Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Wireless Communication Standards 54-3

HiperLAN/1

HiperLAN/2

IEEE 802.11a

IEEE 802.11b

IEEE 802.11g

IEEE 802.11n

DECT

WLAN

DECT CAT-iq

DECT Packet Radio Services (DPRS)

Fixe (IEEE 802.16-2004)

WiMAX

WMAN (WirelessMAN IEEE 802.16)

TETRA

GSM

GPRS

EDGE

Cellular

WWAN

Wireless technologies

RFID

Active

Passive

IEEE 802.15.4

ZigBee/ZigBee Pro

WirelessHART

ISA100.11a

OCARI

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

WPAN

IEEE 802.15.1: Bluetooth

ECMA 368–369: High Rate UWB

FM-UWB: Low Rate UWB

C-UWB (IEEE 802.15.4a)

Mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA) (IEEE 802.20)

Wireless regional area networks (WRAN) (IEEE 802.22)

Mobile (IEEE 802.16e)

WiBro (Wireless broadband: Korean standard)

WiFi

HiperLAN

–

FIGURE 54.1 Wireless.standards.taxonomy.

54-4 Industrial Communication Systems

TABLE 54.1 Characteristics.of.Some.Wireless.Technology.of.Class.RFID,.WPAN,.and.WLAN

Wireless.Standards Frequency.Band EIRP Data.Rate

Expected.Coverage.in.

Free.Space.Environment

RFID

Passive

120–150.kHz.(ISO.18000-2.Part.2)

.dB.μA/m

.to.tens.of.kbps

.to.1.m

13.56

.MHz.(ISO.18000-3.Par

.3)

.dB.μA/m

.to.hundr

eds

.of.kbps

.to.1.m

Active

433.MHz.(ISO.18000-7.Part.7) 10–100.mW Up.to.hundreds.of.kbps Tens.of.meters

860–960

.MHz.(ISO.18000-6.Par

.6) 100.mW–4.W

2.45

.GHz.(ISO.18000-4.Par

.4).

or5.8.GHz.(ISO.18000-5.Par

.5)

Up.to.4.W Up.to.hundr

eds

.of.kbps

Tens

.of.meter

DECT

•

. 1880–1900.MHz.in.Euro

•

. 1900–1920.MHz.in.China

•. 1910–1930.MHz.in.Lat

.Amer

ica

•

. 1920–1930.MHz.in.USA

•. 250.mW.pea

.in.Euro

pe 32

.kbps Hun

dreds

.of.meter

•

. 100.mW.pea

.in.USA Up.to.552.kbps

.(ETS.300.435)

IEEE

.802.11a 5.GHz In.USA:

•. 40.mW.in.5.15–5.25.GHz

•. 200.mW.in.5.25–5.35.GHz

•. 800.mW.in.5.725–5.825

Up.to.54.Mbps Hundr

eds

.of.meter

.UK:

•. 200.mW.in.5.15–5.25.GHz

•. 1.W.in.5.25–5.35.GHz

•. 1.W.in.5.725–5.825.GHz

.Fran

ce:

•

. 200.mW.in.5.15–5.25.GHz

•. 100.mW.in.5.25–5.35.GHz

•. 500.mW.in.

5.470–5.725.GHz

Wireless Communication Standards 54-5

IEEE.802.11.g 2.4.GHz.(ISM) Europe.standard:

•. 100.mW.in.

2.40–2.4835.GHz

In.USA:

•

. 4.W.in.2.40–2.4835.GHz

.to.54.Mbps Hundreds.of.meters

IEEE

.802.11n.(a.k.a.WWiS

.Wo

rld-Wide

Spe

ctrum

.Ecienc

2.4

.an

.5.GHz Regu

lations

.on.2.4.an

.5.GHz.

ban

.ar

.ap

plied

.fo

.to

tal

MIMO.be

.to.600.Mbps Hun

dreds

.of.met

ers

IEEE

802.15.4.

bas

tec

hnology

ZigBee/ZigBee

.Pr

WirelessHART

ISA100.11a

OCARI

•

. 16.ch

annels

.in.th

.2450.MHz.ba

•

. 30.ch

annels

.in.th

.915.MHz.ba

•

. 3.ch

annels

.in.th

.868.MHz.ba

•

. 0.5–10.mW

•. 1.mW.typ

ically

.to.250.kbi

t/s Tens

.of.met

ers

FM-UWB

.(Sw

iss

.st

andard)

.low.rat

.UWB •. 3.1–10.6.GHz •. 0.05.mW 1–10.kbi

t/s

.an

100–1000.kbi

t/s

.to.10.m

ECMA-368/369

.high.rate.UWB.

(European.association.for.standardizing.

information.and.communication.

systems)

•. 3.1–10.6.GHz •. 1–15.mW.(0–12.dBm) 53.3–480.Mbps Up.to.10.m

54-6 Industrial Communication Systems

 ere.are.also.dedicated.standard.bodies.dealing.with.EMC.. ese.include:

•

. e. Inte

rnational

. Elec

trotechnical

. Comm

ission

. (IEC

. whic

. has. die

rent

. work

ing

. grou

ps:

“Com

ité

. Inte

rnational

. Spéci

. des. Pert

urbations

. Radi

oélectriques”

. (CIS

PR)

. or. Inte

rnational

Speci

.Com

mittee

.on.Rad

.Int

erference

.and.Tec

hnical

.Com

mittee

.77.(TC

77).

•

. e. “Com

ité

. Euro

péen

. de. Norm

alisation

. Elec

trotechniques”

. (CEN

ELEC)

. or. Euro

pean

Comm

ittee

.for.Ele

ctrotechnical

.Stan

dardization.

CISPR

.work

.on.EMC.stan

dards

.from.9.kHz.upwa

.(see.die

rent

.subc

ommittees

.from.refe

rence

.[8])

 ese.oer.prot

ection

.of.radi

.rece

ption

.from.inte

rference

.sour

ces

.such.as.elec

trical

.appl

iances

.of.all.

type

.the.elec

tricity

.supp

.syst

em;

.indu

strial,

.scie

ntic,

.and.elec

tromedical

.RF;.broa

dcasting

.rece

ivers

(sou

.and.TV);.and,.incr

easingly,

.IT.equi

pment

.(ITE

.TC77.work

.on.immu

nity

.stan

dards

.for.the.

emis

sion

.bel

.9.kHz.

54.4 Conclusion

 is.chapter.proposes.a.brief.overview.of.wireless.communication.standards.that.are.mostly.used.for.

shor

t-range

.comm

unications.

. e.pote

ntial

.appl

ications

.of.thes

.wire

less

.comm

unication

.stan

dards

.in.

indu

stry,

.manu

facturing,

.heal

thcare,

.and.home.autom

ation

.are.trem

endous.

.Havi

.know

ledge

.of.thes

wire

less

.com

munication

.sta

ndards

.and.reg

ulation

.iss

ues

.is.vit

.for.eng

ineers.

references

. 1.. RFID..http://www.skyrd.com;.http://www.hightechaid.com/tech/rd/what_is_rd.htm,.March.2009.

. 2.. DECT.For

um.

.htt

p://www.dect.org

. 3.. HART.Pro

tocol

.Rev

ision

.7.0,.Augus

.23,.2007.

. 4.. ZigBee.Spe

cication-Document

.053474r17..htt

p://www.zigbee.org

. 5.. ISA100.11a..htt

p://www.isa.org

. 6.. ECMA-368/369..htt

p://www.ecma-international.org,

.Mar

.2009.

. 7.. FM-UWB..htt

p://www.fmuwb.ch,

.Mar

.2009.

. 8.. http://w

ww.iec.ch/zone/emc/emc_cis.htm,

.Mar

.2009.

55-1

55.1 Introduction

 e.IEC.61499.standard.[1].denes.a.system.architecture.for.industrial.measurement.and.control.

syst

ems

.base

.on.the.conc

ept

.of.func

tion block (FB).

.A.FB.is.a.sow

are

.unit.(or,.more.gener

ally,

.an.

inte

llectual property

.cap

sule)

.tha

.enc

apsulates

.som

.beh

avior

.and.fac

ilitates

.its.re-

use.

.Inte

rnational

.Elec

trotechnical

.Comm

ission

.(IEC

)

.init

iated

.the.IEC.6149

.proje

.to.addr

ess

.the.

limi

tations

.of.the.lega

.PLC*.prog

ramming

.lang

uages

.look

ing

.towar

.the.real

ities

.of.impl

ementing

real

-time

.mult

iagent

.syst

ems.

.Unli

.prev

ious

.stan

dardization

.eor

ts,

.this.is.not.a.retr

ospective

.reco

nition

.of.prac

tices,

.but.an.atte

mpt

.to.guid

.futu

.deve

lopments

.towar

.an.open.stan

dard

.that.allo

genu

ine

.ven

dor

.int

eroperability.

FBs

.prov

ide

.a.path

way

.to.inte

grate

.esta

blished

.autom

ation

.prog

ramming

.lang

uages,

.such.as.ladd

logi

.inst

ruction

.list

.or.stru

ctured

.text

.into.mode

.comp

onent

.arch

itecture.

.Howe

ver,

.thei

.appl

ica-

tion

.exte

nds

.past.simpl

.repl

acement

.of.lega

.syst

ems

.beca

use

.of.the.inhe

rent

.supp

ort

.for.dist

ributed

appl

ications

.and.abil

ity

.to.prov

ide

.a.plat

form

.for.mode

ling

.and.simul

ating

.with.well

-dened

.inte

faces.

.IEC.6149

.den

.thre

.clas

ses

.of.FBs—

basic

.FBs,.comp

osite

.FBs,.and.serv

ice

.inte

rface

.FBs—

for

Programmable.Logic.Controller

Communication Aspects

of IEC 61499 Architecture

55.1. Introduction.....................................................................................55-1

55.2

. Illu

strative

.Exa

mple........................................................................55-3

55.3

. Logi

.Enc

apsulated

.in.Basi

.FB.....................................................5

5-7

55.4

. Exte

nsion...........................................................................................55-7

55.5

. Dist

ribution......................................................................................55-9

55.6

. Comm

unication

.FBs.

....................................................................55-10

55.7

. Comm

unication

.Usin

.Serv

ices

.of.Inte

rnet

Prot

ocolSuite......................................................................... 55-10

55.8

. Addi

.Dis

tribution

.and.Com

munication

totheSa

mpleSystem.....................................................................55-13

55.9

. Inte

rnals

.of.Com

munication

.FBs

.Mod

bus...............................55-15

55.10

.Comm

unication

.via.the.CIP.

.......................................................55-17

55.11

.Impa

.of.Com

munication

.Sem

antics

.on.App

lication

Beha

vior..........................................................................................55-19

55.12

.Fail

ures

.in.Dis

tributed

.App

lications..........................................55-20

55.13

.Conc

lusion......................................................................................55-20

References...................................................................................................55-21

Valeriy Vyatkin

University of Auckland

Mário de Sousa

University of Porto

Alois Zoitl

Vienna University

of Tec

hnology

55-2 Industrial Communication Systems

capturing.and.hiding.platform-dependent.functions.of.devices..Each.FB.has.a.set.of.input.and.output.

var

iables.

. e.inp

.var

iables

.are.rea

.by.the.int

ernal

.alg

orithm

.whe

.it.is.exe

cuted,

.whi

.the.res

ults

fro

.th

.al

gorithm

.ar

.wr

itten

.to.th

.ou

tputs.

. use. of. FBs. mak

. the. con

trol

. dev

ice

. ope

nly

. pro

grammable

. and. easi

. rec

ongurable.

. IEC.

614

99-compliant

.dev

ices

.can.easi

.int

erface

.eac

.ano

ther,

.thu

.pro

viding

.for.sea

mless

.dis

tribution

.of.

di

erent

.tas

.acr

oss

.di

erent

.dev

ices.

.Use

.may.cre

ate

.the

.own.pro

gram

.usin

.sta

ndard

.FB.typ

es.

.the.IEC.614

.arc

hitecture

.ena

bles

.enc

apsulation,

.por

tability,

.int

eroperability,

.and.con

gurabil-

ity.

.Por

tability

.mea

.tha

.so

ware

.tool

.and.har

dware

.dev

ices

.can.acc

ept

.and.cor

rectly

.int

erpret

.so

ware

.com

ponents

.and.sys

tem

.con

gurations

.pro

duced

.by.oth

.so

ware

.tool

.With.int

eroperability,

har

dware

.dev

ices

.can.ope

rate

.toge

ther

.to.per

form

.the.coo

perative

.fun

ctions

.spe

cied

.by.one.or.mor

dis

tributed

.app

lications.

.With.con

gurability,

.dev

ices

.and.the

.so

ware

.com

ponents

.can.be.con

g-

ured

.(s

elected,

.as

signed

.lo

cations,

.in

terconnected,

.an

.pa

rameterized)

.by.mu

ltiple

.so

ware

.too

ls.

Being

.an.arch

itecture

.for.dis

tributed

.sys

tems,

.IEC.614

.nee

.to.add

ress

.the.iss

.of.com

mu-

nication

.bet

ween

.dis

tributed

.dev

ices.

.It.nee

.to.be.men

tioned

.tha

.par

ticular

.net

working

.mec

ha-

nisms,

.suc

.as.prot

ocols

.and.mid

dleware,

.are.bey

ond

.the.sta

ndard’s

.sco

pe.

.Int

erfaces

.to.par

ticular

net

working

.mec

hanisms

.can.be.imp

lemented

.in.IEC.614

.by.com

munication

.int

erface

.fun

ction

blo

cks

.(CI

FBs).

 ere

.is.a.sma

.but.gro

wing

.tool

set

.for.FB.desi

gn.

. e.Fun

ction

.Blo

.Dev

elopment

.Kit.(FB

DK)

.[2].

rem

ains

.the.mos

.wid

ely

.use

.bec

ause

.it.is.the.old

est

.and.is.fre

.for.edu

cational

.use

. e.new.ver

sion

of.the.ISaGRAF.industrial.control.design.soware.with.support.for.IEC.61499.FBs.is.described.in.[3,4]..

 e.nxt

Control

.tool.[5].is.ano

ther

.exa

mple

.of.a.pro

fessionally

.dev

eloped

.desi

.env

ironment

.tha

.can.

gen

erate

.cod

.for.a.ran

.of.BEC

KHOFF

.and.WAG

.con

trol

.dev

ices.

.A.numb

.of.dev

elopments

.at.

aca

demic

.and.res

earch

.org

anizations

.can.be.rep

resented

.by.COR

.[6].and.the.ope

n-source

.pro

jects

4DI

.ID

.[7

]

.an

.FB

ench

.[8

,9].

.ord

.for.FBs.to.beco

.exec

utable

.on.a.vari

ety

.of.har

dware,

.har

dware

.ven

dors

.mus

.pro

vide

.sup

port

for.the.sta

ndard.

. e.opt

ions

.rem

ain

.lim

ited,

.but.are.on.the.inc

rease.

. er

.are.cur

rently

.seve

ral

.opt

ions

for.exec

uting

.FBs..Fir

st,

.any.pla

tform

.tha

.can.exec

ute

.sta

ndard

.Java.byt

.cod

.can.run.the.FBRT.tha

.is.a.

par

.of.FBDK

. is.inc

ludes

.des

ktop

.com

puters

.run

ning

.any.maj

.ope

rating

.sys

tem.

.Emb

edded

.exec

tion

.opt

ion

.inc

ludes

.the.Els

ist

.Net

master

.II,.whi

.run

.a.cut

-down

.ver

sion

.of.Java.sta

ndard

.edit

ion

.(J2

SE).

Tai

.Con

trol

.Sys

tems

.MO’

Intelligence

.uni

.run.Java.mic

.edit

ion

.(J2

ME)

.and.are.sup

plied

.wit

.a.por

.of.

the.FB.run

-time

.and.ven

dor-supplied

.serv

ice

.int

erface

.FBs.for.har

dware

.acce

ss.

. ese.uni

.are.avai

lable

in.seve

ral

.for

mats

.wit

.sup

port

.for.Dev

iceNet

.and.an.int

egrated

.mot

.dri

.opt

ion.

.4DI

.con

sortium

.has.dev

eloped

.an.ope

n-source

.run

-time

.for.FB.exe

cution

.FOR

.[10

.It.has.

bee

.por

ted

.to.a.var

iety

.of.har

dware

.pla

tforms

.and.was.cho

sen

.by.nxt

Control

.as.a.pri

mary

.run

-time

tar

get.

.FB.com

piler

.bas

.on.syn

chronous

.sem

antics

.is.rep

orted

.in.[11

.Oth

.aca

demic

.dev

elopments

inc

lude

.Jav

a-based

.FUB

.run

-time

.[12

.rea

l-time

.Jav

.[13

.and.Lin

.[14

]-based

.run

-times,

.as.wel

.as.

the.Ja

va-based

.ru

n-time

.im

plementing

.th

.cy

clic

.ex

ecution

.mo

del

.[1

5].

.cha

pter

.pro

vides

.an.int

roduction

.to.IEC.614

.and.esp

ecially

.to.its.com

munication-related

.fea

tures

.by.dis

cussing

.an.exa

mple

.of.a.simp

.dis

tributed

.con

trol

.sys

tem.

.For.a.mor

.fun

damental

.int

ro-

duction

.to.IE

.61

499,

.th

.re

ader

.is.re

ferred

.to.[1

6,17]

.an

.fo

.im

plementation

.id

eas

.to.[1

8].

.cha

pter

.is.str

uctured

.as.fol

lows.

.Fir

st,

.the.exa

mple

.is.int

roduced.

. en.imp

lementation

.of.its.con

trol

.in.ter

.of.IEC.614

.FB.app

lication

.is.pre

sented

.and.dis

cussed.

. is.all

ows

.to.see.the.simu

lation

cap

ability

.of.IEC.614

.as.wel

.Nex

.the.two

-stage

.desi

.con

cept

.of.IEC.614

.is.pre

sented

.fol

lowed

by.a.det

ailed

.des

cription

.of.abs

tract

.com

munication

.mod

els

.of.IEC.614

99.

. en.the.exa

mple

.is.ext

ended

fun

ctionally.

.Als

.the.har

dware

.arc

hitecture

.is.cha

nged

.to.a.dis

tributed

.one

.whe

.the.con

nectivity

.is.

pro

vided

.by.two.di

erent

.typ

.of.net

works.

.Exp

licit

.com

munication

.FBs.are.add

.to.the.app

lication.

 e.und

erlying

.mec

hanisms

.for.imp

lementation

.of.tho

.FBs.usin

.ser

vices

.of.Mod

bus

.and.con

trol

and.inf

ormation

.pro

tocol

.(CI

.pro

tocols

.are.des

cribed

.in.det

ail.

. es

.are.fol

lowed

.by.a.dis

cussion

.on.

the.imp

act

.of.com

munication

.sem

antics

.on.the.dis

tributed

.app

lication

.beh

avior

.and.fai

lure

.mod

els

.for.

dis

tributed

.ap

plications.

. e.ch

apter

.is.co

ncluded

.wi

.a.su

mmary

.an

.a.li

.of.re

ferences.

Communication Aspects of IEC 61499 Architecture 55-3

55.2 Illustrative Example

We.illustrate.the.ideas.and.problems.of.IEC.61499.using.an.example.of.an.imaginary.system.that,.never-

theless,

.rep

resents

.man

.pro

perties

.of.rea

.dis

tributed

.mea

surement

.and.con

trol

.sys

tems.

Let

.us.imag

ine

.that.our.comp

any

.is.prod

ucing

.a.kind.of.prog

rammable

.runn

ing

.ligh

.syst

.as.

show

.in.Figu

.55.1

.le.side.. e.syst

.consi

sts

.of.four.lamp

.blin

king

.acco

rding

.to.a.requ

ired

.mode.

of.oper

ation.

. e.oper

ation

.mode

.incl

ude

.“bli

.all.lamp

.toget

her”

.or.“cha

.the.ligh

.to.the.le.or.to.

the.righ

t,”

.and.so.on.. e.lamp

.are.“con

trolled”

.by.a.cont

roller

.box.with.four.outp

.cont

rol

.signa

ls,

each.of.whic

.is.conn

ected

.to.a.lamp.and.serv

.as.a.swit

ch,

.turn

ing

.the.lamp.on.and.o.. e.cont

rol

pane

.of.the.syst

.consi

sts

.of.a.star

t/stop

.swit

.and.a.sele

ctor

.knob.havi

.thre

.xed.posit

ions

.(fro

0.to.2).corr

esponding

.to.thre

.pre-

programmed

.mode

.of.oper

ation.

.It.coul

.also.incl

ude

.a.pote

ntiom-

eter

.knob.givi

.a.cont

inuous

.rang

.of.valu

.from.0.to.32,76

.to.set.the.freq

uency

.of.blin

king

.(tim

inte

rval

.in.mill

iseconds

.betw

een

.two.cons

ecutive

.ash

es).

.As.seen.from.Figu

.55.1

.all.the.inpu

t/output

devi

ces

.are.wir

.to.the.int

erface

.mod

ules

.of.the.con

troller

.box

Now,

.let.us.imag

ine

.that.the.R&D.divi

sion

.of.our.comp

any

.is.work

ing

.on.the.new.gene

ration

.of.this.

syst

em,

.with.the.main.inno

vation

.bein

.exi

bility.

.As.also.show

.in.Figu

.55.1

.it.is.plan

ned

.to.exte

the.ligh

.sect

ion

.on.custo

mer’s

.dema

.with.mult

iple

.4-LE

.sect

ions

.and.allo

.them.to.be.physi

cally

dist

ributed

.alon

.larg

.area

.Freq

uency

.of.blin

king

.may.be.disp

layed

.using.the.nume

ric

.disp

lay.

. e.

inpu

.part.of.the.syst

.can.be.exte

nded

.by.the.butto

.incr

easing

.or.decr

easing

.the.blin

king

.freq

uency.

 ese.butto

.can.be.plac

.anyw

here,

.say.near.the.4-LE

.sect

ions,

.and.pres

sing

.them.shal

.have.glob

eec

.on.the.freq

uency

.of.blin

king

.acro

.the.whol

.syst

em.

.Possi

ble

.exte

nsions

.can.also.incl

ude

.oper

at-

ing

.the.system.via.a.portable.device.or.cellular.phone.

Obviously,

.in.this.case

.the.dire

.conn

ection

.of.all.the.peri

pherals

.to.the.cont

roller

.may.requ

ire

.a.lot.of.

wire

. e.use.of.a.netw

ork

.bus.inst

ead

.of.dire

.wire

.allo

.savi

.on.wiri

.as.illu

strated

.in.Figu

.55.2..In.

such.a.con

guration,

.new.peri

pheral

.devi

ces

.can.be.easi

.plug

ged

.into.the.syst

em.

.Howe

ver,

.the.hard

ware

requ

ires

.some.modi

cations:

.the.cont

roller

.and.peri

pherals

.need.to.be.equi

pped

.with.netw

ork

.inte

rfaces.

.ques

tion

.is.how.to.orga

nize

.the.cont

rol

.logi

.in.such.a.way.as.to.allo

.the.same.easy.mani

pulation

with.func

tions

.with

.the.cont

rol

.prog

ram.

.In.the.foll

owing,

.we.show.how.that.can.be.achi

eved

.in.the.

IEC.614

.arc

hitecture.

.func

tionality

.of.our.syst

.(simp

lest

.init

ial

.versi

on)

.is.prog

rammed

.in.Figu

.55.2.as.an.IEC.

6149

.appl

ication,

.with.the.corr

espondence

.show

.betw

een

.peri

pheral

.devi

ces

.and.FBs..As.can.be.seen.

from.Figu

.55.2

.FBs.are.repr

esented

.as.stra

nge

.shap

.with.a.head.and.a.body.havi

.inpu

.(on.the.

le).and.outp

uts

.(on.the.righ

t).

. e.bloc

.are.conn

ected

.to.one.anot

her

.using.conn

ection

.arcs

. us,.the.

FB.diag

ram

.den

.not.only.the.data.ow.betw

een

.the.bloc

ks,

.but.also.the.cont

rol

.ow..To.indi

cate

.that.

all.peri

pheral

.devi

ces

.are.physi

cally

.conn

ected

.to.the.cont

rol

.unit

.we.have.used.the.singl

.bus.arch

itec-

ture,

.but.at.thi

.sta

.the.det

ails

.of.thi

.phy

sical

.net

work

.con

nection

.are.not.imp

ortant.

.inpu

.and.outp

uts

.loca

ted

.at.the.bloc

k’s

.head.are.call

.even

.inpu

.and.outp

uts.

.When.an.even

output.is.connected.to.the.event.input.of.some.other.block,.the.event.emitted.on.the.output.side.activates.

exec

ution

.of.the.reci

pient

.FB.. us,.the.cont

rol

.logi

.of.the.appl

ication

.is.dete

rmined

.by.that.of.each.FB.

and.by.eve

.con

nections

.bet

ween

.the.blo

cks.

.rol

.of.cor

.FBs.in.our.exa

mple

.are.as.fol

lows:

RUNSTOP

. .Impl

ements

.inte

rfacing

.with.the.star

t/stop

.swit

ch.

.Upon.ever

.swit

ching

.gene

rates

.an.

even

.at.the.IND.out

put.

. e.swi

tch

.sta

tus

.is.del

ivered

.via.the.OUT.log

.out

put

. .Inte

rface

.to.the.time

-setting

.knob

. e.init

ial

.posit

ion

.of.the.knob.is.set.to.250.ms..Upon.

any.chan

.of.the.knob

’s

.posit

ion

.emit

.even

.via.the.IND.outp

ut.

. e.curr

ent

.valu

.is.

available.via.the.OUT.data.output

MODE

. .Inte

rface

.to.the.mode

-setting

.swit

ch.

.Any.chan

.of.the.swit

ch’s

.posit

ion

.resu

lts

.in.the.

IND.eve

nt.

. e.cur

rent

.sta

tus

.is.ava

ilable

.as.a.0,.1,.or.2.numb

.at.the.I.dat

.out

put

55-4 Industrial Communication Systems

START

STOP

MODE

ALL

CHS_UP

CHS_DOWN

0..1

LED3

CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-log

Old system

LED2 LED1 LED0

LED0LED1

Extensions

LED2LED3

0, 1, 2

0..32767

TIME

FIGURE 55.1 Programmable.running.lights.system.and.its.potential.extensions.

Communication Aspects of IEC 61499 Architecture 55-5

LOGIC. . is.block.contains.the.control.logic.of.the.system..Given.the.current.operation.mode.(as.

a.number.at.the.MODE.data.input),.it.produces.a.new.combination.of.four.values.at.the.

LED0.….LED3.data.outputs.upon.the.input.event.REQ

LEDS

. .Interface.to.the.LEDs..Upon.receiving.the.REQ.input.event.refreshes.the.LEDs.with.the.

values.of.the.LED0.….LED3.data.inputs

Besides,

.there.are.three.more.service.FBs:

START

. .Emits.an.event.at.its.COLD.event.output.upon.physical.restart.of.the.device.executing.

this.application

RS_GATE

. .Trigger,.emitting.events.corresponding.to.START.and.STOP.commands.of.the.start/stop.

switch

PERIODIC

. .Upon.activation.by.the.start.event.generates.events.periodically.with.the.frequency.deter-

mined

.by.its.DT.data.input..In.our.application,.this.event.is.connected.to.the.LOGIC.FB.

causing.the.next.lights.pattern.generation

.IEC.61499.FBs.are.great.for.fast.prototyping.and.simulation.. us,.in.order.to.test.the.control.

logic,.the.developer.can.substitute.interfaces.to.physical.peripherals.by.instances.of.FB.types.that.emulate.

those.peripherals.using.human–machine.interface.elements,.as.illustrated.in.Figure.55.3..As.long.as.

the.interfaces.of.two.FB.types.are.the.same,.this.operation.is.very.simple.and.preserves.the.structure.of.

interblock.connections.

 us,

.the.RUNSTOP.FB.is.now.implemented.using.the.RADIO_BOOL.FB.type.that.creates.and.

listens.to.the.radio.button.element.with.two.values:.RUN.and.STOP..As.a.result.of.the.FB-type.substitu-

tion,

.the.application.logic.can.be.initially.tested.without.having.the.peripherals.connected.. e.reverse.

substitution.will.produce.the.fully.deployable.application.

Controller

COLD INITO

CNF

IND

EO0

EO1

LABEL1

LABEL0

OUT

WARM

STOP

“RUN”

INIT

REQ

INIT INITO

REQ

START

STOP

E_CYCLE

LOGIC

LEDS

LEDS4

LIGHTS

MODE

SWITCH3

“ALL, CHASE_UP, CHASE_DOWN”

INIT INITO

CNF

NEW

REQ

MODE

INIT

REQ

LED2

LED1

LED0

LED3

INITO

CNF

INIT INITO

IND

OUT

CHOICES

REQ

LED3

LED2

LED1

LED0

BITN

LED3

ALL

CHS_UP

CHS_DOWN

LED2 LED1 LED0

IND

KNOB

QI QO

OUT

TYPE

“TIME”

t#250ms

IVAL

“STOP”

E_RESTART

E_SWITCH

START

RUNSTOP

RS_GATE

PERIODIC

SWITCH2

START STOP

TIME

MODE

FIGURE 55.2 FB.diagram.shows.the.distribution.of. functionalities.between.blocks. and.event.and. data.ow.

between.them.

55-6 Industrial Communication Systems

START

COLD

WARM

STOP

“RUN”

INIT

REQ

LABEL1

INIT

REQ

OUT

“FLASH_ALL, CHASE_UP, CHASE_DOWN”

IVAL

IND

INITO

PERIODIC

START

STOP

INIT

INITO

IND

REQ

CHOICES OUT

E_CYCLE

LOGIC

LEDS

INIT

NEW

REQ

MODE

LED3 LED3

LED2

LED1

LED0

LED2

LED1

LED0

BITN

INITO

CNF

CNFCR

LIGHTS

LED_HMI

MODE

IN_CHOICE

IN_ANY

LABEL0

EO0

EO1

OUT

INITO

CNF

IND

RADIO_BOOL

E_SWITCH

RS_GATE

LED3 LED2 LED1

LED0

RUNSTOP

FLASHER

RUN

STOP

FLASH_ALL

t#250ms

Restart

“STOP”

“TIME”

TYPE

t#250ms

E_RESTART

FIGURE 55.3 Simulation.application.with.interfaces.to.physical.peripherals.substituted.by.human–machine.interface.elements.