Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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29-4 Industrial Communication Systems

are.listed.in.the.IEC.61226.recommendations.. ere.are.typically.three.classes.of.instrumentation.and.

cont

rol

.fun

ctions

.for.Eur

opean

.pre

ssurized

.rea

ctor

.(EP

R):

•

. F1A.func

tions,

.whic

.are.perf

ormed

.by.the.reac

tor

.prot

ection

.syst

em,

.RPS.(auto

matic

.reac

tor

trip

.actu

ation

.of.the.engi

neered

.safe

guard

.syst

ems

.and.thei

.supp

orting

.syst

ems),

.and.by.the.

prio

rity

.and.actu

ator

.cont

rol

.syst

em,

.PACS

. is.is.the.stro

ngest

.safe

.rule.wher

.the.beha

vior

must.be.det

erministic.

•

. F1B.func

tions,

.whic

.are.perf

ormed

.main

.by.the.safe

.autom

ation

.syst

.(SAS

)

.and.by.the.

safe

.inf

ormation

.and.con

trol

.sys

tem

.(SI

CS).

.In.thi

.cla

ss,

.the.beh

avior

.mus

.be.pre

dictive.

•

. F2.func

tions,

.whic

.are.perf

ormed

.by.the.proc

ess

.autom

ation

.syst

.(PAS

);

.the.proc

ess

.info

mation

.and.control.system.(PICS);.and.the.reactor.control,.surveillance,.and.limitation.system.

(RCS

L).

.F2.func

tions

.can.be.eith

.seis

mic

.clas

sied

.(F2E.func

tions)

.or.non-

seismic

.clas

sied

(F2N.fun

ctions).

.pri

ority

.rul

.are.de

ned

.as.fol

lows:

•

. High

.clas

.func

tions

. have.prio

rity

. over. low-

class

.func

tions;

.so,. F1A.has. prio

rity

.over. F1B,.

whic

.has.prio

rity

.over.F2.func

tions.

.High

.clas

.func

tions

.must.not.be.dist

urbed

.by.lowe

.clas

func

tions.

•

. e.orde

.of.prio

rity

.with

.each.cont

rol

.syst

.is.den

.as.foll

ows:

.syst

.and.comp

onent

prot

ection

.has. prio

rity

.over.autom

ated

.func

tions,

. whic

.has.prio

rity

.over.manu

. func

tions.

Autom

atic

.fun

ctions

.can.be.swi

tched

.o.if.the.pro

cess

.con

ditions

.all

.it.

29.3 Power Plant Information Systems

andExtra-Plant Communications

Power.plant.information.system.plays.an.important.role.in.operational.performance..A.well-designed.

powe

.plan

.info

rmation

.syst

.help

.to.achi

eve

.oper

ational

.eci

ency

.by.prov

iding

.secu

.acce

.to.the.

righ

.info

rmation

.at.the.righ

.time.to.the.righ

.pers

on.

.It.conc

erns

.in.part

icular

.the.inte

gration

.of.powe

plan

.info

rmation

.syst

.with.ente

rprise

.busin

ess

.info

rmation

.syst

em.

.It.repr

esents

.a.chal

lenging

.task.

beca

use

.the

.sys

tems

.do.not.hav

.a.sam

.lif

ecycle

.in.ter

.of.evo

lution

.and.tec

hnology

.use

.need.of.acce

ssing

.proc

ess

.data.for.doin

.busin

ess

.inte

lligence

.or.e-mo

nitoring

.from.a.remo

expe

rtise

.is.the.major.moti

vation.

.Havi

.stan

dardized

.powe

.plan

.info

rmation

.mode

.and.busin

ess

meta

-model

.help

.to.redu

.comp

lexity

.in.the.inte

gration

.of.powe

.plan

.info

rmation

.syst

.and.busi-

ess

.info

rmation

.syst

em.

.IEC.TC57

-WG13

.Comm

.Info

rmation

.Mode

.(CIM

)

.prov

ides

.a.stan

dard

and.basi

.des

cription

.of.pow

.pla

.ass

ets.

29.3.1 Common Information Model

 e.most.important.extra-power.plant.communication.is.the.information.exchange.for.real-time.and.

non-

real-time

.info

rmation,

.used.in.the.plan

ning,

.oper

ation,

.and.main

tenance

.of.powe

.syst

ems.

.IEC.

TC57.WG3.and.WG13.have.den

ed,

.resp

ectively,

.tele

control

.proto

cols

.and.ener

.mana

gement

.syst

for.real

-time

.and.non-

real-time

.powe

.cont

rol

.betw

een

.the.grid.disp

atching

.cent

.and.a.powe

.plan

cont

rol

.roo

.Euro

pean

.Tran

smission

.Syst

.Oper

ators

.(ETS

.orga

nization

.also.work

.clos

ely

.with.IEC.

TC57.to.den

.the.CIM,.IEC-

61970-301

.as.the.refe

rence

.mode

.for.elec

tric

.ener

.trad

ing

.and.for.the.

powe

.syst

.oper

ation.

. e.CIM.prov

ides,

.for.exam

ple,

.a.stan

dard

.and.basic.desc

ription

.of.powe

.plan

asse

ts.

.Gene

ration,

.load.mode

.outa

ge,

.SCAD

.ener

.sche

duling,

.and.nan

cial

.pack

ages

.(Fig

ure

.29.4

)

are.typ

ically

.de

ned

.in.the.TC5

7-WG13.

Protocols in Power Generation 29-5

Concerning.the.Telecontrol.protocols,.TASE.2.(Telecontrol.Application.Service.Element)/ICCP.(Inter-

Control

.Center.Protocol).which.is.dened.in.IEC.61870-6.series.is.used..It.is.based.on.Manufacturing.

Message.Specication.(MMS),.an.ISO.9506.standard.and.it.uses.the.following.MMS.services:

•

. MMS.variables.and.variable.lists.functions:

•

. Read

•

. Write

•

. InformationReport

•

. GetVariableAccessAttributes

•

. DeneNamedVariableList

•

. DeleteNamedVariableList

•

. GetNamedVariableListAtributes

•

. MMS.Program.Invocations.functions:

•

. Start

•

. Stop

•

. Resume

•

. Reset

•

. Kill

•

. GetProgramInvocationAttributes

•

. Operator.Stations.functions:

•

. Output

•

. Events.functions:

•

. EventNotication

•

. DeneEventEnrollment

•

. DeleteEventEnrollment

•

. GetEventEnrollmentAttributes

Load model Outage

Protection

SCADA

Measurement

Financial

Energy

scheduling

Reservation

Domain

Core

Topology

Wires

Generation

FIGURE 29.4 TC57-WG13.packages.

29-6 Industrial Communication Systems

29.3.2 Distributed Energy resource Model

To.control.the.integration.of.distributed.energy.resource.(DER),.wind.turbine.power.plant.(WPP).in.

particular,.into.the.power.grid.and.to.improve.the.interoperability.between.WPP.control.systems,.IEC.

61400.series.are.specied.as.the.standard.for.interconnection.of.monitoring.and.control.systems.as.

shown.in.Figure.29.5.

.provides.requirements.relevant.to.the.specication,.engineering,.use,.testing,.diagnosis,.and.main-

tenance

.of.the.information.to.be.shared.in.wind.power.plants..IEC.61400.is.based.on.IEC.61850.by.den-

ing

.additional.logical.node.and.data.classes.concerning.WPP.as.shown.in.Figure.29.6.

.is.out.of.scope.of.this.section.to.describe.in.detail.IEC.61400.logical.nodes.and.data.classes.con-

cerning

.WPP..It.is.worth.noticing.that.IEC.61400-25.communication.proles.have.specied.dierent.

mapping.methods.for.the.following.communication.protocols:.MMS.(refer.to.[1].for.more.details),.Web.

Services,.OPC-XML-DA.(see.Chapter.57),.IEC.60870-5-104,.and.DNP3..Refer.to.the.IEC.61400-25.user.

group.Web.site.[2].and.to.the.standard.[3].for.an.in-depth.study.

Client

Server

Virtual

device

Real

WGTS

Existing data

source

WTur

WGen

WGrd

WNac

WGer

WBrk

WRot

WYaw

WEn

WT components

Mapping

Information

exchange

IEC 61400

Information

FIGURE 29.5 Illustration.of.IEC.61400.

Specific

LN & D

(Pxxx)

Specific

LN & D

(Rxxx)

Specific

LN & D

(Mxxx)

Specific

LN & D

(Xxxx)

Additional specific

LN & D

(Wxxx)

IEC 61850-7-4

IEC 61850-7-3

IEC 61850-7-2

61850-8-1 mapping to MMS

Additional mapping

for WPP applications

Abstract communication

service interface (ACSI)

Common data classes and attributes

Add. LN & D

Derivative

classes

Common compatible logical node (BasicLN, Lxxx)

and data classes

FIGURE 29.6 IEC.61400.model.as.an.extension.of.IEC.61850.

Protocols in Power Generation 29-7

29.4 Conclusions

In.this.chapter,.an.overview.of.specic.requirements.and.communication.protocols.that.are.used.in.

powe

.gene

ration

.autom

ation

.and.info

rmation

.syst

ems

.are.pres

ented.

.Safe

.char

acteristics

.are.amon

the.stro

ngest

.requ

irements

.that.need.to.be.take

.into.acco

unt

.in.the.desig

.of.comm

unication

.syst

arch

itecture.

.With.the.deve

lopment

.of.Inte

rnet-based

.comm

unication

.proto

cols

.in.indu

strial

.syst

ems,

cybe

.secu

rity

.cons

titutes

.an.impo

rtant

.issu

.that.need

.to.be.consi

dered

.at.pres

ent

.and.in.the.futu

.in.

the.ind

ustrial

.inf

ormation

.sys

tems.

references

. 1.. ISO.9506-2.Second.edition,.Industrial.automation.systems—Manufacturing.message.specication,.

2003-07-01.

. 2.. IEC.6140

0-25

.User.Grou

.Web.site

.http

://www.use61400-25.com,

.Tech

nical

.pape

.sect

ion,

.May.2009

. 3.. IEC.6140

0-25-1

.Ed..1.0,.Wind.turb

ines—Part

.25–1

.Comm

unications

.for.moni

toring

.and.cont

rol

of.wind.pow

.pla

nts—Overall

.descri

ption

.of.prin

ciples

.and.mode

ls,

.2006-12-14.

30-1

30.1 Introduction

Medicine,.as.a.science,.involves.a.complex.and.a.sophisticated.network.of.real-time.communication.

syst

ems,

.wher

.safe

.and.secu

rity

.issu

.are.prim

ary

.conc

erns.

.Aggr

egating

.info

rmation

.from.mul-

iple

.sour

ces

.is.esse

ntial

.to.maxi

mize

.reso

urce

.usag

.form

ulate

.accu

rate

.diag

nosis,

.prov

ide

.adeq

uate

trea

tment,

.den

.mana

gement

.plan

.and.gran

.crit

ical

.clin

ical

.moni

toring.

. e.avai

lability

.of.onli

elec

tronic

.medi

cal

.and.heal

.reco

rds

.prom

otes

.the.coor

dination

.of.care.and.the.inte

gration

.of.clin

ical

info

rmation

.(e.g

.labo

ratory

.and.imag

ing

.resu

lts).

.To.harn

ess

.the.afor

ementioned

.bene

ts,

.subs

ystems

must.be.inte

roperable,

.exi

ble

.(e.g

.allo

.the.custo

mization

.of.sche

duling,

.trac

king,

.and.aler

.modu

les),

and.able.to.cope.with.the.stan

dards

.of.care

—security,

.safe

ty,

.time

liness,

.eci

ency,

.eec

tiveness,

.equi

ty,

and.pat

ient-centered

.car

.the.last.deca

de,

.heal

thcare

.serv

ices

.have.evol

ved

.as.the.resu

.of.two.main.facto

rs:

.soci

.cont

ext

.and.

tech

nical

.inno

vations.

.Rega

rding

.the.rst

.ther

.is.an.incr

easing

.pres

sure

.for.cost.cont

ainment

.in.heal

orga

nizations

.and.soci

.care.inst

itutions

.that.pose

.dema

nding

.chal

lenges

.in.prov

iding

.cost

-eective

heal

thcare

.serv

ices.

.Besid

es,

.the.natu

.of.the.dise

ase

.burd

.is.chan

ging

.as.a.resu

.of.the.demo

graphic

boom.in.elde

rly

.popu

lation

.[1],.whic

.shi

.the.natu

.of.heal

thcare

.deli

very

.from.acut

.epis

odic

.care.

trea

tments

.to.long

-term,

.chro

nic

.cond

ition

.inte

rventions.

.Furt

hermore,

.as.fami

liar

.inco

.and.leve

.of.

educ

ation

.incr

ease,

.high

.dema

nds

.are.put.on.heal

thcare

.serv

ices

.for.prev

enting

.dise

ases

.and.on.medi

cal

.tre

atments

.all

owing

.lif

estyle

.mai

ntenance

.and.ind

ependence.

.seco

.facto

.fuel

ing

.the.impr

ovement

.of.heal

thcare

.serv

ices

.is.the.broa

.adopt

ion

.of.micr

processors

.in.medi

cal

.devi

ces,

.whic

.enab

les

.loca

.data.proc

essing

.resu

lting

.in.fast

.resp

onse

.time

and.enha

nced

.trea

tment

.comp

liance.

. Exam

ples

.of. micr

ocontroller-based

. devi

ces

. are. the. elec

tronic

sphy

gmomanometer

.empl

oyed

.in.bloo

.pres

sure

.moni

toring,

.“sma

rt”

.infu

sion

.pump

.appl

ied

.in.the.

Communications in

Medical Applications

30.1. Introduction.....................................................................................30-1

30.2

. Requ

irements....................................................................................30-2

30.3

. Loca

lization......................................................................................30-4

30.4

. Clin

ical

.Mon

itoring.........................................................................30-5

Controller.Area.Network. •. Probus.DP. •. IEEE.802.15.4. •. .

Bluetooth. •. IEEE.802.11. •. Nonindustrial.Technologies

30.5. Automation.......................................................................................30-9

Smart.Homes. •. Healthcare.Robotics

30.6. Issues.and.Challenges...................................................................30-12

Security.and.Privacy. •. Safety.and.Reliability. •. .

Standardization. •. Timeliness

References...................................................................................................30-14

Paulo Bartolomeu

University of Aveiro

José Alberto Fonseca

Universidade of Aveiro

Nelson Rocha

University of Aveiro

Filipe Basto

Hospital de Sao João

30-2 Industrial Communication Systems

administration.of.medications.intravenously,.“smart”.camera.pills.used.in.digestive.tract.disease.diag-

nosis,

.orth

opedic

.impl

ants

.util

ized

.in.post

-surgery

.obse

rvation,

.and.remo

.pati

ent

.moni

toring

.devi

ces

used.to.coll

ect

.real

-time

.clin

ical

.data.for.medi

cal

.anal

ysis

.[2]..Besid

.inte

grating

.inte

lligence,

.medi

cal

devi

ces

.also.embed.stan

dard-based

.comm

unication

.inte

rfaces,

.thus.enab

ling

.them.to.part

icipate

.in.

clin

ical

.net

works

.sha

ring

.inf

ormation

.wit

.med

ical

.sub

systems

.and.hea

lthcare

.pro

viders.

Healthcare

.syst

ems

.enco

mpass

.a.broa

.spec

trum

.of.tech

nologies

.bene

ting

.from.the.supp

ort

.of.data.

comm

unications.

.Web-

based

.imag

ing

.syst

ems

.faci

litate

.data.coll

ection

.and.“in.time,

”

.remo

te,

.expe

.judg

ment.

.Tele

metry

.and.wire

less

.syst

ems

.moni

tor

.criti

cal

.vita

.sign

.in.inte

nsive

.care.unit

.prov

iding

.real

-time

info

rmation

.that.can.trig

ger

.imme

diate

.life

-saving

.medi

cal

.resp

onse.

.Tele

medicine

.and.tele

conference

serv

ices

.prov

ide

.glob

.comm

unication

.tools.for.time

.advi

ce,

.info

rmation

.exch

ange,

.moni

toring,

.and.

decis

ion.

.Robo

tic

.or.comp

uter-assisted

.surg

ery

.allo

.sign

icant

.adva

nces

.in.remo

te,

.mini

mally

.inva

sive,

and.unma

nned

.surg

ery,

.incre

asing

.pati

ents’

.acces

.and.surg

ery

.prec

ision,

.whil

.decrea

sing

.como

rbidities.

Wireless

.syst

ems

.have.enab

led

.the.moni

toring

.of.inpa

tient

.loca

lization

.in.heal

thcare

.inst

itutions,

.thus.

impr

oving

.resp

onse

.time

.in.accid

ents

.(e.g.

.fall

s),

.securi

.(e.g.

.pare

nts

.remo

tely

.see.thei

.babi

.in.neon

tal

.inte

nsive

.care.unit

s),

.and.comf

ort

.(voi

.over.IP.comm

unications

.betw

een

.inpa

tients

.and.thei

.fami

lies).

Although

.ther

.is.a.broa

.rang

.of.heal

thcare

.appl

ications

.empl

oying

.data.comm

unications

.(tel

monitoring,

. PACS

. etc.

. due. to. leng

. rest

rictions,

. this. chapt

. sole

. focu

ses

. on. comm

unication

tech

nologies

.addr

essing

.heal

thcare

.loca

lization,

.moni

toring,

.and.autom

ation

.appl

ications.

.Also

.this.

chapt

.does.not.prov

ide

.deta

iled

.spec

ications

.for.stan

dard

.tech

nologies

.as.they.are.avai

lable

.with

the.IEEE.and.industry.standards,.and.in.the.corresponding.chapters.of.the.book.

.rema

ining

.chapt

.is.stru

ctured

.as.foll

ows:

.Sect

ion

.30.2.intr

oduces

.the.main.comm

unication

requ

irements

.of.medi

cal

.appl

ications

.by.focu

sing

.on.loca

lization,

.clin

ical

.moni

toring,

.and.autom

ation

(and.cont

rol)

.appl

ications.

.Sect

ion

.30.3.prov

ides

.an.over

view

.of.loca

lization

.tech

niques

.and.pres

ents

comm

ercial

.exam

ples

.of.loca

lization

.syst

ems

.by.outl

ining

.thei

.arch

itecture

.and.oper

ation.

.Sect

ion

30.4.cove

.clin

ical

.moni

toring

.appl

ications

.and.revi

ews

.seve

ral

.moni

toring

.syst

ems

.empl

oying

.die

ent

.comm

unication

.tech

nologies.

.Sect

ion

.30.5.summ

arizes

.the.comm

unication

.appr

oaches

.appl

ied

.in.

medi

cal

.autom

ation

.appl

ications,

.part

icularly

.smar

.home

.and.heal

thcare

.robo

tics.

.Fina

lly,

.Sect

ion

30.6.rai

ses

.sev

eral

.topi

.rel

ated

.to.the.iss

ues

.and.cha

llenges

.of.dev

eloping

.med

ical

.com

munications.

30.2 requirements

Communications.have.a.wide.spectrum.of.applications.in.healthcare.environments.ranging.from.appli-

ance

.autom

ation

.in.smar

.home

.to.the.clin

ical

.moni

toring

.of.pati

ents

.in.crit

ical

.cond

ition.

.As.such

requ

irements

.are.signi

cantly

.hete

rogeneous

.in.what.conc

erns

.the.main.arch

itectural

.and.perf

ormance

para

meters

.of.comm

unication

.tech

nologies:

.rang

.topol

ogy,

.auton

omy,

.late

ncy,

.jitt

er,

.and.thro

ughput.

Tabl

.30.1.summ

arizes

.the.requ

irements

.for.loca

lization,

.moni

toring,

.and.autom

ation

.appl

ications

.in.

medi

cal

.env

ironments.

.oper

ation

.rang

.is.class

ied

.as.body.area.netw

ork

.(BAN

.pers

onal

.area.netw

ork

.(PAN

.or.local.area.

netw

ork

.(LAN

)

.in.acco

rdance

.with.the.typi

cal

.cove

rage

.of.stan

dard

.comm

unication

.tech

nologies.

.Topo

logy

requ

irements

.are.dive

rsied

.as.the.appl

ication

.doma

.dema

nds

.the.supp

ort

.of.mult

iple

.netw

ork

.con

gura-

tions

.rang

ing

.from.simp

.poin

t–point

.link

.(e.g

.beds

ide

.moni

toring)

.to.mult

ihop

.conn

ections

.(e.g

.tele

etry).

. e.maxi

mum

.numb

.of.requ

ired

.node

.in.home.moni

toring

.and.heal

thcare

.robo

tic

.appl

ications

.is.

low..Conv

ersely,

.dens

.local

ization

.and.heal

.moni

toring

.scen

arios

.(e.g

.foun

.in.heal

thcare

.inst

itutions)

requ

ire

.the.depl

oyment

.of.a.sign

icant

.numb

.of.devi

ces.

. e.auto

nomy

.para

meter

.is.den

.as.the.life

time

of.a.node.with.rega

.to.batt

ery

.capac

ity

.and.powe

.cons

umption.

.In.eec

.this.is.one.of.the.most.impo

rtant

requ

irements

.for.mobi

.heal

thcare

.devi

ces

.and.has.a.stro

.impa

.on.its.usef

ulness.

.Late

ncy

.and.jitt

den

.the.time

liness

.of.comm

unication

.tech

nology,

.whic

.has.a.cons

iderable

.eec

.on.the.reli

ability

.and.

accu

racy

.of.the.over

lying

.medi

cal

.appl

ications.

.For.exam

ple,

.the.occu

rrence

.of.a.high.dela

.in.comm

unicat-

ing

.an.alar

.cond

ition

.may.resu

.in.irre

versible

.damag

.to.a.pati

ent’s

.heal

th.

.More

over,

.sign

icant

.jitt

may.aec

.the.accu

racy

.of.a.medi

cal

.diag

nosis

.due.to.the.util

ization

.of.tain

ted

.data.

Communications in Medical Applications 30-3

Regarding.throughput,.Table.30.2.[3–5].provides.information.on.the.typical.amount.of.data.produced.

by.physi

ological

.signa

.in.moni

toring

.appl

ications.

. e.thro

ughput

.asso

ciated

.with.eith

.loca

liza-

tion

.or.autom

ation

.appl

ications

.is.high

.depe

ndent

.on.the.part

icular

.scen

ario

.addr

essed.

.For.exam

ple,

in.rece

iver

.signa

.stre

ngth

.(RSS

)-based

.loca

lization

.syst

ems,

.each.devi

.bein

.peri

odically

.loca

lized

tran

smits

.a.pack

.with.a.smal

.payl

oad.

.Howe

ver,

.the.tran

smission

.rate.is.depe

ndent

.on.the.upda

.rate.

requ

ired

.by.the.loca

lization

.syst

em.

.Appl

iance

.netw

orking

.in.smar

.home

.is.anot

her

.exam

ple

.of.vari

thro

ughput

.requ

irements

.give

.its.high.depe

ndence

.on.huma

.acti

vity.

.Neve

rtheless,

.thes

.thro

ughput

requ

irements

.are.gene

rally

.low,.as.even

.like.the.open

ing

.of.a.motor

ized

.wind

.blin

.or.the.turn

ing

on.of.the.TV.are.usu

ally

.spa

rse

.and.pro

duce

.dat

.pac

kets

.wit

.sma

.pay

loads.

Regarding

.priv

acy

.and.secu

rity,

.heal

thcare

.comm

unications

.have.stri

ngent

.requ

irements

.moti

vated

by.the. prer

equisites

.of.main

taining

.pati

ent

.info

rmation

.only.avai

lable

.to.auth

orized

.pers

onnel

.and.

guar

anteeing

.data.inte

grity.

.Furt

hermore,

.faul

.toler

ance

.and.reli

ability

.are.also.of.crit

ical

.impo

rtance

as.huma

.live

.may.be.at.risk

.As.such

.mech

anisms

.avoi

ding

.syst

.fail

ures

.and.prov

iding

.grac

eful

degr

adation

.when.unav

oidable

.cond

itions

.occu

.must.be.vali

dated

.and.impl

emented.

. e.foll

owing

.sec-

ions.provide.an.overview.of.communication.protocols.and.implementations.addressing.localization,.

moni

toring,

.and.auto

mation

.app

lications

.in.hea

lthcare

.env

ironments.

TABLE 30.1 Communication.Requirements.of.Medical.Applications

Parameters Localization

Monitoring Automation

Healthcare

Inst

itutions Home Smart

.Hom

Healthcare

Robo

tics

Range LAN LAN LAN LAN LAN

PAN PAN

BAN BAN

Topology Star Star Star Bus Star

Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree

Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh

Number

.of.nodes 1–2000

1–2000 1–10 10–100 1–10

Autonomy Days Days/weeks Days/weeks Years Days/weeks

Maximum

.lat

ency

.(ms) 10 10 200 500 5

aximum.jitter

100

.μs 100.μs

.ms 100.ms

100

.μs

TABLE 30.2 Information.Rate.of.Physiological.Signals

Biomedical.Measurement

Number.

ofSensors Sample.Rate.(Hz) Resolution.(B/Sample) Information.Rate.(B/S)

Arterial

.pres

sure 1 300 12 3,600

Body

.temp

erature 1+ 5 16 80

Electrocardiogram

.(ECG) 5–9 1,250 12 15,000

lectroencephalogram

.(EEG) 20 350 12 4,200

Ele

ctromyogram

.(EMG) 2+ 50,000 12 600,000

Ele

ctrooculogram

.(EOG) 4 100 12 1,200

art

.rate 2 25 24 600

eart

.soun

d 2–4 10,000 12 120,000

Oximetry 1 150 12 1,800

Respiratory

.rate 1 50 16 800

ources:

. Arno

.S..et.al.,.IEEE

Wirel. Commun.,

.10(1

.56,.2003

;

.Mont

on,

.E..et.al.,.IET

Commun.,

.2(2)

.215,.2008

;

Gama

.O..et.al.,.Qual

ity

.of.serv

ice

.supp

ort

.in.wire

less

.sens

.netw

orks

.for.emer

gency

.heal

thcare

.serv

ices,

.in.30th

Annual

International Conference of the IEEE (EMBS2008),

. Vanc

ouver,

. Brit

ish

. Colu

mbia,

. Cana

da,

. Augu

. 20–2

. 2008

pp..1296

–1299.

30-4 Industrial Communication Systems

30.3 Localization

Healthcare. environments. encompass. human. resources,. such. as. physicians,. nurses,. medical. sta,. and.

equi

pment,

.that.must.be.corr

ectly

.manag

.to.eci

ently

.sati

sfy

.a.give

.set.of.obje

ctives.

.Reso

urce

.loca

liza-

tion

.is.an.impo

rtant

.fact

.when.evalu

ating

.manag

ement

.acti

ons,

.sinc

.it.prov

ides

.info

rmation

.that.allo

the.impr

ovement

.of.medi

cal

.resp

onse

.time

.whic

.is.of.the.utmo

.sign

icance

.in.life

-critical

.scen

arios.

In.addi

tion,

.loca

lization

.can.pote

ntially

.have.a.stro

.impa

.conc

erning

.secu

rity

.and.safe

.in.heal

thcare

envi

ronments.

.Give

.that.many.hosp

ital

.equi

pments

.are.expe

nsive

.and.can.be.hand

held,

.the.poss

ibility

of.the.can.be.avoi

ded

.by.havi

.a.real

-time

.loca

lization

.syst

.trac

king

.thei

.loca

lization

.and.trig

gering

an.alar

.when.carr

ied

.beyo

.a.pred

ened

.phys

ical

.area

.Furt

hermore,

.in.scen

arios

.wher

.pati

ents

.must.

rema

.in.a.rest

ricted

.area.(the.psyc

hiatric

.ward.or.the.neon

atal

.ward.of.a.hosp

ital,

.for.exam

ple),

.loca

lization

info

rmation

.is.high

.relev

ant

.as.it.hind

ers

.occu

rrences

.in.whic

.hosp

itals

.may.be.held.acco

untable

.(vio

lence,

.chil

.kidn

ap,

.etc.

.Rega

rding

.safe

ty,

.in.heal

thcare

.envi

ronments

.havi

.pati

ents

.with.a.high.risk.of.

brai

.inju

.and.stro

.(e.g

.hosp

itals

.with.elde

rly

.inpa

tients),

.loca

lization

.can.be.of.para

mount

.impo

rtance,

as.it.can.shor

ten

.the.medi

cal

.resp

onse

.time.and.redu

.the.chan

ces

.of.irrev

ersible

.phys

ical

.impa

irments.

Currently,

.four.type

.of.loca

lization

.are.avai

lable:

.dire

.iden

tication,

.time.acqu

isition,

.angl

.dete

tion,

.and.rece

iver

.signa

.stre

ngth

.(RSS

.Dire

.iden

tication

.simpl

.dete

cts

.if.a.tag.is.pres

ent/absent

.in.

the.neig

hborhood,

.i.e.,.the.resu

.of.a.loca

lization

.roun

.is.eith

.true.(pre

sent)

.or.fals

.(abs

ent).

.Radi

frequency

.iden

tication

.(RFI

.[6].is.the.most.comm

.tech

nology

.empl

oyed

.in.this.type.of.loca

liza-

tion.

.Time.acqu

isition

.loca

lization,

.as.the.name.sugg

ests,

.is.base

.on.time.meas

urements

.and.incl

udes

tech

niques

.such.as.time.of.arri

val

.(TOA).[7,1

0,11],

.time.die

rence

.of.arri

val

.(TDO

.[8,1

1,12],

.and.dif-

erential.time.dierence.of.arrival.(DTDOA).[9]..Angle.detection.includes.the.angle-of-arrival.(AOA).

loca

lization

.tech

nique

.[10–

12]

.empl

oying

.stat

ions

.capa

ble

.of.dete

rmining

.the.dire

ction

.of.prop

agation

of.a.pack

.by.using.mult

iple

.rece

ivers.

.RSS.loca

lization

.[10–

12]

.is.supp

orted

.on.the.abil

ity

.to.meas

ure

the.ener

.of.a.rece

ived

.pack

et,

.whic

.prov

ides

.a.roug

.esti

mate

.of.the.trav

eled

.dist

ance

.(if.the.tran

mission

.powe

.is.know

n).

.Seve

ral

.loca

lization

.syst

ems

.using.thes

.tech

niques

.have.been.prop

osed

.in.the.

lite

rature.

.Howe

ver,

.only.a.few.have.beco

.comm

ercially

.avai

lable

.and.can.curr

ently

.be.used.in.real.

depl

oyments.

. e.fol

lowing

.par

agraphs

.pro

vide

.an.ove

rview

.of.suc

.sys

tems.

. Exav

era

. eShe

pherd•

. [13]. syst

. is. supp

orted

. on. dire

. iden

tication

. and. was. spec

ically

desig

ned

.tar

geting

.hea

lthcare

.env

ironments

.all

owing

.the.tra

cking

.of.pat

ients

.(Ve

ra-T

.Bra

celets),

.med

cal

.sta.(Sta.Badg

es),

.and.objec

.(Ass

.Tags

.Besid

.the.RFID

-enabled

.mobi

.devi

ces

.(bra

celets,

badg

es,

.and.tags

.this.syst

.incl

udes

.Vera

-Fi

.devi

ces

.(RFI

.read

.plus.Wi-Fi.Acce

.Poin

.and.rela

RFID.tran

sceivers

.(RRT

.resp

onsible

.for.rela

ying

.data.pack

ets.

.Mobi

.devi

ces

.peri

odically

.tran

smit

RFID.pack

ets,

.whic

.are.rece

ived

.by.neig

hbor

.Vera

-Fi

.devi

ces

.and.tran

smitted

.(usin

.Wi-Fi

)

.to.a.hosp

tal

.info

rmation

.syst

.iden

tifying

.the.area.wher

.the.“tag

”

.is.loca

lized.

. e.Exav

era

.eShe

pherd

.loca

liza-

tion

.sys

tem

.spe

cies

.an.acc

uracy

.of.3.m.(95

.per

centile,

.her

ein

.ass

umed

.as.def

ault).

Ubisense

.[14].is.a.real

-time

.loca

lization

.solu

tion

.with.subs

econd

.resp

onse

.and.prov

.robu

stness

.in.

challenging.manufacturing.environments.that.employs.a.combination.of.the.AOA.and.TDOA.tech-

niques.

.Alth

ough

.orig

inally

.desig

ned

.targ

eting

.indu

strial

.appl

ications,

.it.can.also.be.appl

ied

.in.heal

th-

care

.envi

ronments.

. e.Ubis

ense

.syst

.is.comp

osed

.of.a.netw

ork

.of.sens

ors

.(Ubi

sensors)—a

.cell

mobi

.tags.(Ubi

tags),

.and.a.Ubis

ense

.sow

are

.plat

form

.(USP

)

.runn

ing

.in.a.PC.. e.Ubis

ensors

.are.

equi

pped

.with.UWB.and.RFID.tran

sceivers

.inst

alled

.in.know

.posit

ions,

.conn

ected

.by.an.Ether

net

netw

ork.

.A.Ubis

ensor

.simul

taneously

.tran

smits

.a.UWB.impu

lse

.sequ

ence

.and.an.RF.mess

age

.with.its.

iden

tication

.(ID)

. ese.mess

ages

.will.be.rece

ived

.by.the.near

.xed.Ubis

ensors.

.Each.cell.has.a.singl

Ubis

ensor

.play

ing

.the.role.of.the.mast

er,

.i.e.,.resp

onsible

.for.cont

rolling

.the.medi

.acce

.using.time.

divi

sion

.mult

iple

.acce

.(TDM

A).

.In.addi

tion

.to.the.rece

ived

.RF.iden

tication,

.Ubis

ensors

.dete

rmine

the.UWB.impu

lse

.angl

.of.arri

val

.(and.inst

ant

.of.rece

ption)

.thro

ugh

.the.use.of.an.arra

.of.ante

nnas.

. e.

mast

.Ubis

ensor

.calc

ulates

.the.TDOA.for.each.Ubis

ensor

.rela

tive

.to.a.give

.Ubit

.and.send

.all.data.

(ID,.AOA,.and.TDOA

)

.to.the.USP,.whic

.comp

utes

.the.Ubit

.loca

lization.

. is.solu

tion

.is.part

icularly

suited.for.scenarios.requiring.high.accuracy.(30.cm).

Communications in Medical Applications 30-5

 e.RSS-based.approach.is.employed.in.localization.systems,.such.as.the.Ekahau.real-time.location.

syst

.[15].or.the.Aero

Scout

.Visib

ility

.Syst

.[16]

.both.base

.on.IEEE.802.

.tech

nology.

. e.Ekah

syst

.is.supp

orted

.on.a.Wi-Fi.infr

astructure

.using.an.RSS.nge

rprinting

.loca

lization

.tech

nique.

.As.

such

.it.uses.802.

11b

.acce

.poin

.(AP).that.meas

ure

.the.RSS.of.the.pack

ets

.sent.by.Wi-Fi

-active

.RFID.