uled

.activities.period.according.to.EOLSR.proactive.protocol.(refer.to.[MM081].for.a.detailed.descrip-

tion).

.It.also.oers.a.Scheduling.RoutEr.Node.Activity.(SERENA).strategy,.which.uses.a.three-hops.

neighbors.decentralized.coloring.algorithm.to.schedule.the.router.activities,.so.that.energy.consump-

tion

.can.be.reduced,.and.the.bandwidth.eciency.is.improved.by.avoiding.the.interferences.between.

routers.(a.timeslot.is.assigned.to.a.node.according.to.its.color.and.there.is.a.spatial.reuse.of.color.code)..

 e.principle.of.SERENA.is.as.follows.[MM082].

.router.node.is.woken.up.in.the.timeslots.where

•

. It.transmits

•

. One.of.its.one-hop.neighbors.transmits

•

. It.sleeps.otherwise

Global cycle

Scheduled activities

period

Optimized network

lifetime

energy-aware OLSR

Deterministic MAC

period

(constrained by a

hierarchical tree)

Unscheduled activities

period

(slotted CSMA/CA)

FIGURE 53.11 MaCARI.concept.

WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI 53-13

53.4.4 application Layer

OCARI.APL.is.based.on.the.specication.released.by.the.ZigBee.Alliance..It.denes.some.additional.

proles.such.as

•

. “Sensor.4-20”.that.deals.with.the.well-known.4–20.mA

•

. “Sensor.binary”.for.binary.sensor.including.electronic.PNP.commutation.transistor

•

. “Accelerometer”. for. vibration. analysis. (up. to. 5.kHz). used. in. condition-based. maintenance.

application

.also.supports.the.well-known.communication.models:

•

. Request/reply

•

. Publish/subscribe.(event-based.notication)

•

. Periodic.notication

53.5 Coexistence of the three Protocols

From.the.users’.point.of.view,.a.single.wireless.standard.for.the.industrial.automation.world.would.be.

the.most.appealing.solution..Even.if.protocols.discussed.here.are.quite.similar,.e.g.,.all.of.them.are.based.

on.the.same.PHY,.they.are.not.identical..In.particular,.protocols.used.for.the.upper.communications.

Workshop

coordinator

Sink path

Sink node

Cell coordinator

Time

server

Sink node

End device

(RFD)

Industrial facility backbone

FIGURE 53.12 OCARI.network.topology.

53-14 Industrial Communication Systems

layers.are.not.the.same,.making.it.impossible.for.either.network.to.directly.carry.signals.from.the.other..

 is.means.that.gateways.are.needed.to.ensure.interoperability.and.extensive.research.must.be.done.

in.the.development.of.new.middleware.paradigms..Middleware.is.understood.as.an.abstraction.layer.

that.can.be.used.to.program.applications.in.a.network-transparent.way.. e.high.level.of.abstraction.

that.is.provided.lowers.the.cost.of.development.of.control.applications..Middleware.is.a.generic.name.

used.to.refer.to.a.class.of.soware.whose.purpose.is.to.serve.as.glue.between.separately.built.systems.

(Figure.53.13).

However,

. the. ISA100. committee. is. intended. to. be. a. single. “universal”. network. for. the. wireless.

transport.of.information.from.all.types.of.industrial.wired.protocols.and.a.new.subcommittee.for.the.

ISA100.11a.and.the.WirelessHART.convergence,.called.ISA100.12,.has.been.created.. e.aim.is.not.only.

to.ensure.coexistence.of.nodes.of.both.kinds.but.also.to.make.possible.the.cooperation.between.the.

two.networks..Proposals.like.dual-mode.gateways.and.a.dual-mode.node.are.under.discussion..From.

the.physical.point.of.view,.collisions.will.arise.when.dierent.networks.operate.in.the.same.area,.espe-

cially

.in.a.crowded.environment.like.the.ISM.band.around.2.4.GHz..However,.data.delivery.model.of.

industrial.communications.must.be.considered,.i.e.,.a.cyclical.exchange.of.a.small.quantity.of.infor-

mation

.(i.e.,.determinism.and.oen.isochronisms.is.required.but.the.average.bandwidth.is.low)..Both.

ISA100.11a.and.WirelessHART.utilizes.CCA.to.avoid.collisions.with.other.nonsynchronized.systems,.

while.frequency.agility.together.with.a.short.time-synchronized.communications.minimizes.the.band-

width

.occupation.and.ensures.successful.data.exchange.since.messages.can.be.resent.on.other.(free).

channels.exploiting.automatic.repeat.query.(ARQ).error.control.strategy.

Another

.important.aspect.is.security..Both.ISA.and.HART.solutions.include.a.security.manager.

to.manage.and.authenticate.cryptographic.keys..In.particular,.during.normal.operations,.secret.sym-

metric

.keys.known.to.both.the.sender.and.the.receiver.are.used..During.the.commissioning.phase,.

Wireless sensors network oriented middleware

Comm.

manager

Virtual

sensor

manager

Persistent

data

manager

Software bus (publish/subscribe)

OCARI PAN

coordinator

Centralized

network

monitoring

Database

Industrial backbone

Publication

manager

SCADA

WirelessHART

gateway

WirelessHART

access point

OCARI

router

FIGURE 53.13 Middleware.is.the.key.for.the.integration.of.dierent.protocols.

WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI 53-15

WirelessHART.obliges.to.use.a.maintenance.port.for.the.key.exchange.while.ISA100.11a.supports.asym-

metric

.keys

.i.e.,.cred

entials

.of.new.devi

ces

.may.be.veri

ed

.using.publ

.keys.shar

.open

.and.a.cor-

esponding

.asy

mmetric

.sec

ret

.pri

vate

.key.kept.insi

.the.new.dev

ice

.its

elf.

53.6 Example of Platform Providers

Even.if.all.the.solutions.discussed.in.this.chapter.are.recently.proposed,.the.market.already.oers.some.

deve

lopment

.plat

forms

.and.conf

ormance

.test

ing

.tools

.In.fact

.the.main.adva

ntage

.deri

ving

.from.the.

adopt

ion

.of.sta

ndards

.is.pro

bably

.man

ufacturers’

.int

eroperability.

For

.this.reas

on,

.HART.cons

ortium

.has.work

.hard.on.the.deve

lopment

.of.test.spec

ifications;

it.has.rece

ntly

.rele

ased

.a.“snif

fer”

.to.be.used.to.veri

.mess

ages

.over.the.air.and.has.anno

unced

the.so-c

alled

.Wi-H

test

.[HSZ

09],

.a.linu

.box.that.auto

mates

.the.exec

ution

.of.sing

.devi

.test

ing,

recr

eating

.the.pack

.exch

ange

.of.a.whol

.virt

ual

.netw

ork

.arou

.the.devi

.unde

.test

.incl

uding

corr

upted

.pack

ets.

Besides,

. ISA. orga

nization

. has. crea

ted

. an. indu

stry

. grou

. with

. the. Autom

ation

. Stand

ards

Comp

liance

.Inst

itute

.call

.the.ISA1

.Wirel

ess

.Comp

liance

.Inst

itute,

.in.orde

.to.faci

litate

.the.prop

use.and.appl

ication

.of.autom

ation

.stan

dards

.thro

ugh

.the.deve

lopment

.and.impl

ementation

.of.con-

ormance

. asse

ssment

. prog

rams

. and. rela

ted

. acti

vities.

. Duri

. the. last. ISA. expo. (Nov

ember

. 2008

devi

ces

.from.14.die

rent

.inst

rumentation

.vend

ors

.succ

essfully

.form

.a.wire

less

.netw

ork

.base

.on.the.

ISA1

00.11a

.dra



.tec

hnology.

.an.exam

ple

.of.plat

form

.prov

iders,

.cons

ider

.Nivi

.a.comp

any

.laun

ched

.in.1998

.whic

.is.speci

alized

.in.

sensor.netw

orks,

.supp

orting

.an.arra

.of.stan

dard

.sensi

.and.cont

rol

.prot

ocols

.incl

uding

.Wire

lessHART

and.ISA1

00.11a,

. and.most.recen

tly

. 6LoW

PAN.

. e. comp

any

. supp

lies

. wire

less

. sensor

. edge. rout

ers,

ama

nagement

.appl

iance

.and.appl

ication,

.and.a.gate

way

.to.plan

.or.othe

.ente

rprise

.netw

orks.

Most

.of.dic

ulties

.in.real

izing

.an.erro

r-free

.wire

less

.netw

ork

.are,.obvi

ously,

.in.the.deve

lopment

of.protocol.stack;.to.speed. up.the.process,.it.has.been.founded.the.Wireless.Industrial.Technology.

Kons

ortium—WiTECK—http://witeck.org/.

.It.is.an.open

.nonp

rot

.membe

rship

.orga

nization

.whos

missi

.is.to.prov

ide

.a.reli

able,

.cost

-eective,

.high

-quality

.port

folio

.of.core.enab

ling

.syst

.sow

are

for.indu

strial

.wire

less

.sensi

.appl

ications,

.unde

.a.comp

any-

.and.plat

form-neutral

.umbre

lla.

. ey.are.

now.wor

king

.on.the.rea

lization

.of.a.Wire

lessHART

.sta

ck.

Emerson

.Proc

ess

.Mana

gement

.has.alre

ady

.anno

unced

.some.devi

ces

.comp

liant

.with.Wirel

essHART,

as.a.core.part.of.its.Smar

.Wirel

ess

.plan

.autom

ation

.solu

tions

.port

folio.

.Othe

.manu

facturers

.that.are.

work

ing

.on.wire

less

.devi

ces

.(or.wire

less

.adapt

ers

.for.lega

.devi

ces)

.are.Hone

ywell

.(wit

.thei

.one-

ireless

.solu

tion),

.Yokog

awa,

.Elpr

.(now.part.of.MTL)

.Pepp

erl

.+.Fuch

.(wit

.Wirel

essHART

.node

s),

and.ABB

.jus

.to.men

tion

.few.of.the

.(Ta

ble

.53.

1).

TABLE 53.1 Example.of.Platform.Provider

Technology

Environment

Hardware Stack

.(SW) D

ebug

.Too

WirelessHART Emerson

Honeywell

Yokogawa

NIVIS

MTL

.+.F

ABB

WiTECK

NIVIS

.cons

ortium

ISA100.11a NIVIS

ABB

NIVIS NIVIS

OCARI Telit

.communic

ation Telit

.communic

ation Telit

.communic

ation

53-16 Industrial Communication Systems

53.7 Conclusions

In.this.chapter,.a.brief.review.of.three.emerging.solutions.implementing.wireless.sensor.networks.for.

indu

strial

.appl

ications—primarily

.for.proc

ess

.cont

rol—has

.been.repo

rted.

.Such.netw

orks

.are.in.gen-

ral

.desig

ned

.to.carr

.tra

.that.is.main

.cons

tituted

.by.exch

anges

.of.sens

.read

ings

.(and.actu

ator

comm

ands)

.towar

.(fro

.cent

ralized

.cont

rollers.

.Impo

rtant

.char

acteristics

.of.indu

strial

.tra

.are.

the.pres

ence

.of.dead

lines,

.high

-reliability

.requ

irements,

.and.the.pred

ominance

.of.shor

.pack

ets.

.All.

the.prop

osed

.solu

tions

.addr

ess

.this.prob

lems

.in.a.very.simil

.mann

er.

. ey.adopt.a.TDMA.appr

oach

to.wire

less

.shar

.medi

um,

.whil

.mesh.or.clus

ter

.topol

ogies

.allo

.cove

ring

.larg

.area

.with.low-

power

RF.signa

ls.

.Exte

rnal

.inte

rferences

.due.to.othe

.tran

smitters

.oper

ating

.in.the.same.or.in.neig

hbored

.fre-

uency

.band

s—a

.prob

lem

.espe

cially

.pron

ounced

.in.the.lice

nse-free

.indu

strial,

.scie

ntic,

.and.medi

cal

(ISM

)

.band

s—are

.face

.with.freq

uency

.agil

.appr

oaches.

.Secu

rity

.is.ensu

red

.by.mean

.of.crypto

graphy,

whic

.allo

.to.answ

.to.ques

tions

.like.“who.sent.this.mess

age?”

.(aut

hentication)

.and.“is.this.the.mes-

age

.ori

ginally

.sen

t?”

.(me

ssage

.int

egrity).

However,

.ther

.is.stil

.a.broa

.pote

ntial

.for.futu

.rese

arch

.in.wire

less

.indu

strial

.comm

unication

syst

ems.

.Up.to.now,.very.few.plan

ts/demonstrations

.have.been.impl

emented

.to.prov

.the.viab

ility

.of.

such.sol

utions.

references

[CGM08].G..Chalhoub,.A..Guitton,.and.M..Misson,.MAC.specications.for.a.WPAN.allowing.both.

energy.savin

.and.guaran

teed

.delay—P

art

.A:.MaCARI:.A.synchr

onized

.tree-b

ased

.MAC.prot

ocol,

in.IFIP 2008 Con

ference on Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks,

.Ott

awa,

.Onta

rio,

.Can

ada.

[D08]

.T..Dang.et.al.,.OCARI:.Optimiza

tion

.of.communica

tion

.for.ad.hoc.relia

ble

.indus

trial

.netwo

rks,

.in.

IEEE-INDIN’08 Co

nference,

.Daeje

on,

.Kor

ea,

.Jul

.13–16,.2008.

[FFM07]

.A..Flammini,.P..Ferrar

.D..Mario

li,

.E..Sisinni,.and.A..Taro

ni,

.Senso

.netwo

rks

.for.indus

trial

applic

ations,

.in.Proc

eedings of Second International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interface,

2007. IWASI 2007,

.Bar

.Ita

ly,

.June.26–27,.2007,.pp..1–15.

[H09]

.HART—

.Logica

.Wireles

.Solu

tion,

.HCF,.http://w

ww.hartcomm2.org/hart_protocol/wireless_

hart/hart_the_logical_solution.html,

.Feb

ruary

.2009.

[H88]

.Hayes,.J..P.,.Comp

uter Architecture and Organization,

.McGra

w-Hill Series in Computer Organization

and Architecture,

.2nd.en,.McGra

.Hil

.New.Yor

.1988.

[HSZ09]

.S..Han,.J..Song

.X..Zhu,.A.K..Mok,.D..Chen,.M..Nixon,.W..Pratt,.and.V..Gond

halekar,

.Wi-HTest:.

Comp

liance

.test.suit

.for. diag

nosing

.devi

ces

.in.real

-time

.Wire

lessHART

.netw

ork,

.15th

IEEE

Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS’09),

.San.Franci

sco,

.CA.

pp..327–336,.2009.

[I06]

. IEEE. Stan

dard

. for. Infor

mation

. Techn

ology—Telecommunications

. and. Infor

mation

. Exch

ange

betwe

. System

s—Local

. and. Metro

politan

. Area. Netwo

rks—Specic

. Requir

ements—Part

. 15.4:.

Wireles

.Medium.Access.Cont

rol

.(MAC).and.Physica

.Layer.(PHY).Specic

ations

.for.Low.Rate.

Wireless.Personal.Area.Networks.(LR-WPANs),.2006.

[IS

A09]

.ISA1

00.11a,

.http

://www.isa.org/MSTemplate.cfm?MicrositeID=1134&CommitteeID=6891,

Febr

uary

.2009

[KHP08]

.A..N..Kim,.F..Hekl

and,

.S..Peters

en,

.and.P..Doyle

.When.HART.goes.wireles

.Unders

tanding

and.implemen

ting

.the.WH.stan

dard,

.in.Proc

eedings of ETFA2008,

.Hamb

urg,

.Germa

ny,

.Septem

ber

15–18,.2008,.pp..899–907.

[LVV08]

.E..Livo

lant,

.A.Van.den.Bossc

he,

.and.T..Val,.MAC.specic

ations

.for.a.WPAN.allow

ing

.both.

energy. savi

. and. guar

anteed

. dela

y—Part

. B:. Opti

misation

. of. the. intr

. cell

ular

. exch

anges

. for.

MaCARI,.in.IFIP 2008 Conference on Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks,.Ottawa,.Ontario,.Canada.

[MG07]

.G..Mulliga

.and.L.W..Grou

. e.6LoWPAN.archi

tecture,

.in.Proc

eedings of the EmNets,

.Cork,.

Irel

and,

.June.25–26,.2007.

WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI 53-17

[MKH07].G..Montenegro,.N..Kushalnagar,.J..Hui,.and.D..Culler,.Transmission.of.IPv6.packets.over.IEEE.

802.15.4.net

works,

.RFC.4944,.2007.

[MM081]

.S..Mahf

oudh

.and.P..Minet,.An.energ

.ecient.rou

ting

.bas

.on.OLSR.in.wire

less

.ad.hoc.

and.sens

.netw

orks,

.in.PAEWN

2008, IEEE International Workshop on Performance Analysis and

Enhancement of Wireless Networks,

.Gin

owan,

.Ja

pan,

.Ma

rch

.2008.

[MM082]

.S..Mahf

oudh

.and.P..Minet,.Perf

ormance

.eval

uation

.of.the.SERENA.algo

rithm

.to.SchE

dule

Rou

tEr

.nodes.acti

vity

.in.wire

less

.ad.hoc.and.sens

.netw

orks,

.in.AINA 2008,

IEEE 22nd International

Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications,

.Gin

owan,

.Ja

pan,

.Ma

rch

.2008.

[SHM07]

.J..Son

.S..Han,.A,.K,.Mok,.D..Chen,.M..Luca

.M..Nixo

.and.W..Prat

.Wire

lessHART:

.App

lying

wire

less

.tec

hnology

.in.rea

l-time

.indu

strial

.pro

cess

.cont

rol,

.in.Pro

ceedings of 14th IEEE Real-Time

and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS),

.Be

llevue,

.WA,.Ap

ril

.3–6,.2007.

[W08]

.A..Wil

lig,

.Recen

.and.emerg

ing

.top

ics

.in.wire

less

.indu

strial

.communic

ations:

.A.sele

ction,

.IEEE

Tra

nsactions on Industrial Informatics,

.Ma

.2008,.4(2),.102–124.

54-1

54.1 Introduction

 ere.are.a.lot.of.books.dealing.with.wireless.communication.principles.and.practice.that.one.can.

easi

.nd.thei

.editor

.on.the.Inte

rnet.

. e.purp

ose

.of.this.chap

ter

.is.not.to.expla

.agai

.and.agai

the.wire

less

.commu

nication

.theor

ies

.but.to.give.the.engi

neers

.a.prec

ise

.overv

iew

.of.the.curr

ent

.wire

less

.commu

nication

.stan

dards

.so.that.they.can.choos

.the.righ

.tech

nology

.for.the.righ

.appli

cation.

Succ

essful

.imple

mentation

.of.wire

less

.commu

nication

.in.indu

strial

.envi

ronments

.requ

ires

.the.corre

unde

rstanding

.of.the.stre

ngths

.and.the.weak

nesses

.of.each.wire

less

.tech

nology.

.Indu

strial

.wire

less

imple

mentation

.is.not.quite.as.easy.as.one.migh

.hear

.Elec

tromagnetic

.compa

tibility

.(EMC).issu

es,

band

width

.perf

ormance

.and.cybe

.secu

rity

.requ

irements,

.batt

ery

.auto

nomy,

.and.inte

roperability

.con-

iderations

.are.amon

.the.cons

traints

.that.one.has.to.take.into.acco

unt

.when.imple

menting

.indu

strial

wire

less

.solu

tions.

.Site.asse

ssment

.is.oen.need

.in.order.to.unde

rstand

.the.radi

.prop

agation

.cond

tions

.so.that.a.corre

.netw

ork

.topo

logy

.can.be.deplo

yed

.to.ensu

.the.opti

mal

.commu

nication

.cover

age

.of.the.targ

.faci

lity.

.Be.awar

.that.the.site.envi

ronment

.may.vary.by.time.of.day,.depe

nding

.on.

what.is.happ

ening

.in.and.arou

.wher

.the.sign

als

.prop

agate.

.Wire

less

.commu

nication

.is.not.alwa

easy.as.it.seem

.to.be.. e.chal

lenges

.conc

ern

.the.foll

owing

.topi

cs:

•

. Robu

.physi

cal

.laye

.that.can.guar

antee

.a.low.bit.erro

.rate.(BER

)

.with

out

.much.proc

essing

powe

•

. Medi

.acce

.meth

.that.can.oer.an.eci

ent

.use.of.the.comm

unication

.chan

nel

.capa

bility

whil

.all

owing

.det

erministic

.acc

ess

.and.low.lat

ency

.pee

r-to-peer

.tra

nsmission.

•

. Ener

gy-aware

.rout

.disc

overy

.stra

tegy

.that.help

.to.impr

ove

.powe

.cons

ervation

.of.the.whol

netw

ork

.whi

.bei

.pro

active

.to.mai

ntain

.per

manent

.rou

.bet

ween

.two.net

work

.nod

es.

•

. Cybe

.sec

urity

.wit

hout

.muc

.pro

cessing

.pow

.to.pre

serve

.bat

tery

.lif

etime.

•

. Reli

ability

.that.guar

antees

.the.mess

age

.deli

very

.with

.a.pred

ened

.time.inte

rval.

.Adapt

ability,

freq

uency

.agil

ity/hopping,

.and. topol

ogy

.redu

ndancy

.to. avoi

.singl

.poin

.of.fail

ure

.are.the.

important.features.that.need.to.be.studied.when.deploying.in.some.application.

•

. Scal

ability

.and.densi

.(numb

.of.netw

ork

.node

.insid

.an.acce

ptable

.tran

smission

.rang

.of.a.

tran

smitter

.node

)

.are.also.impo

rtant

.char

acteristics.

.How.larg

.and.dens

.can.the.netw

ork

.get.

befo

.int

erferences

.or.los

.of.per

formance?

Wireless Communication

Standards

54.1. Introduction.....................................................................................54-1

54.2

. A.Wire

less

.Stan

dards

.Tax

onomy..................................................54-2

54.3

. Regu

lations

.and.EMC.

....................................................................54-2

54.4

. Conc

lusion........................................................................................54-6

References.....................................................................................................54-6

Tuan Dang

EDF Research and

Deve

lopment

54-2 Industrial Communication Systems

•. Data.rate,.packet.size,.and.fragmentation.support.are.the.features.that.should.not.be.forgotten.

•

. Supp

ort

.of.nom

adism

.or.mob

ility

.of.net

work

.nod

.may.be.imp

ortant

.for.som

.app

lications.

54.2 a Wireless Standards taxonomy

Wireless.technologies.can.be.classied.according.to.their.communication.range.and.their.equivalent.

isot

ropically

.radi

ated

.powe

.(EIR

P),

.thei

.data.rate

.thei

.powe

.cons

umption,

.and.thei

.“com

plexity.”

 e.freq

uency

.band.and.the.EIRP.are.impo

rtant

.para

meters

.in.term

.of.EMC.. e.EIRP.has.dire

impa

.on.the.powe

.cons

umption

.of.the.radi

.chip

set.

.Figu

.54.1.prop

oses

.a.wire

less

.stan

dards

taxo

nomy.

Industrial

. autom

ation

. appl

ications

. of. wire

less

. tech

nologies

. conc

ern

. main

. RFID

. WPAN

. and.

WLAN.clas

ses.

.WWAN.and.WMAN.clas

ses

.conc

ern

.much.more.tele

com

.oper

ators

.exce

.TErr

estrial

Trun

ked

.RAdi

.(TET

RA).

.It.is.a.digi

tal

.trun

ked

.mobi

.radi

.stan

dard

.(fro

.300.to.1000.MHz).deve

oped

.to.mee

.the.nee

.of.tra

ditional

.pro

fessional

.mob

ile

.rad

.(PM

.use

.org

anizations

.suc

.as

•

. Public.safety

•

. Tran

sportation

•

. Util

ities

•

. Gove

rnment

•

. Mili

tary

•

. Publ

.acc

ess

.mob

ile

.rad

.(PA

MR)

.ope

rator

•

. Comm

ercial

.and.ind

ustry

•

. Oil.and.gas

able

.54.1.list

.the.char

acteristics

.of.some.tech

nology

.belo

nging

.to.RFID.(see.also.refe

rence

.[1])

WPAN,.and.WLAN.classes.that.are.important.to.know.when.choosing.a.wireless.technology..For.exam-

ple,

.for.DEC

.tec

hnology,

.it.is.wor

.che

cking

.reg

ularly

.ref

erence

.[2]

. is. wort

. ment

ioning

. IEEE. 802.

15.4

. stan

dard

. whic

. prov

ides

. a. foun

dation

. for. low-

duty cycle,

low p

ower consumption,

. and l

ow-bandwidth

. mesh. netw

orking

. tech

nology.

. ZigB

ee/ZigBee

. Pro,.

Wirel

essHART,

.ISA1

00.11a

.[3–5

.and.OCAR

.(see.also.Chapt

.44.for.more.desc

riptions)

.are.wire

less

comm

unication

.stan

dards

.that.are.aime

.for.wire

less

.sens

.and.actu

ator

.netw

orks.

.ZigB

.Pro.oer

for.exam

ple,

.a.low-

power active router

.whic

.is.part

icularly

.usef

.for.powe

.cons

ervation.

.OCAR

oer

.supp

ort

.for.mobi

lity

.of.netw

ork

.rout

.with.an.adva

nced

.acti

vity

.sche

duling

.algo

rithm

.that.help

to.pre

serve

.the.bat

tery

.lif

etime.

54.3 regulations and EMC

Wireless.classes.that.belong.to.RFID,.WPAN,.and.WLAN.categories.mostly.use.license-free.frequency.

band

. ese.freq

uency

.band

.are.spec

ied

.by.die

rent

.inte

rnational

.and.nati

onal

.orga

nizations

.such.as

•

. e.Int

ernational

.Tel

ecommunication

.Uni

.(IT

•

. e.Fed

eral

.Com

munications

.Com

mission

.(FC

.in.the.Uni

ted

.Stat

•

. e.Eur

opean

.Con

ference

.of.Pos

tal

.and.Tel

ecommunication

.Adm

inistrations

.(CE

PT)

•

. e.Eur

opean

.Uni

on,

.Rad

io,

.and.Tel

ecommunications

.Ter

minal

.Equ

ipment

.(R&

TTE)

. is. impo

rtant

. to. chec

. the. reco

mmendations

. issu

. by. thes

. orga

nizations

. in. orde

. to. avoi

inte

rferences

.with.exis

ting

.or.futu

.elec

tronic

.equi

pments.

.For.exam

ple,

.ITU-

.seri

.prov

ide

.rec-

mmendations

.conc

erning

.prot

ection

.agai

nst

.inte

rference.

.IUT-

K.76

.den

.EMC.requ

irements

.for.

tele

communication

.netw

ork

.equi

pment

.in.9–15

.kHz.freq

uency

.band

.and.IUT-

K.80

.spec

ies

.EMC.

requ

irements

.for.tel

ecommunication

.net

work

.equ

ipment

.in.the.ban

.fro

.1.to.6.GHz.