Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

LonWorks 41-5

in.LonWorks..In.p-persistent.CSMA,.the.bus.is.checked.for.activity.before.the.frame.is.transmitted..

As.it.bec

omes

.idl

.the.sen

der

.can.sta

.to.tra

nsmit

.its.fra

mes.

.To.avo

.col

lisions,

.the

.are.n.tim

.slo

ts,

fro

.whi

.eac

.sen

der

.cho

oses

.one.wit

.a.pro

bability

.of.p.=.1/n..In.Lon

Talk,

.the.def

ault

.val

.of.n.is.

16..Eac

.sen

der

.wil

.sta

.to.tra

nsmit

.its.fra

.in.its.cho

sen

.tim

.slo

.as.lon

.as.the.bus.is.idl

. us

.the.

sen

der

.who.tak

.the.ear

liest

.tim

.slo

.wil

.tra

nsmit

.its.fra

.and.all.oth

ers

.hav

.to.wai

.for.the.nex

.idl

pha

se.

.Col

lisions

.can.onl

.occ

.whe

.two.or.mor

.sen

ders

.hav

.cho

sen

.the.sam

.tim

.slo

.To.low

.the.

pro

bability

.of.col

lisions,

.the.numb

.of.tim

.slo

.n.is.pre

dictively

.inc

reased

.in.int

ervals

.of.16.acc

ording

to.th

.es

timated

.ch

annel

.ba

cklog,

.wh

ich

.is.th

.es

timated

.nu

mber

.of.re

turn

.me

ssages.

Optionally,

.the.rs

.tim

.slo

.can.be.rese

rved

.for.pri

ority

.mes

sages.

. e.num

ber

.of.pri

ority

.tim

.slo

is.spec

ied

.in.eac

.nod

.and.sho

uld

.be.the.sam

.for.all.nod

.on.a.cha

nnel

.to.pre

vent

.col

lisions

.wit

.non

priority

.slo

ts.

.Eac

.nod

.whi

.wan

.to.send.pri

ority

.mes

sages,

.get

.its.dedi

cated

.pri

ority

.slo

.who

numb

.is.con

gured

.in.the.nod

.So.whe

.priority.slots.are.reserved,.n

.nodes.can.send.priority.

mes

sages.

. e.rem

aining

.tim

.slo

.are.used.for.non

-priority

.fra

mes

.as.men

tioned

.abo

ve.

.So,.pri

ority

.mes

sages

.alw

ays

.sup

press

.the.oth

.mes

sages,

.whi

.can.the

oretically

.res

ult

.in.sta

rvation

.of.the.non

-priority

fra

mes.

.But.thi

.wou

.req

uire

.per

manently

.hig

.net

work

.tra

c,

.whi

.is.aty

pical

.for.a.wel

l-congured

net

work.

.To.pri

oritize

.the.com

plete

.mes

sage

.tra

nsaction,

.pri

ority

.mes

sages

.are.sent.wit

.a.set.pri

ority

.bit.

in.the.fra

me.

. is.sig

nals

.rou

ters

.to.for

ward

.mes

sages

.and.rece

ivers

.to.send.the.res

ponses

.pri

oritized,

.too

Optionally,

.the.Neu

ron

.Chi

.sup

ports

.the.pro

cessing

.of.col

lision detections,

.whi

.res

ults

.in.can

cel-

ing

.and.ret

ransmitting

.of.the.fra

me.

.But.the.tra

nsceiver

.has.to.det

ect

.the.col

lision

.and.sign

.it.to.the.

Neu

ron

.Ch

ip,

.wh

ich

.is.no

.su

pported

.by.al

.tr

ansceivers.

.lin

.lay

.has.to.ens

ure

.tha

.fra

mes

.are.tra

nsmitted

.cor

rectly.

. er

efore,

.a.16.bit.cyc

lic

.red

un-

dancy

.che

.(CR

.sum.is.app

ended.

.Add

itionally,

.the.fra

.con

tains

.the.pre

amble,

.the.pri

ority

.bit

the.cha

nge

.of.the.bac

klog,

.and.the.alt

ernate

.pat

.bit

.A.set.alt

ernate

.pat

.bit.is.an.ind

icator

.for.the.tra

ns-

ceiver

.to.sen

.the.fra

.via.an.alt

ernate

.cha

nnel.

. is.inc

reases

.the.rel

iability

.on.unr

eliable

.med

ia,

.suc

as.pow

.lin

.and.rad

.fre

quency.

.By.def

ault,

.the.bit.is.cle

ared,

.but.bas

.on.the.nod

.con

guration,

the.bit.can.be.set.auto

matically

.for.the.las

.two.tra

nsmission

.att

empts.

.For.exa

mple,

.usin

.a.pow

.lin

tra

nsceiver,

.a.set.alt

ernate

.pat

.bit.imp

licates

.tha

.the.mod

ulation

.met

hod

.wil

.be.cha

nged

.and.the.dat

tra

nsfer

.ra

.wi

.be.de

creased

.to.in

crease

.th

.sig

nal

.qu

ality.

41.3.3 Network Layer

 e.network layer.oers.connectionless,.unacknowledged.transmissions.of.packets.within.a.domain..

Fol

lowing

.se

rvices

.ar

.su

pported:

•

. Uni

cast

.des

tination

.of.the.pac

ket

.is.one.sing

.nod

.It.can.be.add

ressed

.by.the.uni

que

.Neu

ron

.ID.or.

by.th

.lo

gical

.ad

dress

.co

nsisting

.of.do

main,

.su

bnet,

.an

.no

.ID

•

. Mul

ticast

.de

stinations

.of.th

.pa

cket

.ar

.a.gr

oup

.of.no

des

.de

ned

.by.it

.gr

oup

.ID

•

. Bro

adcast

.des

tinations

.of.the.pac

ket

.can.be.all.nod

.bel

onging

.to.a.spe

cic

.dom

ain

.or.all.nod

.bel

ong-

ing

.to.a.specic.subnet.

41.3.4 transport and Session Layer

 e.network.layer.does.not.handle.the.repeated.transmission.of.lost.packets.or.the.detection.of.packet.dupli-

cates.

. is.is.don

.by.the.tra

nsport layer

.and.the.sess

ion layer.

. e.tra

nsport

.lay

.oe

.the.fol

lowing

.ser

vices:

•

. Una

cknowledged service

.pac

ket

.is.sen

.exa

ctly

.one.tim

.Sin

.the

.are.no.ack

nowledgments,

.a.los

.of.the.mes

sage

can

not

.be.rec

ognized.

. is.ser

vice

.is.usu

ally

.use

.for.bro

adcasts

.but.can.be.use

.for.uni

cast

.and.

mul

ticast

.pa

ckets

.as.we

ll.

41-6 Industrial Communication Systems

•. Acknowledged service

Each

.des

tination

.nod

.ret

urns

.an.ack

nowledge

.mes

sage

.to.the.sou

rce

.to.con

rm

.the.tra

nsmission.

If.it.is.mis

sing,

.the.tra

nsmission

.wil

.be.rep

eated

.ae

.a.cer

tain

.tim

.per

iod.

.Mis

sing

.ack

nowl-

edges

.fro

.ind

ividual

.gro

.memb

ers

.wil

.be.inq

uired

.by.res

ending

.the.mes

sage

.acc

ompanied

wit

.spe

cial

.rem

inder

.mes

sages.

.Dup

licated

.mes

sages

.are.rec

ognized

.by.a.tra

nsaction

.ID.con

tained

.in.ea

.pa

cket.

. i

.se

rvice

.ca

.be.us

.fo

.un

icast

.an

.mu

lticast

.pa

ckets.

•

. Una

cknowledged repeated service

.ack

nowledge

.mes

sages

.sho

uld

.be.avo

ided,

.esp

ecially

.gro

.mes

sages

.can.cre

ate

.man

.of.the

and.add

itionally

.the.pro

bability

.of.unr

ecognized

.mes

sage

.los

ses

.sho

uld

.be.low

ered,

.the.una

knowledged

.rep

eated

.tra

nsmission

.can.be.use

. is. ser

vice

.wil

.sen

.the. mes

sage

.con

secu-

tively

.sev

eral

.tim

es.

. e.numb

.of.rep

etitions

.is.con

gured

.by.a.ret

.cou

.pro

perty.

.As.in.

the.ack

nowledged

.ser

vice,

.tra

nsaction

.IDs.avo

.the.dup

licate

.pro

cessing

.of.mes

sages.

.Als

.thi

ser

vice

.ca

.be.us

.fo

.un

icast

.an

.mu

lticast

.pa

ckets.

.ses

sion

.lay

.oe

.a.req

uest/response service.

. is.ser

vice

.is.use

.to.exe

cute

.act

ions,

.whi

.ret

urn

dat

.to.the.sen

der,

.suc

.as.mos

.of.the.net

work

.man

agement

.mes

sages.

. is.dat

.con

tained

.in.the.

res

ponse

.pac

ket,

.con

sists

.of.a.suc

cess

.or.fai

.cod

.and.the.req

uested

.dat

.Lik

.in.ack

nowledged

.ser

vice,

req

uests

.wil

.be.rep

eated

.if.the.res

ponse

.was.not.rec

eived

.for.a.cer

tain

.tim

. is.req

uest/response

.ser

vice

.is.us

.al

ternatively

.to.th

.se

rvices

.of.th

.tr

ansport

.la

yer.

.avo

.una

uthorized

.exe

cution

.of.com

mands

.and.req

uests,

.the.aut

hentication service

.can.be.

use

.in.add

ition

.to.the.ack

nowledged

.and.req

uest/response

.ser

vice.

. e.aut

hentication

.ser

vice

.use

a.cha

llenge–response authentication method

.to.tes

.the.aut

horization

.of.the.sen

der.

. er

efore,

.eac

Lon

Works

.nod

.in.the.net

work

.has.the.sam

.sha

red

.sec

ret

.key

.set.in.the.con

guration

.pha

.dur

ing

the.ass

ignment

.of.the.nod

e’s

.log

ical

.add

ress

.(do

main,

.sub

net,

.and.nod

.ID)

.Ae

.rec

eiving

.a.mes

sage,

.the.rec

eiver

.tra

nsmits

.a.ran

dom

.num

ber

.(th

.cha

llenge)

.to.the.ini

tial

.sen

der,

.who.enc

rypts

.it.

wit

.his.sec

ret

.key.and.sen

.it.bac

.(th

.res

ponse).

. e.rec

eiver

.com

pares

.the.ret

urned

.val

.wit

.the.

val

.he.has.cal

culated

.loc

ally.

.If.the

.mat

ch,

.the.aut

horization

.is.con

rmed

.and.the.ini

tially

.rec

eived

com

mand

.or.req

uest

.is.exe

cuted.

.Lon

Works,

.a.48.bit.sec

ret

.key.is.use

.to.enc

rypt

.a.64.bit.ran

dom

.numb

.res

ulting

.in.a.64.bit.

encrypted. value.. Since. the. encryption.algorithm. is. not. published,. its. quality. cannot. be. evaluated..

Mor

eover,

.a.48.bit.key.is.not.str

ong

.eno

ugh

.for.bru

.for

.att

acks

.on.hig

h-bandwidth

.cha

nnels.

.Ano

ther

wea

kness

.is.the.dis

tribution

.of.the.sha

red

.sec

ret

.key

.whi

.has.to.be.sen

.in.une

ncrypted

.net

work

.man

agement

.me

ssages

.ov

.th

.un

secure

.bu

Authentication

.can.be.use

.for.all.net

work

.man

agement

.tra

nsactions

.and.can.be.act

ivated

.for.eac

net

work

.va

riable

.co

nnection,

.too

41.3.5 application and Presentation Layer

 e.application and presentation layers.form.a.unit.in.LonWorks.. ey.oer.services.to.support.the.

app

lication

.on.the

.one.han

.and.to.exec

ute

.net

work

.man

agement

.and.dia

gnostic

.fun

ctions,

.on.the.oth

han

. ese.serv

ices

.and.fun

ctions

.are

•

. Net

work variable propagation

Network

.var

iables

.are.basi

.com

munication

.obje

cts,

.whi

.de

.the.log

ical

.dat

apoints

.of.the.

app

lication.

.Inp

ut network variables

.rec

eive

.val

ues

.fro

.the.net

work

.and.out

put network variables

sen

.val

ues

.to.the.net

work.

. e.con

nections

.bet

ween

.out

put

.and.inp

.var

iables

.are.rea

lized

.by.

bin

dings,

.whi

.are.con

gured

.by.set

ting

.spe

cial

.tab

.ent

ries

.in.the.sou

rce

.nod

.via.a.sys

tem

int

egration

.tool

.Whe

never

.the.val

.of.an.out

put

.net

work

.var

iable

.is.cha

nged,

.the

.tab

.ent

ries

are.used.for.sending.a.network.variable.propagation.message.to.those.nodes,.which.contain.the.

bou

.inp

.var

iables.

.Acc

ording

.to.the

.mes

sages,

.the.bou

.nod

.upd

ate

.the.val

ues

.of.the

inp

.va

riables.

LonWorks 41-7

•. Network management and diagnostic messages

 ese

.mess

ages

.are.used.for.the.node.con

guration,

.incl

uding

.the.sett

ing

.of.the.logi

cal

.addr

esses

(dom

ain,

.subn

et,

.node.ID),.writ

ing

.to.EEPR

.(for.appl

ication

.load

ing),

.and.sett

ing

.of.bind

ings.

Rout

.con

guration

.mes

sages

.bel

ong

.to.thi

.gro

up,

.too.

•

. Gene

ric message passing

Applications

.can.crea

.and.send.any.mess

ages,

.incl

uding

.the.abov

e-specied

.ones

.With.the.help.

of.app

lication-specic

.mes

sage

.cod

es,

.own.app

lication-specic

.pro

tocols

.can.be.imp

lemented.

41.4 the application Layer Programming Model

User.applications.for.Neuron.Chips.are.programmed.in.Neuron C,.an.extended.ANSI.C.dialect..Since.

applications.are.event.based,.Neuron.C.contains.a.construct.called.task,.which.is.called.whenever.an.event.

has.occurred.or.a.condition.is.fullled.. e.event.or.condition.is.dened.by.a.when.clause..Events.are,.

for.example,.changes.of.network.variable.inputs.(nv _ u

pdate _ occurs),

.the.expiration.of.timers.

(timer _ e

xpires),

.the.changing.of.I/O.pins.(io _ c

hanges),

.or.the.reset.event,.which.is.called.

aer.a.reset.. e.following.listing.shows.a.simple.application.in.Neuron.C,.which.controls.the.state.of.a.

LED.using.a.network.variable.

net

work input SNVT _ switch nviSwitch;

IO _ 0 output bit ledOutput; // specifies LED output

#define LED _ ON 1

#define LED _ OFF 0

when (reset)

{

io _ o

ut(ledOutput, LED _ OFF);

}

when (nv _ update _ occurs(nviSwitch)

)

{

. // set L

ED according to NV value

. if (nv

iSwitch.state == 1)

. io _ o

ut(ledOutput, LED _ ON);

else

. io _ o

ut(ledOutput, LED _ OFF);

}

.rst. two.line

.decl

are

.an.inpu

.netw

ork

.vari

able

.name

.nviS

witch

.and.an. outp

.bit.objec

using.I/O.pin.0..Aer.that

.two.task

.are.den

.by.when.clau

ses.

. e.rst.one.is.call

.aer.the.rese

of.the.node.and.sets.the.outp

.pin.to.a.den

.stat

.(LED.o).. e.seco

.task.is.call

.when.the.

abov

e-declared

.netw

ork

.vari

able

.is.chan

ged

.exte

rnally.

.Sinc

.nviS

witch

.has.the.stru

ctured

.type.

SNVT

_ switch,

.the.conc

rete

.swit

.stat

.is.take

.by.the.appr

opriate

.stru

cture

.membe

.Acco

rding

.to.

the.sta

.val

ue,

.the.LED.is.swi

tched

.on.or.o.

.show

.in.the.exam

ple,

.spec

ial

.dire

ctives

.decl

are

.netw

ork

.vari

ables

.and.I/O.objec

ts.

.Furt

her

.dire

tives

.are.use

.for.con

guration

.par

ameters,

.fun

ction

.obje

cts,

.and.oth

.nod

e-specic

.pro

perties.

.inte

rface

.betw

een

.the.Neur

.C.prog

ram

.and.the.appl

ication

.laye

.of.the.Neur

.Chip.is.oer

as.a.set.of.libr

ary

.func

tions.

.Impo

rtant

.func

tions

.are.impl

emented

.dire

ctly

.in.the.rmw

are.

.For.exam

ple,

.ther

.are.func

tions

.to.proc

ess

.appl

ication-specic

.mess

ages,

.for.the.netw

ork

.mana

gement

.of.the.

node.itself,.and.for.accessing.the.I/O.objects..Other.little-used.functions,.like.oating.point.arithmetic.

func

tions,

.are.lin

ked

.to.the.app

lication

.ima

.by.the.Neu

ron

.C.lin

ker,

.if.req

uired.

.runn

ing

.the.Neuro

.C.comp

iler,

.two.kind

.of.les.are.crea

ted:

.Firs

.appl

ication images

.cont

ain

the.comp

iled

.code

.whic

.is.load

.to.the.node.late

.and.seco

nd,

.the.asso

ciated

.exte

rnal interface

41-8 Industrial Communication Systems

les.(XIF).dene.the.logical.interface.of.the.node.that.means.the.function.blocks.and.their.network.

vari

ables

.and.con

guration

.prop

erties.

. ese.inte

rface

.les.are.used.late

.by.syst

.inte

gration

.tool

for.con

guration

.and.netw

ork

.vari

able

.bind

ing.

Since

.the.Neur

.Chip.does.not.supp

ort

.inte

rrupts,

.the.even

.and.cond

itions

.of.the.task

.have.to.

be.chec

ked

.peri

odically

.by.a.sche

duler.

. e.sequ

ence

.of.chec

.depe

nds

.on.the.prio

rity

.of.the.task

.In.

each.sche

duler

.loop

.all.prio

rity

.task

.are.chec

ked

.rst

.If.none.of.thes

.has.to.be.proc

essed,

.one.of.the.

non-

priority

.task

.will.be.chec

ked

.and.proc

essed

.if.nece

ssary.

. e.othe

.rema

ining

.non-

priority

.task

are.chec

ked

.at.the.end.of.the.next.loop

.one.in.each.loop..The.sche

duler

.jump

.to.the.head.of.the.

non-

priority

.tas

.lis

.aga

in,

.whe

.the.tai

.is.rea

ched.

41.5 Function Block-Based Design and System Integration

 e.function.block-based.design.and.the.system.integration.shall.be.explained.with.the.example.of.a.

sing

le-room

.sunb

lind

.cont

rol,

.whic

.shou

.real

ize

.an.anti

glare

.func

tionality.

.Such.a.room.cont

rol

typi

cally

.cons

ists

.of.the.foll

owing

.func

tions:

•

. Anti

glare control

.anti

glare

.func

tion

.cont

rols

.the.posi

tion

.of.the.sunb

lind

.and.the.angl

.of.the.sunb

lind’s

.lame

llas

to.prev

ent

.the.glar

ing

.of.perso

ns,

.whic

.are.prese

.in.the.room

.A.meas

urement

.of.the.curr

ent

.glar

is.the.lumi

nance

.leve

.in.the.room

.As.soon.as.the.lumi

nance

.exce

eds

.a.cert

ain

.thre

shold,

.the.sun-

linds

.will.move.down..If.ther

.is.nobo

.in.the.room

.the.anti

glare

.func

tion

.will.be.swit

ched

.o.

•

. Sunb

lind actuator

.sunblind.actuator.drives.the.motor.of.the.sunblind..It.receives.the.actuating.values.from.the.

anti

glare

.con

trol

.fun

ction.

•

. Lumi

nance sensor

.lum

inance

.sen

sor

.mea

sures

.the.cur

rent

.lum

inance

.lev

.in.the.roo

.in.lux

•

. Occu

pancy sensor

.occu

pancy

.sens

.dete

cts

.whet

her

.a.pers

.is.with

.the.room.or.not..Base

.on.this.info

rma-

tion,

.it.act

ivates

.or.dea

ctivates

.the.ant

iglare

.con

troller.

•

. Manu

al control

.posit

ion

.of.the.sunb

lind

.can.be.set.manu

ally

.using.a.sunb

lind

.swit

ch,

.whic

.over

rides

.the.

anti

glare

.cont

rol.

.Addi

tionally,

.the.buil

ding

.mana

gement

.syst

.can.over

ride

.the.posit

ion,

.for.

exam

ple,

.in.the.nig

.or.in.cas

.of.re

.den

.abov

.netw

ork

.vari

ables

.are.basi

.comm

unication

.obje

cts

.to.exch

ange

.valu

.over.the.net-

ork.

.To.sepa

rate

.spec

ic

.auto

mation

.func

tions

.and.thei

.rela

ted

.netw

ork

.vari

ables

.with

.a.node

.the.

appl

ication

.of.a.node.is.subd

ivided

.into.funct

ional blocks

.[11]

.Figu

.41.4.show

.the.func

tional

.bloc

.of.

the.sunb

lind

.cont

roller,

.whic

.real

izes

.the.anti

glare

.func

tionality

.and,.boun

.to.this,.the.othe

.need

func

tional

.blo

cks.

. es

.are.the.sun

blind

.swi

tch

.for.the.man

ual

.con

trol,

.the.lig

.sen

sor

.for.mea

suring

.the.

lumi

nance,

.the.occu

pancy

.sens

.for.the.pres

ence

.dete

ction,

.and.the.sunb

lind

.actu

ator,

.whic

.driv

.the.

sunb

lind.

.Func

tional

.bloc

.den

.an.inte

rface,

.whic

.cons

ists

.of.inpu

.(nvi…).and.outp

.(nvo…).net-

ork

.vari

ables

.and.con

guration

.prop

erties.

.Con

guration

.prop

erties

.can.be.impl

emented

.as.con

guration

network variables

.or.as.prop

erties

.in.con

guration les.

.Con

guration

.netw

ork

.vari

ables

.(nci…).can.be.

alte

red

.by.othe

.LonW

orks

.devi

ces

.using.stan

dard

.netw

ork

.vari

able

.prop

agation,

.but.thei

.size.and.coun

.is.

limi

ted.

.Prop

erties

.in.con

guration

.les.have.no.such.limi

tations,

.but.they.can.only.be.set.by.netw

ork

.tool

Bindings

.are.not.rest

ricted

.to.one-

to-one

.inte

rconnections.

. ey.are.allo

wed

.to.be.of.kind.one-

to-n

and.n-to-

one,

.too..One-

to-n

.bind

ings

.are.used.if.more.than.one.inpu

.vari

able

.need

.the.valu

.of.one.

outp

.vari

able.

.N-to-

one

.bind

ings,

.howe

ver,

.can.be.prob

lematical

.sinc

.the.inpu

.vari

able

.rece

ives

valu

.fro

.di

erent

.out

puts,

.whi

.can.ove

rwrite

.eac

.oth

.con

currently.

.ensu

.the.inte

roperability

.amon

.the.LonW

orks

.node

.espe

cially

.if.they.are.from.die

rent

.man-

facturers,

.thei

.func

tions

.and.thei

.comm

unication

.inte

rfaces

.have.to.be.stan

dardized.

. ere

fore,

.the.

LonWorks 41-9

Sunblind controller

nviLocalControl

SNVT_setting

nvoSblndSetting

SNVT_setting

nviScene

SNVT_scene

nvoCmdCause

SNVT_scene

nviSblndSettingFb

SNVT_setting

nviWindspeed

SNVT_speed

nviSunLux

SNVT_lux

nviOccSensor

SNVT_occupancy

Sunblind switch

nvoSblndSwitch

SNVT_setting

Sunblind actuator

nviSetpointPos

SNVT_setting

nvoSetpointFb

SNVT_setting

Occupancy sensor

nvoOccupancy

SNVT_occupancy

Light sensor

nvoLuxLevel

SNVT_lux

FIGURE 41.4 Functional.blocks.implementing.antiglare.control.

41-10 Industrial Communication Systems

LonMark.has.dened.standardized.templates.for.the.implementation.of.such.functional.blocks,.the.so-

called

.sta

ndard

.fun

ctional

.pro

le

.typ

.(SF

PT)

.[12

. ey.de

.man

datory

.and.opti

onal

.net

work

.var

ables

.and.con

guration

.pro

perties.

. e.Lon

Mark

.sta

ndard

.fun

ctional

.pro

le

.for.sun

blind

.con

trollers

is.sho

.as.exc

erpt

.in.Fig

ure

.41.

.It.inc

ludes

.net

work

.var

iables

.for.sev

eral

.fun

ctions,

.suc

.as.ant

iglare

con

trol,

.wea

ther

.pro

tection

.con

trol,

.or.dam

age

.pro

tection

.aga

inst

.col

lisions

.wit

.ope

.win

dows.

. e.

ent

ire

.pro

le

.con

tains

.27.opti

onal

.inp

.var

iables

.and.eig

.opti

onal

.con

guration

.pro

perties

.to.pro

vide

a.tem

plate,

.whi

.mee

.a.gre

.var

iety

.of.sun

blind

.con

troller

.dem

ands.

.Fun

ctional

.blo

cks

.imp

lement-

ing

.a.fun

ctional

.pro

le

.can.als

.add.man

ufacturer-specic

.net

work

.var

iables

.and.con

guration

.par

am-

eters.

.For.ins

tance,

.the.sun

blind

.con

troller

.imp

lementation

.in.Fig

ure

.41.

.has.an.add

itional

.fee

dback

inp

.var

iable,

.whi

.is.bou

.wit

.the.sun

blind

.act

uator.

.Man

ufacturer-specic

.ext

ensions

.inc

rease

the.ex

ibility

.of.the.sta

ndard,

.but.red

uce

.the.int

eroperability.

.Man

ufacturers

.can.de

.the

.own.use

fun

ctional

.pr

ole

.ty

pes

.(U

FPT),

.too

For

.the.com

patibility

.of.the.net

work

.var

iables

.and.the.con

guration

.pro

perties,

.sta

ndard network

variable types

.(SN

VT)

.and.stan

dard conguration property types

.(SC

PT)

.are.spec

ied

.by.the.Lon

Mark

[12]

.Eac

.of.the

.typ

.can.be.a.bas

.or.com

posite

.typ

.Bas

.typ

.are.cha

.shor

.(1.byt

e),

lon

.(2.byt

es),

.qua

.(4.byt

es)

.(ea

.sig

ned

.and.uns

igned),

.flo

.(4.byt

es),

.and.enu

meration

.(enum)..

Sunblind controller #6111

nviLocalControl

SNVT_setting

nvoSblndSetting

SNVT_setting

nviGroupControl

SNVT_setting

nvoSblndState

SNVT_sblnd_state

nviWindspeed

SNVT_speed

nviSunLux

SNVT_lux

nviWindowContact

SNVT_switch

Mandatory network variables

Optional network variables

nviScene

SNVT_scene

Configuration properties

Mandatory

cpMaxSendTime

Optional

cpMaxReceiveTime

cpBypassTime

cpWeaSenFailPos

cpWinConFailPos

nviOccSensor

SNVT_occupancy

FIGURE 41.5 LonMark.Sunblind.Controller.functional.prole.(excerpt).

LonWorks 41-11

Composite.types.are.structures.(struct).and.unions.(union).of.basic.types..Each.SNVT.eld.has.a.scale.

and.an.oset.to.repr

esent

.value

.with.a.resol

ution

.lowe

.than.one..SNVT

_ temp

.has,.for.exam

ple,

.a.scale.

of.0.1.and.an.oset.of.−274

.to.repr

esent

.a.rang

.of.−274

.0°C

.to.6,27

9.5°C

.by.raw.value

.0–65

,535

.(2.byte

s).

Othe

.SNVT

.whic

.are.used.in.the.exam

ple,

.are.descr

ibed

.in.Tabl

.41.1

SCPT

.type

.oen.refe

rence

.SNVT.type

.For.exam

ple,

.SCPT

tempOffset,

.whic

.is.used.as.calib

ra-

tion

.ose

.of.temp

erature

.prob

es,

.refe

rences

.SNVT

_ temp _ diff _ p,

.whic

.desc

ribes

.a.temp

erature

die

rence.

Manufacturers

.can. use.thei

.own.user

-dened network variable

.and.con

guration types

.(UNV

UCPT),

.whic

.can.be.new.type

.or.refe

renced

.SNVT

/SCPTs.

. ese.user.type

.are.alwa

.manu

facturer

spec

ic,

.so.they.are.only.vali

.for.one.manu

facturer.

. ey.addi

tionally

.have.a.scop

.whic

.den

.the.

rang

.of.appl

ication

.of.a.type

. e.rang

.can.be.furt

her

.limi

ted

.to.a.devi

.clas

.usag

.chan

nel

.type

or.an.appl

ication

.itse

lf.

.Syst

.inte

gration

.tools.ensu

.that.only.netw

ork

.vari

ables

.of.the.same.type.

(SNV

.or.UNV

.can.be.bou

nd.

41.6 Network Design tools

Traditionally,.each.assembly.section,.such.as.lighting,.sunblind,.and.HVAC,.has.its.own.designers.and.

syst

.inte

grators.

.Sinc

.LonW

orks

.cove

.all.thes

.asse

mbly

.sect

ions,

.the.bus.can.be.shar

ed.

.If.all.

node

.are.inst

alled

.on.one.shar

.bus.and.the.syst

.inte

grators

.do.not.coor

dinate

.each.othe

.whic

oen.was.the.case

.the.comp

leted

.syst

.will.not.work

.Logi

cal

.addr

esses

.are.used.more.than.once.or.

bind

ings

.will.be.over

written.

.A.solu

tion

.to.this.prob

lem

.is.to.use.a.cent

ral

.data

base,

.wher

.all.asse

mbly

sect

ions

.are.work

ing

.on..On.this.acco

unt,

.Eche

lon

.rele

ased

.LonW

orks

.netw

ork

.serv

ices

.(LNS

)

.in.1996

whic

.is.a.de.facto.stan

dard

.in.the.LonW

orks

.worl

.now.. e.LNS.Serv

.oer

.a.data

base,

.wher

.net-

orks

.can.be.store

.and.an.API,.whic

.prov

ides

.netw

ork

.mana

gement

.meth

ods

.for.addi

.devi

ces

.to.a.

netw

ork,

.bind

ing

.netw

ork

.vari

ables,

.and.sett

ing

.node.and.appl

ication-specic

.con

guration

.prop

erties.

With

.the.rst.rele

ase

.of.the.LNS.data

base,

.Eche

lon

.crea

ted

.the.prer

equisites

.for.the.deve

lopment

.of.

a.wide.rang

.of.LNS-b

ased

.syst

.inte

gration

.tools.for.LonW

orks

.netw

orks.

.Toda

.tools.from.sev-

ral

.manu

facturers

.are.avai

lable

.on.the.mark

et,

.whic

.use.the.LNS.data

base

.as.back

end

.[13]

.Exam

ples

are.the.LonM

aker

.from.Eche

lon

.[14]

.NL.220.and.NL.Faci

lities

.from.Newr

.Syst

.[15]

.Alex.TE.

from.Spega.[16]

.and.the.Netw

ork

.Inte

grator

.from.Circ

.Syst

ems

.[17]

. ey.all.inco

rporate

.most

.all.

LNS.func

tions

.and.enab

.the.desig

.para

meterization,

.comm

issioning,

.and.test.of.open.mult

i-vendor

LonW

orks

.sys

tems.

Besides,

. also. LonW

orks

. syst

. inte

gration

. tool

. exis

.that. are. spec

ialized

. to. devi

ces

. from. a.

spec

ic

.manu

facturer.

. is.limi

tation

.to.a.smal

.numb

.of.devi

ces

.make

.an.easi

er,

.semi

automatic

TABLE 41.1 Denition.of.Standard.Network.Variable.Types.Used.in.the.Example

SNVT Purpose Data.Type Range

SNVT_lux Illumination

.leve

l unsigned

.long 0…65,535

.(raw:.0…65,535)

SNVT_o

ccupancy Occupancy

.sta

te enum

.occu

p_t OC_OCCUPIED,

OC_UNOCCUPIED,…

SNVT_scene Calling

.scenes s

truct of:

enum

.scene_t.fun

ction

unsigned

.sho

scene_n

umber

SC_RECALL,

.SC_LEARN,…

1…255

SNVT_s

etting Setting

.value.

(e.g.,.for.

sunblin

struct of:

enum

.settin

g_t

.func

tion

unsigned

.sho

.sett

ing

signed

.long.rot

ation

SET_DOWN,

.SET_UP

.SET_S

TOP,…

0.0…100.0%

.(raw:.0…200)

−359.98…360.00°.

(raw:−17,999…18,000)

SNV

T_speed Linear

.velo

city unsigned

.long 0…6,553.5.m/s.(raw:.0…65,535)

41-12 Industrial Communication Systems

development.possible.but.fails.for.multi-vendor.LonWorks.systems..Because.of.this.restriction,.only.

the.befo

re-mentioned

.mult

i-vendor

.syst

.inte

gration

.tool

.are.rega

rded

.here

LNS-based

. syst

. inte

gration

. tool

. supp

ort

. two. die

rent

. netw

ork

. inst

allation

. scen

arios.

. In.

the.engi

neered mode,

.the.enti

.netw

ork

.is.desi

gned

.with

out

.comm

issioning

.any.devi

ces

.unti

.the.

desi

.is.comp

lete,

.and.in.the.ad-h

oc mode,

.all.netw

ork

.con

guration

.info

rmation

.is.imme

diately

load

.into.the.devi

ces.

. us,.the.engi

neered

.mode.is.the.only.way.to.desi

.a.netw

ork

.with

out

havi

.acce

.to.the.phys

ical

.devi

ces,

.wher

eas

.the.ad-h

.mode.is.only.poss

ible

.for.onsi

.netw

ork

inst

allations.

With

.the.LNS.data

base

.as.back

end,

.the.die

rent

.syst

.inte

gration

.tools.oer.spec

ic

.user.inte

rfaces.

LonM

aker

.foll

ows

.a.grap

hical

.bloc

k-oriented

.desig

.that.allo

.a.drag

-and-drop–based

.plac

ement

.and.

conn

ection

.of.func

tional

.bloc

.and.devi

ces.

.In.cont

rast,

.NL22

.Alex.TE,.and.Netw

ork

.Inte

grator

.are.

tree

-view

.ori

ented

.and.do.not.sup

port

.gra

phical

.vie

.of.the.log

ical

.net

work.

Despite

.die

rent

.user.inte

rface

.repr

esentations,

.all.ment

ioned

.tools.wide

.supp

ort

.the.same.desig

task

.Typi

cally,

.the.proc

eeding

.star

.with.the.den

ition

.of.a.doma

.and.one.or.more.subn

ets

.and.

chan

nels.

.Devi

ces

.can.be.adde

.to.a.chan

nel

.in.the.next.step

. is.invo

lves

.the.crea

tion

.and.inst

antiation

of.LNS.devi

.temp

lates

.for.each.devi

.type.base

.on.thei

.XIF.les.or.per.down

load

.of.the.devi

ces’

self

-description

.(in.ad-h

.mode.only

. e.devi

.temp

lates

.cont

ain

.esse

ntial

.info

rmation

.for.the.LNS.

data

base

.and.syst

.inte

gration

.tools

. ey.desc

ribe

.vari

ous

.devi

.hard

ware

.crit

eria

.like.tran

sceiver

or.proc

essor

.type

.comm

unication

.sett

ings,

.func

tional

.bloc

ks,

.thei

.inte

rfaces,

.netw

ork

.vari

ables,

.and.

conguration.properties.

Once

.a.devi

.has.been.adde

.its.func

tional

.bloc

.can.be.used.and.conn

ected

.via.bind

ings

.with.

othe

.bloc

ks.

.Func

tional

.bloc

.may.need.to.be.para

meterized,

.whic

.is.possi

ble

.eith

.by.dire

ctly

.set-

ing

.the.con

guration

.prop

erties

.or.via.comf

ortable

.LNS.plug

ins,

.deli

vered

.by.the.devi

.manu

factur-

ers.

.Furt

hermore,

.vari

ous

.othe

.sett

ings

.can.be.made

.for.exam

ple,

.addi

.rout

ers

.and.gate

ways

.or.

sett

ing

.up.aut

hentication.

Among

.all.LNS-b

ased

.syst

.inte

gration

.tools

.NL.Faci

lities

.dese

rves

.an.exce

ptional

.posit

ion

.since.

it.mech

anizes

.many.repe

ated

.acti

ons.

. e.key.elem

ents

.are.semi

automatic

.appr

oaches

.base

.on.solu

tion

.libr

aries

.for.reus

.NL.Faci

lities

.prov

ides

.a.grap

hical

.repr

esentation

.of.the.oor.plan

.wher

.the.

user.just.has.to.plac

.devi

ces

.into.room

.and.den

.inte

rrelationships

.amon

.devi

ces.

.It.full

.hide

.the.

tech

nology

.from.the.user.and.thus.make

.it.appr

opriate

.also.for.nonp

rofessionals.

.Howe

ver,

.this.proc

dure

.work

.ne.only.for.netw

orks

.with.many.iden

tical,

.pred

ened

.devi

ces,

.wher

eas

.a.high.vari

ability

rest

ricts

.its.app

licability.

41.7 automatic Design approaches

More.advanced.than.NL.Facilities.are.the.automated.design.approaches.from.the.AUTEG.project.[18]..

 e.autom

atic

.desig

.tools.deve

loped

.ther

.are.able.to.cope.with.the.vari

ety

.of.all.mark

.avai

lable

devi

ces

.from.all.manu

facturers

.by.using.sema

ntic

.devi

.desc

riptions

.[19]

.Indu

stry

.span

ning,

.mult

vendor

.LonW

orks-based

.buil

ding

.autom

ation

.syst

ems

.are.gene

rated

.autom

atically

.[20,

21].

. e.desig

proc

ess

.star

.with.a.form

.requ

irement

.spec

ication,

.wher

.func

tional

.and.nonf

unctional

.requ

ire-

ments

.for.the.buil

ding

.autom

ation

.syst

.are.gath

ered.

.All.subs

equent

.desig

.task

.are.done.autom

ati-

cally,

.incl

uding

.the.gene

ration

.of.func

tional

.sche

matics

.for.all.room

.[22]

.the.sele

ction

.of.appr

opriate

devi

ces

.ful

lling

.the.requ

irements,

.the.eval

uation

.of.inte

roperability,

.the.den

ition

.of.bind

ings,

.para

eterization,

.and.layo

.of.the.physi

cal

.netw

ork.

.Evol

utionary

.algo

rithms

.are.used.to.obta

.optim

ized

LonW

orks

.syst

ems

.acco

rding

.to.mult

i-objectives

.such.as.cost

.corr

ectness,

.comp

leteness,

.and.inte

rop-

erability

.[23

Also,

. qual

ity-oriented

. aspe

cts

. are. inco

rporated

. here

. By. fore

casting

. the. resu

lting

. netw

ork

. load.

alre

ady

.at.the.earl

.desig

.phas

.bott

lenecks

.and.netw

ork

.over

loads

.can.be.iden

tied

.befo

.the.syst

is.built.[24,25]..Modications.of.the.physical.network.and.the.parameterization.are.done.to.avoid.these.

prob

lems.

LonWorks 41-13

references

. 1.. ANSI/CEA.709.1-B:2002..Part 1: Control Network Protocol Specication..CEA,.2002.

. 2.. EN. 14908-1:2005.. Open

Data Communication in Building Automation, Controls and Building

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.CEN,.2005.

. 3.. ISO/IEC. DIS. 14908-1:2008.. Open

Data Communication in Building Automation, Controls and

Building Management—Control Network Protocol—Part 1: Protocol Stack.

.ISO,.2008.

. 4.. Mot

orola,

.In

.Lo

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. 5.. Toshi

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.TAEC.Neuro

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. 6.. Cypr

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. 8.. ANSI/CEA-852:2004.. Tun

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CEA,.2004.

. 9.. D.. Loy

.D.. Dietric

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. 11.. Lon

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.Sep

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. 12.. Lon

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. 14.. Ech

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.LonM

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. 15.. New

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. 18.. Dresden.Univ

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Avai

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