Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

30-6 Industrial Communication Systems

robustness,.redundancy,.and.support.for.high-speed.cyclical.data.transmission).to.the.requirements.of.a.

bed

side

.com

munication

.app

lication.

. e.pro

posed

.sys

tem

.inc

ludes

.a.bed

side

.mon

itor,

.an.act

uator

.uni

an.env

ironment

.uni

.and.a.cen

tral

.mon

itor.

. e.bed

side

.mon

itor

.col

lects

.the.pat

ient’s

.vit

.sign

als,

ena

bling

.the.mea

surement

.of.par

ameters,

.suc

.as.hea

.rat

.(nu

mber

.of.hea

.bea

.per.min

ute,

.pul

se),

end

-tidal

.lun

.vol

ume

.(li

ters

.per.min

ute),

.res

piration

.rat

.(nu

mber

.of.bre

aths

.per.min

ute),

.and.sys

tolic

and.dia

stolic

.art

erial

.blo

.pre

ssure

.val

ues

.(mm

Hg).

. e.rem

ote

.con

trol

.of.bed

side

.dev

ices

.(e.

g.,

.inf

sion

.pum

ps)

.is.ena

bled

.by.the.act

uator

.uni

.whi

.can.dri

.dig

ital

.and.ana

log

.out

puts.

.Env

ironmental

par

ameters

.(e.

g.,

.tem

perature)

.and.dis

crete

.inp

uts

.(e.

g.,

.nur

.cal

.but

ton)

.are.mon

itored

.usin

.the.env

ronmental

.uni

. es

.dev

ices

.(sl

aves)

.are.pla

ced

.nea

rby

.a.pat

ient’s

.bed.and.are.con

nected

.to.the.cen

tral

mon

itor

.(ma

ster)

.by.a.Pro

bus

.DP.net

work

.ope

rating

.at.1.5.Mbp

. e.cen

tral

.mon

itor

.pro

vides

.fun

tions

.lik

.rea

l-time

.rec

eption

.and.a.dis

play

.of.bed

side

.dat

.of.up.to.16.pat

ients,

.sign

.int

erpretation,

and.ala

rming

.wit

.eve

.log

ging,

.etc

.Red

undancy

.can.be.pro

vided

.by.int

erconnecting

.dev

ices

.usin

atwo

-wire

.ca

ble

.on.a.bu

.top

ology.

30.4.3 IEEE 802.15.4

The.IEEE.802.15.4.is.a.low-power,.low-cost.PAN.technology.with.application.in.smart.home.health.

mon

itoring

.and.in.BAN

.Bot

.Dag

tas

.et. al..[19

]

.and. Jun

nila

.et. al..[20

]

.pro

pose

.a.sma

.hom

wir

eless

.hea

lth

.mon

itoring

.sys

tem

.bas

.on.Zig

Bee

.tec

hnology.

.How

ever,

.the

.arc

hitectures

.are.

dif

ferent:

.the.fir

.emp

loys

.thr

.tie

.for.dat

.col

lection

.and.pro

cessing

.whi

.the.sec

ond

.use

.a.

two

-tiered

.app

roach.

.The.fir

.tie

.of.the.Dag

tas

.et.al..mon

itoring

.sys

tem

.cor

responds

.to.the.mob

ile

dev

ice

.wor

.by.the.pat

ient

.tha

.col

lects

.sig

nals

.fro

.wir

.and.wir

eless

.sen

sors.

.Thi

.dev

ice

.per

odically

.tra

nsmits

.raw.dat

.to.a.loc

.ser

ver

.for.sto

rage

.and.pro

cessing

.(se

cond

.tie

r).

.Her

.fur

ther

pro

cessing

.is.car

ried

.out.and.the.res

ulting

.dat

.are.tra

nsmitted

.to.the.ser

vice

.pro

vider

.cen

ter

.for.

sto

rage,

.exp

ert

.rev

iew,

.and.dia

gnosis

.(th

ird

.tie

r).

.The.UUT

.hom

.net

work

.[20

]

.enc

ompasses

.sen

sor

.nod

es,

.a.coo

rdinator,

.a. hom

.cli

ent,

.and.a.ser

ver.

.Sen

sor

.nod

.com

municate

.dir

ectly

.wit

the.coo

rdinator,

.res

ponsible

.for.set

ting

.up.and.man

aging

.the.Zig

Bee

.net

work.

.Add

itionally,

.the.

coo

rdinator

.pro

vides

.inf

ormation

.to.the.hom

.cli

ent

.abo

.sen

sors

.tha

.joi

ned/left

.the.net

work

.and.

for

wards

.dat

.fro

m/to

.the.Zig

Bee

.net

work.

.The.hom

.cli

ent

.ope

rates

.as.a.pro

cessing

.uni

.for.the.

dat

.com

ing

.fro

.the.Zig

Bee

.sen

sor

.net

work,

.sto

res

.it.loc

ally,

.pro

vides

.a.use

.int

erface,

.and.act

as.a.gat

eway

.to.a.rem

ote

.UUT

.ser

ver

.whe

.dat

.are.sto

red

.for.red

undancy

.(an

.fut

ure

.ana

lysis).

The.UUT

.hom

.net

work

.emp

loys

.non

beaconed

.Zig

Bee

.com

munications,

.off

ers

.no.gua

rantees

.of.

dat

.del

ivery,

.and.as.two

-way

.com

munication

.is.des

ired,

.has.no.sup

port

.for.pow

.con

sumption

opt

imization.

.arc

hitectures

.of.the.BAN

.pro

posed

.by.Mon

ton

.et.al..[21

]

.and.Lo.et.al..[22

]

.are.ver

.sim

ilar.

A.BAN.encompasses.a.set.of.sensors.(ECG,.temperature,.SpO

,.etc.).equipped.with.wireless.trans-

ceivers

.tha

.per

iodically

.tra

nsmit

.dat

.to.a.loc

.cen

tral

.dev

ice

.(e.

g.,

.PDA

)

.whe

.dat

.are.pro

cessed

and.tra

nsmitted

.to.a.ser

ver

.for.lon

g-term

.sto

rage.

.Mon

ton

.et.al..de

.a.pro

prietary

.BAN.pro

tocol

com

patible

.wit

.IEE

.802

.15.4

.and.Zig

Bee

.tha

.ope

rates

.usi

.the.bea

coned

.mod

.of.IEE

.802

.15.4.

At.the.beg

inning,

.a.sen

sor

.nod

.ass

ociates

.wit

.the.coo

rdinator

.(ce

ntral

.nod

.and.wai

.for.bea

cons

.by.ena

bling

.the.rec

eiver

.the.ins

tant

.imm

ediately

.bef

ore

.the.bea

con

.tra

nsmission.

.In.add

ition

to.inf

ormation

.on.the.ins

tant

.of.the.nex

.bea

con

.tra

nsmission,

.bea

cons

.can.tra

nsport

.com

mands

.for.

the.sen

sor

.nod

.(co

nguration,

.act

ivation/deactivation,

.and.dat

.tra

nsmission).

.Ae

.the.act

ivation

of.the.sen

sor

.nod

.dat

.col

lection

.beg

ins

.fro

.the.att

ached

.sen

sor(s)

.unt

.a.com

plete

.dat

.fra

is.ll

ed.

. is.fra

.is.sen

.to.the.cen

tral

.nod

.whe

.a.dat

.tra

nsmission

.com

mand

.is.rec

eived.

. e.

cen

tral

.nod

.sto

res

.sen

sor

.dat

.and.mak

.it.ava

ilable

.to.the.out

side

.wor

.usi

.the.Ses

sion

.Ini

tiation

Pro

tocol

.(SI

.ove

.tec

hnologies,

.suc

.as.the.IEE

.802

.11

.(Wi

-Fi)

.and.GPR

. e.BAN.pro

posed

.by.

Lo.et.al..emp

loys

.sta

ndard

.IEE

.802

.15.4

.com

munications,

.inc

luding

.con

text-aware

.sen

sors

.(e.

g.,

accelerometer).that.are.used.in. multisensor.data.fusion. for. false. alarm.detection.and. bandwidth.

usa

.min

imization.

Communications in Medical Applications 30-7

30.4.4 Bluetooth

Although. requiring. more. power. than. IEEE. 802.15.4-based. communications,. Bluetooth. has. found.

app

lications

.in.ambu

latory

.med

ical

.mon

itoring

.[23

.mob

ile

.car

.ale

.sys

tems

.[24

.and.in.phy

siologi-

cal

.mon

itoring

.[25

. e.ambu

latory

.mon

itoring

.sol

ution

.pre

sented

.by.Zha

.and.Liu.add

resses

.the.

rep

lacement

.of.tra

ditional

.hol

ter

.sys

tems

.by.rea

l-time

.one

.Tra

ditional

.hol

ter

.sys

tems

.stor

.phy

siologi-

cal

.dat

.in.a.loc

.mem

ory

.tha

.is.lat

.dow

nloaded

.onto.a.PC.for.dia

gnosis.

. is.app

roach

.end

orses

.the.

occ

urrence

.of.a.wid

.ran

.of.err

ors

.tha

.can.onl

.be.det

ected

.ae

.dow

nloading

.the.hol

ter

.dat

.(e.

g.,

lea

.mal

function).

.As.suc

.the.aut

hors

.pro

pose

.a.mon

itoring

.arc

hitecture

.whe

.sev

eral

.pat

ients

.can.

be.mo

nitored

.th

rough

.th

.us

.of.Bl

uetooth-enabled

.se

nsors

.co

mmunicating

.wi

.a.PC.usi

.Bl

uetooth

asy

nchronous

.co

nnectionless

.(A

CL)

.li

nks.

Lee

. et. al.. put. for

ward

. a. mob

ile

. car

. ale

. sys

tem

. all

owing

. the. mon

itoring

. of. hyp

ertension

. and.

arr

hythmia

.pat

ients,

.tri

ggering

.ear

.war

ning

.not

ications

.whe

.abn

ormal

.par

ameters

.are.det

ected.

 is.sys

tem

.enc

ompasses

.a.fro

nt-end

.per

sonal

.mob

ile

.dev

ice

.and.a.bac

k-end

.car

.cen

ter

.ser

ver.

. e.rs

com

prises

.a.phy

siological

.(bl

ood

.pre

ssure,

.pul

se,

.and.ECG

)

.par

ameter

.ext

raction

.Blu

etooth-enabled

dev

ice

.an

.a.mo

bile

.ph

one.

. e.se

cond

.co

nsists

.of.a.GS

M/GPRS

.mo

dule

.(a

ble

.to.tr

ansmit/receive

.sh

ort

mes

sages)

.and.a.PC-b

ased

.car

.cen

ter

.hos

.wit

.an.Int

ernet

.con

nection.

. e.sys

tem

.ope

rates

.by.per

iodi-

cally

.sam

pling

.phy

siological

.sign

als

.per

forming

.its.tra

nsmission

.to.a.Blu

etooth-enabled

.mob

ile

.pho

(de

vice)

.usin

.the.RFC

OMM

.tra

nsport

.pro

tocol,

.whi

.emu

lates

.RS23

.ser

ial

.por

.ove

.the.(Bl

uetooth)

L2CA

.pro

tocol.

.Besi

des

.upl

oading

.the.phy

siological

.dat

.to.a.dat

abase

.in.the.hea

lthcare

.cen

ter

.ser

ver,

the.mob

ile

.pho

.use

.a.simp

.alg

orithm

.to.ide

ntify

.abn

ormal

.con

ditions,

.whi

.res

ult

.in.the.tra

nsmis-

sion

.of.short.messages.to.the.physicians.or.the.other.healthcare.providers..Abnormal.conditions.(identi-

ed

.by.pro

fessional

.jud

gment

.of.the.stor

.inf

ormation

.in.the.hea

lthcare

.cen

ter

.ser

ver)

.tri

gger

.an.ala

to.the.rel

ated

.per

sonnel,

.for.exa

mple,

.loc

.oc

ers

.can.be.ins

tantly

.inf

ormed

.or.an.ambu

lance

.can.be.

imm

ediately

.di

spatched

.to.th

.lo

cation

.of.th

.pa

tient

.fo

.re

scue.

Stojanovic

. et. al.. pro

posed

. a. phy

siological

. mon

itoring

. sys

tem

. wit

. an. arc

hitecture

. com

prising

Blu

etooth-enabled

.sen

sors

.wor

.by.pat

ients,

.a.Blu

etooth

.acc

ess

.poi

nt,

.and.a.loc

.ser

ver.

. e.majo

di

erence

.fro

.the.sys

tem

.pro

posed

.by.Lee.et.al..is.tha

.the.pat

ient-worn

.int

egration

.dev

ice

.is.her

rep

laced

.by.an.ac

cess

.po

int.

.As.su

ch,

.if.th

.pa

tient

.we

ars

.mu

ltiple

.Bl

uetooth-enabled

.se

nsors,

.th

ere

.wi

be.mu

ltiple

.RF

COMM

.li

nks

.to.th

.ac

cess

.po

int,

.wh

ich

.ac

.as.a.wi

reless

.mu

ltiserial

.se

rver

.th

.re

ceives

ser

ial

.dat

.ove

.the.Blu

etooth

.RFC

OMM

.lin

.and.pac

.it.in.TCP

/IP

.fra

mes

.tha

.are.sen

.to.the.loc

ser

ver

.an

.to.ot

her

.re

mote

.lo

cations

.(e

.g.,

.ho

spital),

.usi

.th

.In

ternet,

.if.re

quired.

.sug

gested

.by.the.afo

rementioned

.exa

mples,

.Blu

etooth

.has.bee

.ide

ntied

.as.a.fea

sible

.PAN.tec

nology

.to.sup

port

.med

ical

.sen

sor-based

.app

lications.

.In.con

sequence,

.the.Blu

etooth

.Spec

ial

.Int

erest

Gro

.(SI

.dev

eloped

.a.spe

cic

.Med

ical

.Dev

ice

.Pro

le

.(MD

.[26

]

.aim

.at.exp

anding

.the.use.of.the.

tec

hnology

.into.the.med

ical,

.hea

lth,

.and.tn

ess

.mar

kets.

. e.MDP.add

resses

.a.wid

.var

iety

.of.med

ical

dev

ices

.(bl

ood

.pre

ssure

.met

ers,

.wei

ght

.sca

les,

.pul

.oxi

meters,

.glu

cose

.mon

itors,

.pul

se/heart

.rat

.mon

tors,

.etc

.),

.sup

ports

.mul

tiple

.dat

.tra

nsfer

.mod

.(re

al-time

.str

eaming,

.per

iodic,

.epi

sodic,

.and.bat

tra

nsfer),

.and.is.abl

.to.cop

.wit

.tig

.syn

chronization

.req

uirements

.(1.ms)

.Dat

.com

munications

.use.

the.exc

hange

.spe

cications

.and.the.dat

.str

uctures

.de

ned

.by.the.IEE

.110

.[53

]

.pro

tocol

.on.top.of.the.

MDP.lay

er,

.thu

.ena

bling

.dat

.sha

ring

.bet

ween

.app

lications

.and.imp

roving

.int

eroperability

.bet

ween

med

ical

.da

.en

dpoints.

30.4.5 IEEE 802.11

 e.IEEE.802.11.protocol.has.been.widely.adopted.in.wireless.LANs.addressing.home.and.business.

app

lication

.sce

narios.

.Giv

.its.tar

get

.app

lication

.dom

ain

.(po

wer

.con

sumption

.cha

racteristics),

.it.is.not.

com

monly

.use

.for.sup

porting

.sma

.for

.fac

tor

.mon

itoring

.dev

ices

.req

uiring

.a.hig

.lev

.of.auto

omy.

.Nev

ertheless,

.the

.are.rep

orted

.res

ults

.of.usin

.IEE

.802

.11

.for.phy

siological

.dat

.col

lection

.[27

How

ever,

.due.to.its.per

vasiveness,

.it.is.fre

quently

.ado

pted

.as.the.ena

bling

.tec

hnology

.for.gat

eways

.in.

30-8 Industrial Communication Systems

multitiered.monitoring.applications.[28,29]..Tejero-Calado.et.al..provide.an.example.of.physiological.

mon

itoring

.usin

.IEE

.802

.11

.tec

hnology

.in.[27

.Her

.an.IEE

.802

.11b

.com

pliant

.mod

ule

.sup

port-

ing

.rat

.up.to.11.Mbp

.col

lects

.rea

l-time

.ECG.dat

.fro

.an.ele

ctronic

.sub

system

.(an

alog

.con

ditioning

plu

.dig

ital

.sam

pling)

.and.per

forms

.its.tra

nsmission

.to.a.cen

tral

.ser

ver

.for.stor

age

.(an

.ana

lysis)

.usin

a.TCP

/IP

.com

munication

.tra

nsport.

. e.rea

l-time

.ECG.dat

.fed.to.the.ser

ver

.can.be.vie

wed

.on.dis

play

dev

ices,

.suc

.as.PCs

.lapto

ps,

.PDA

.etc

.as.lon

.as.the

.can.com

municate

.wit

.the.ser

ver

.usin

.the.

TCP

/IP

.tr

ansport.

.arc

hitecture

.of.mon

itoring

.app

lications

.typ

ically

.emp

loys

.(at.lea

st)

.two.tie

rs:

.one.whe

.dat

are.col

lected

.and.the.oth

.whe

.dat

.are.mad

.ava

ilable

.for.pro

fessional

.ana

lysis.

.In.the.rs

.tie

.the.

vit

.sen

sors

.wor

.by.pat

ients

.are.con

nected

.(th

rough

.wir

.or.wir

elessly)

.to.a.loc

.uni

.(mo

bile

.pho

ne,

PDA

.etc

.tha

.dis

plays

.sign

als

.and.rel

ated

.inf

ormation,

.per

forms

.basi

.sign

.pro

cessing,

.and.tra

ns-

mits

.dat

.usin

.the.IEE

.802

.11

.tec

hnology.

.In.the.sec

ond

.tie

.mul

tiple

.loc

.uni

.tra

nsmit

.dat

.to.a.

cen

tral

.ser

ver

.whe

.it.is.stor

ed,

.pro

cessed,

.and.fur

ther

.ana

lyzed

.loo

king

.for.abn

ormalities.

.Exa

mples

of.mon

itoring

.app

lications

.sup

ported

.on.IEE

.802

.11

.ena

bled

.gat

eways

.are.pro

posed

.by.Kar

atzanis

.et.

al..and.Pos

tolache

.et.al.. e.for

mer

.pre

sents

.an.acq

uisition

.and.pro

cessing

.sys

tem,

.bas

.on.a.wea

rable

tex

tile-based

.ECG.dev

ice

.con

nected

.to.a.PDA.tha

.col

lects

.hea

.rat

.(HR

)

.and.res

piratory

.rat

.(Re

spR)

sign

als,

.whi

.are.the

.tra

nsmitted

.to.a.hom

.gat

eway

.usin

.IEE

.802

.11

.com

munications.

. e.hom

gat

eway

.pro

duces

.the.cor

responding

.tim

.ser

ies,

.pac

ks,

.and.sen

.the

.to.a.cen

tral

.rep

ository

.whe

a.cli

nical

.dec

ision

.sup

port

.sys

tem

.can.det

ect

.the.ons

.of.ear

.dec

ompensation

.epi

sodes.

. e.lat

ter

introduces.a.portable.biosignal.measuring.system.based.on.a.personal.digital.assistant.(PDA).that.col-

lects,

.stor

es,

.and.ana

lyzes

.dat

.fro

.the.ECG

.and.the.oxy

gen

.sat

uration

.(SpO

2S)

.and.ski

.tem

pera-

ture

.sen

sors.

.Besi

des

.onl

ine

.spo

ntaneous

.hea

.rat

.(HR

.the.PDA.det

ermines

.the.hea

.rat

.var

iability

(R-

.var

iation).

. e.det

ection

.of.a.majo

.eve

.(de

viation

.fro

.a.giv

.set.of.par

ameters)

.res

ults

.in.the.

tra

nsmission

.of.the.las

.10.min.of.phy

siological

.dat

.to.the.hos

.lapto

. is.tra

nsmission

.is.per

formed

usin

.a.TCP

/IP

.tra

nsport

.pro

tocol

.on.top.of.IEE

.802

.11b

.com

munications.

. e.phy

siological

.dat

.are.

the

.fur

ther

.ana

lyzed

.usin

.adv

anced

.alg

orithms

.(e.

g.,

.the.fas

.Fou

rier

.tra

nsform)

.in.ord

.to.obt

ain

.an.

acc

urate

.pa

tient

.di

agnosis.

30.4.6 Nonindustrial technologies

 e. free.industrial,.scientic,.and.medical.(ISM).bands. are.becoming.crowded.as. a.result. of.the.

mas

sive

.ado

ption

.of.wir

eless

.com

munication

.tec

hnologies

.(e.

g.,

.Wi-F

.and.Blue

tooth).

.To.cop

.wit

the.pro

blem

.of.int

erference

.in.med

ical

.env

ironments,

.the.US.Fed

eral

.Com

munications

.Com

mission

(FC

.has.all

ocated

.the.402

–405

.MHz.ran

.of.fre

quencies

.to.the.med

ical

.imp

lant

.com

munication

sys

tems

.(MI

CS)

.ban

.and. the. 608

–614,

.139

5–1400,

.and. 142

7–1432

.MHz.fre

quency

.ran

ges

.to. the.

wir

eless

.med

ical

.tel

emetry

.ser

vice

.(WM

TS)

.ban

.[30

. es

.unl

icensed

.ban

.can.be.use

.for.bot

sho

.ran

.(MI

CS)

.and.mod

erate

.ran

.(WM

TS)

.com

munications

.wit

hout

.the.ris

.of.int

erference

fro

.ind

ustrial

.wir

eless

.tec

hnologies.

.Fur

thermore,

.the.MIC

.ban

.is.res

tricted

.to.tra

nsmissions

.of.

les

.tha

.−16.dBm

.whi

.red

uces

.the.ope

rational

.ran

.to.a.few.met

ers

.but.inc

reases

.the.aut

onomy

of.MIC

S-based

.com

munication

.dev

ices.

. e.WMT

.ban

.is.usu

ally

.emp

loyed

.in.tel

emetry

.app

lica-

tions

.req

uiring

.ope

rational

.ran

ges

.of.mor

.tha

.100.m,.as.the.ban

.all

ows

.a.max

imum

.tra

nsmission

pow

.of.1.5.W.

amples

.of.non

industrial

.com

munication

.tec

hnologies

.are.the.wir

eless

.wov

.ind

uctor

.cha

nnel

des

cribed

.in.[31

]

.and.the.BAN.bas

.on.the.MIC

S/WMTS

.pro

posed

.in.[32

. e.for

mer

.is.emp

loyed

in.BAN

.and.add

resses

.the.pro

blem

.of.ult

ra-low-power

.nea

r-eld

.com

munication

.whi

.the.lat

ter

env

isages

.mul

titiered

.vit

.sig

nal

.mon

itoring

.sys

tems

.bas

.on.MIC

S/WMTS

.com

munications

.for.

hea

lthcare

.env

ironments.

.Wire

less

.Wov

.Ind

uctor

.all

ows

.a.wea

rable

.sen

sor

.net

work

.to.com

municate

.wit

.a.gat

eway

dev

ice

.thr

ough

.sev

eral

.lay

ers

.of.clo

thes,

.i.e

.it.ena

bles

.ult

ralow-power

.com

munication

.bet

ween

.sen

sors

in.clo

.con

tact

.wit

.the.pat

ient’s

.bod

.and.a.gat

eway

.wit

hout

.the.inc

onvenience

.of.hav

ing

.wir

.pas

sing

Communications in Medical Applications 30-9

through.multiple.clothes.. e.architecture.of.the.system.comprises.three.sensor.nodes.that.are.placed.

on.the.inne

.wear.and.conn

ected

.to.each.othe

.thro

ugh

.digi

tal

.yarn.(hav

ing

.cond

uctivity).

. e.sens

node.signa

.are.tran

smitted

.to.the.oute

.wear.thro

ugh

.the.wove

.indu

ctor

.chan

nel,

.bein

.supp

lied

.to.

a.pers

onal

.sens

.cont

roller

.that.store

.and.proc

esses

.the.rece

ived

.info

rmation.

. is.appr

oach

.pres

ents

bene

ts

.as.it.redu

ces

.powe

.cons

umption

.and.enab

les

.over

-the-air

.ener

.tran

smission,

.whic

.allo

a.dram

atic

.incr

ease

.in.sens

.netw

ork

.auton

omy.

. e.auth

ors

.clai

.a.sens

.powe

.cons

umption

.of.

300.μW.und

.a.3.3.V.sup

ply

.vol

tage

.(at.1.Mbps

.MICS

/WMTS-based

.BAN.desc

ribed

.by.Yuce.and.Ho.[32].is.a.thre

e-tiered

.comm

unication

.sys-

.comp

osed

.of.sens

.node

.cent

ral

.cont

rol

.unit

.(CCU

s),

.a.base.stat

ion

.(com

posed

.of.a.CCU.and.

a.PC),.and.a.serv

er.

. e.lowe

.tier.incl

udes

.sens

.node

.that.coll

ect

.and.forw

ard

.data.from.inpa

tients

(in.bed).to.a.CCU.using.MICS.tech

nology.

. en,.the.CCU.conv

eys

.this.data.to.the.base.stat

ion

.using.

WMTS.tech

nology

.(sec

ond

.tier

. e.rece

ived

.data.are.then.tran

smitted

.to.an.exte

rnal

.serv

.using.the.

inte

rnet

.(thi

.tier

. e.MICS.band.is.used.for.netw

ork

.comm

unications

.at.the.sens

.leve

.due.to.its.

low.tran

smission

.powe

.(25.μW).that.enab

les

.high

-sensor

.auton

omy.

.Beca

use

.the.WMTS.is.allo

wed

to.oper

ate

.with.high

.powe

.tran

smissions

.(10.dBm.≤.tran

smit

.powe

.<.1.8.dB),.it.is.oen.appl

ied

.in.

appl

ication

.scen

arios

.wher

.high

.rang

.are.requ

ired

.(e.g

.CCU.comm

unications).

. e.auth

ors

.clai

comm

unications

.wit

hout

.sign

icant

.del

ays.

30.5 automation

Automation. has. found. application. in. a. broad. range. of. scenarios. going. from. industrial. plants.

with.asse

mbly

.and.tran

sport

.robo

ts,

.to.smar

.home

.adap

ted

.for.pati

ents

.with.func

tional

.impa

ir-

ments,

.to. heal

thcare

.inst

itutions

.empl

oying

.medi

cal

.robo

.in. surg

ery

.or. in. pati

ent

.reha

bilita-

tion.

.Curr

ently,

.it.is.play

ing

.an.incr

easingly

.impo

rtant

.role.in.heal

thcare

.syst

ems

.as.it.impr

oves

effi

ciency,

.incr

eases

.the.qual

ity

.of.serv

ice,

.save

.time.and.manp

ower,

.and.supp

orts

.the.exec

ution

of.dull.(e.g

.proc

essing

.bloo

.samp

les),

.dirt

.or.dang

erous

.(e.g

.hand

ling

.chem

ical

.subs

tances)

task

.The.foll

owing

.subs

ections

.intr

oduce

.two.repr

esentative

.heal

thcare

.doma

ins

.wher

.auto

ma-

tion

.is.bein

.effe

ctively

.appl

ied.

30.5.1 Smart Homes

 e.world.population.aged.over.65.years.is.growing.fast.and.it.is.expected.to.rise.above.1490.million.

peop

.by.the.year.2050.[1]..Dish

man

.[33].iden

ties

.four.requ

irements

.that.shou

.be.addr

essed

.to.cope.

with.the.curr

ent

.tren

.of.elde

rly

.demo

graphic

.incr

ease:

.prom

ote

.heal

thy

.beha

viors,

.dete

.dise

ases

at.an.earl

.stag

.impr

ove

.trea

tment

.comp

liance,

.and.prov

ide

.supp

ort

.for.info

rmal

.care

giving.

. ese.

requ

irements

.can.be.met.by.main

taining

.elde

rly

.(or.impa

ired)

.peop

.livi

.in.thei

.home

.[34]

.with

thei

.soci

.netw

ork,

.and.bein

.assis

ted

.by.autom

ation

.syst

ems

.that

.besid

.help

ing

.them.with.the.

acti

vities

.of.dai

.liv

ing

.(AD

Ls),

.als

.mon

itor

.the

.hea

lth

.con

dition.

Smart

.home

.can.be.den

.as.dwel

lings

.inco

rporating

.a.comm

unication

.netw

ork

.that.conn

ects

elec

trical

.appl

iances

.and.serv

ices

.and.allo

.them.to.be.remo

tely

.cont

rolled,

.monit

ored,

.and.acce

ssed

.[35]

Smar

. home. comm

unication

. requ

irements

. are. signi

cantly

. dist

inctive

. from. thos

. of. tech

nologies

addr

essing

.larg

.buil

dings

.(e.g

.BACn

et,

.LON,.and.KNX/

EIB)

.main

.in.what.conc

erns

.cove

rage

.area

numbe

.of.supp

orted

.devi

ces,

.and.per.modu

.cost

.As.such

.tech

nologies

.like.X10,.Z-Wa

ve,

.and.ZigB

were.spe

cically

.dev

eloped

.tar

geting

.hom

.net

working.

X10

.[36].is.an.open.and.an.inte

rnational

.stan

dard

.proto

col

.for.home.comm

unications

.supp

orting

two.physi

cal

.medi

.the.hous

.elec

trical

.netw

ork

.and.the.radi

.freq

uency.

. e.comm

unication

.of.data.

empl

oys

. brie

. radi

. freq

uency

. burs

. (120.kHz. signa

ls)

. repr

esenting

. digi

tal

. info

rmation,

. whic

. are.

inse

rted

.imme

diately

.aer.the.main

.50.Hz.sine.wave.orig

in.

. is.proto

col

.den

.no.spec

ic

.medi

acce

.mech

anism,

.and.to.cope.with.high.nois

.leve

ls,

.a.bit.is.alwa

.sent.toget

her

.with.its.comp

lement,

resu

lting

.in.a.tra

nsmission

.rat

.of.one.dat

.bit.per.cyc

.of.the.ele

ctricity

.net

work.

30-10 Industrial Communication Systems

Z-Wave.is.a.wireless.(low-power).standard.designed.to.address.remote.control.applications.in.residen-

tial

.env

ironments,

.cre

ated

.by.Zen

sys

.and.sta

ndardized

.by.the.Z-W

ave

.All

iance

.[37

.Z-W

ave

.ope

rates

.in.

the.900.MHz.ISM.ban

.(Un

ited

.Stat

es,

.908

.42

.MHz

;

.Eur

ope,

.868

.42

.MHz

;

.Hon

.Kon

.919

.82

.MHz

;

.and.

Aus

tralia/New

.Zea

land,

.921

.42

.MHz

.has.a.30.m.ran

.in.ope

.spa

ce,

.and.sup

ports

.dat

.rat

.of.960

or.40.kbp

. e.tec

hnology

.sup

ports

.a.mes

.topo

logy

.in.whi

.nod

.com

municate

.wit

.eac

.oth

dir

ectly,

.wh

.th

.ar

.in.ra

nge,

.or.ro

ute

.pa

ckets

.th

rough

.ot

her

.no

des,

.ot

herwise.

ZigBee

.is.a.com

munication

.tec

hnology

.desi

gned

.for.low

-rate

.wir

eless

.PAN

.spe

cifying

.the.net

work

and.app

lication

.lay

ers

.on.top.of.the.IEE

.802

.15.4

.MAC.(an

.PHY

)

.and.enc

ompassing

.app

lication

pro

les

.tha

.gua

rantee

.int

eroperability

.amo

.pro

ducts

.fro

.di

erent

.man

ufacturers.

.Cur

rently,

.two.

(pu

blicly

.ava

ilable)

.pro

les

.tar

geting

.hom

.are

.net

works

.(HA

Ns)

.are.ava

ilable:

.sma

.ene

rgy

.and.hom

auto

mation.

. e.rs

.foc

uses

.on.ene

rgy

.man

agement

.whi

.the.sec

ond

.tar

gets

.app

liance

.con

trol

.and.

man

agement

.in.sma

.hom

es.

.Fur

ther

.inf

ormation

.abo

.thi

.tec

hnology

.can.be.fou

.in.the.cor

re-

sponding

.ch

apter

.of.th

.bo

ok.

Although

.X10,.Z-W

ave,

.and.Zig

Bee

.pro

tocols

.wer

.desi

gned

.env

isaging

.sma

.hom

.net

working

app

lications,

.the

.are.oth

.sta

ndard

.tec

hnologies

.tha

.can.equ

ally

.mee

.the.req

uirements

.of.sma

hom

es.

.Exa

mples

.of.the

.tec

hnologies

.are.the.CAN.el

dbus

.[38

.Blu

etooth

.[39

.and.IEE

.802

.15.4

[40

. e.CAN.pro

tocol

.was.dev

eloped

.by.Bos

ch,

.and.besi

des

.bei

.wid

ely

.ado

pted

.in.the.auto

motive

ind

ustry,

.it.can.be.emp

loyed

.in.sma

rt/assistive

.hom

.net

working

.due.to.its.pro

perties

.and.add

-ons

rel

ated

.to.fau

lt-tolerant

.ope

ration

.and.rea

l-time

.com

munication.

.Bar

tolomeu

.et.al..[38

]

.des

cribe

.a.com

mercial

.home.automation.system.that.enables.severely.disabled.users.to.operate.enhanced.appliances.

usin

.cus

tom

.int

erfaces.

. is.sys

tem

.is.sup

ported

.in.a.CAN.el

dbus

.usin

.a.pro

ducer–consumer

.com

munication

.mod

.in.whi

.enh

anced

.hom

.app

liances

.(e.

g.,

.win

dow

.bli

nds,

.doo

rs,

.lig

hts)

.are.ope

rated

usin

.hum

an–machine

.int

erfaces

.(HM

Is)

.or.spe

cic

.con

trol

.app

liances

.(e.

g.,

.swi

tches).

. e.tri

gger

.of.a.

com

mand

.res

ults

.in.the.tra

nsmission

.of.a.bro

adcast

.mes

sage

.in.the.CAN.el

dbus.

.Sin

.eac

.mes

sage

de

nes

.its.con

sumers,

.onl

.the

.wil

.acc

ept

.the.com

mand

.and.act.acc

ordingly.

.An.ext

ension

.of.thi

com

munication

.mod

.emp

loying

.a.wir

eless

.tec

hnology

.has.bee

.stu

died

.in.[41

]

.whe

.an.ass

essment

of.the.tim

eliness

.of.mul

tihop

.bro

adcasts

.in.Zig

Bee

.net

works

.was.con

ducted.

. e.con

clusion

.was.tha

pro

ducer–consumer

.com

munications

.sup

ported

.on.Zig

Bee

.mul

tihop

.bro

adcasts

.are.ade

quate

.to.bui

ld-

ing

.au

tomation

.sy

stems

.of.re

duced

.siz

.op

erating

.wi

thout

.re

transmissions

.(i

.e.,

.in.fr

.RF.ch

annels).

Dengler

.et. al..[39

]

.emp

loyed

.Blu

etooth

.for.sup

porting

.sen

sor/actuator

.com

munications

.in.sma

hom

es.

. ei

.app

roach

.con

sists

.of.ins

talling

.sen

sor

.(e.

g.,

.tem

perature,

.mot

ion,

.lig

ht)

.and.act

uator

.nod

in.spe

cic

.pla

ces

.aro

und

.the.dwe

lling

.so.tha

.abn

ormal

.eve

nts

.can.be.det

ected

.and.pro

perly

.dea

.wit

Sen

sors

.and.act

uators

.(BTn

odes)

.are.ena

bled

.to.com

municate

.wit

.eac

.oth

.ove

.mul

tiple

.hop

.by.

a.rou

ting

.pro

tocol

.imp

lemented

.on.top.of.the.Blu

etooth

.L2CA

.lay

er.

. is.sen

sor/actuator

.net

work

emp

loys

.a.simp

.pro

prietary

.pro

tocol

.(on.top.of.the.rou

ting

.lay

er)

.tha

.com

prises

.thr

.typ

.of.mes

sages

.han

dled

.wit

.di

erent

.pri

orities:

.eme

rgency,

.com

mand,

.and.dat

.Eme

rgency

.mes

sages

.(ca

lls)

are.bro

adcasted

.whe

never

.an.ano

maly

.is.det

ected

.and.are.per

iodically

.ret

ransmitted

.unt

.a.han

dling

con

rmation

.(ac

knowledgment)

.is.rec

eived

.fro

.an.act

uator.

.Com

mand

.cal

.are.(ac

knowledged)

.mes

sages

.use

.to.ini

tiate

.rem

ote

.pro

cesses

.in.sen

sor

.nod

.(e.

g.,

.rec

alibration).

.Dat

.cal

.are.per

iodic

.una

knowledged

.mes

sages

.tra

nsmitted

.to.mai

ntain

.a.chr

onicle

.of.the.env

ironment

.sta

tus,

.thu

.all

owing

inf

ormation

.to.be.ana

lyzed

.and

/or

.dis

played

.to.use

.in.and.out

side

.the.sma

.hom

.Pro

vided

.tha

.sen

sor/actuator

.inf

ormation

.mus

.be.ava

ilable

.bey

ond

.the.sma

.hom

.(e.

g.,

.ala

.not

ications,

.rea

l-time

mon

itoring),

.Den

gler

.et.al..als

.pro

pose

.gat

eways

.all

owing

.the.bri

dging

.of.the.sen

sor/actuator

.net

work

wit

.po

pular

.co

mmunication

.te

chnologies,

.su

.as.Wi-

Fi,

.te

lephony

.ne

twork,

.et

.[40

.Kha

.et.al..pre

sent

.the.arc

hitecture

.of.a.clu

stered

.hie

rarchical

.hom

.are

.net

work

.(HA

sup

ported

.on.IEE

.802

.15.4

.tec

hnology

.ope

rating

.in.the.bea

con-enabled

.(be

aconed)

.mod

.Her

nod

.inc

luding

.sen

sors

.(e.

g.,

.tem

perature,

.lig

ht,

.pre

ssure,

.mot

ion,

.smo

ke,

.hum

idity)

.are.dep

loyed

in.di

erent

.are

.of.the.hou

.(be

droom,

.lou

nge,

.lib

rary,

.poo

.etc

.and.gro

uped

.in.clu

sters.

.Sen

sor

nod

.bel

onging

.to.a.giv

.clu

ster

.can.onl

.com

municate

.wit

.a.cen

tral

.nod

.den

oted

.by.clu

ster

hea

.thu

.enf

orcing

.a.sta

.top

ology

.at.the.int

racluster

.lev

el.

.Clu

ster

.hea

ds,

.on.the.oth

.han

.can.

Communications in Medical Applications 30-11

communicate.with.each.other.and.with.the.PAN.coordinator..Furthermore,.cluster.heads.can.route.

pac

kets

.fro

m/to

.the

.own.clu

ster,

.oth

.clu

sters,

.or.the.PAN.coo

rdinator.

.Sen

sor

.nod

es,

.clu

ster

.hea

ds,

and.the.PAN.coo

rdinator

.com

municate

.wit

.eac

.oth

.and.wit

.the.out

side

.wor

.by.emp

loying

.a.

sup

erframe

.str

ucture

.con

taining

.an.act

ive

.par

.use

.for.con

tention-based

.(CS

MA/CA)

.or.con

ten-

tion-free

.com

munications,

.and.an.ina

ctive

.par

.whe

.the.tra

nsceiver

.can.be.tur

ned

.o.for.pow

.sav

ing.

. is.sup

erframe

.is.bou

nded

.by.bea

con

.fra

mes

.per

iodically

.tra

nsmitted

.by.the.PAN.coo

rdinator,

whi

.con

veys

.the.sen

sor

.net

work

.inf

ormation

.to.oth

.sys

tems

.by.mea

.of.a.(PC

)

.gat

eway

.ena

bled

wit

.TCP

/IP

.com

munications.

.Add

itional

.inf

ormation

.reg

arding

.the.bea

coned

.mod

.of.the.IEE

802

.15.4

.sta

ndard

.can.be.fou

.in.[42

30.5.2 Healthcare robotics

 e.initially.slow.acceptance.of.robotic.technology.in.medicine.has.been.motivated.by.psychological,.

tec

hnical,

.and.eco

nomic

.rea

sons.

.How

ever,

.giv

.the.cur

rent

.hig

.saf

ety

.ins

urance

.of.med

ical

.rob

ots,

the

.app

lication

.has.spa

wned

.a.bro

.set.of.med

ical

.are

as,

.suc

.as.ort

hopedic

.and.car

diac

.sur

gery,

lap

aroscopy,

.end

oscopy,

.amo

.oth

ers

.[43

.Som

.cur

rent

.hea

lthcare

.dom

ains

.whe

.rob

ots

.are.bei

emp

loyed

.inc

lude

.use.in.mul

tiple

.typ

.of.sur

gery

.(im

age-guided,

.min

imal

.inv

asive,

.etc

.),

.reh

abilita-

tion

.rob

ots,

.reh

ab-manipulators,

.and.mob

ile

.sys

tems

.(fo

.hos

pitals,

.sma

.hom

es,

.etc

.).

.In.the.fol

low-

ing

.par

agraphs,

.hea

lthcare

.rob

otic

.sys

tems

.are.int

roduced

.wit

.foc

.on.the.emp

loyed

.com

munication

tec

hnologies.

Ozkil

.et.al..[44

]

.pro

pose

.a.rob

otic

.auto

mation

.sys

tem

.for.tra

nsportation

.of.goo

.in.hos

pitals,

.spe

ci-

fying

.mob

ile

.rob

ots

.for.car

rying

.con

tainers,

.and.sta

tionary

.rob

otic

.sta

tions

.for.loa

ding/unloading

.ope

ations.

. re

.lay

ers

.of.dec

ision

.are.de

ned:

.sup

ervisory

.con

trol,

.tra

c

.con

trol,

.and.veh

icle

.con

trol.

. e.

rs

.is.res

ponsible

.for.gen

erating

.and.comb

ining

.tra

nsportation

.req

uests,

.and.assi

gning

.tas

.to.mob

ile

rob

ots.

. e.sec

ond

.pla

.the.mov

ements

.of.con

tainers

.in.ord

.to.cop

.wit

.req

uired

.sch

edules

.and.to.

avo

.con

icts

.res

ulting

.fro

.di

erent

.use

.req

uests.

. e.thi

.gen

erates

.mov

ement

.set.poi

nts

.tha

.are.

tra

nsmitted

.to.mob

ile

.rob

ots

.in.ord

.to.mee

.the.pla

nned

.mov

ements

.of.con

tainers.

.Besi

des

.rob

ots,

.the.

sys

tems’

.arc

hitecture

.enc

ompasses

.a.ser

ver

.pro

viding

.ee

.sup

ervision

.(sto

rage

.of.ord

.and.con

tainer

inf

ormation)

.and.a.Wi-F

.AP.ena

bling

.TCP

/IP

.dat

.com

munication

.wit

.the.mob

ile

.rob

ots

.(tr

ansmis-

sion

.of.mov

ement

.set

points).

.In.add

ition

.to.Wi-F

.com

munications,

.mob

ile

.rob

ots

.als

.enc

ompass

.a.

CAN.net

work

.all

owing

.hig

h-level

.set.poi

nts

.to.be.con

veyed

.to.the.low

-level

.con

troller,

.res

ponsible

.for.

sensing.bumps.and.emergency.events.(activated.by.a.switch),.while.driving.the.servo.motors.and.brakes.

Regarding

.coo

perative

.tea

.of.rob

ots,

.Cho

.et.al..[45

]

.int

roduced

.a.rob

otic

.(Bi

oRobot)

.pla

tform

for.cli

nical

.tes

.in.sma

.to.med

ium-sized

.lab

oratories

.usin

.mob

ile

.age

nts

.(MA

.wit

.the.abi

lity

.to.

tra

nsport

. blo

. sam

ples,

. rea

gents,

. mic

roplates,

. and. med

ical

. ins

truments.

. e. sys

tem

. arc

hitecture

inc

ludes

.MAs.for.tra

nsport,

.SCA

.rob

otic

.man

ipulators

.for.han

dling

.sam

ples

.and.rea

gents,

.an.ele

va-

tor

.mod

ule

.to.sup

ply

.mic

roplates

.to.the.MA,.an.inc

ubator

.mod

ule,

.and.a.pho

tometry

.sca

nner.

. es

com

ponents

.are.orc

hestrated

.to.per

form

.a.set.of.tes

.in.an.ec

ient

.way.by.man

aging

.the.ava

ilable

res

ources

.acc

ording

.to.lab

oratory

.req

uirements.

. e.ana

lysis

.wor

kow

.is.ini

tiated

.by.loa

ding

.sam

ples

and.rea

gents

.in.ind

ividual

.tub

es,

.and.hav

ing

.eac

.mic

roplate

.ide

ntied

.by.an.RFI

.tag.(A.cli

nical

mod

ule

.inc

ludes

.a.mic

roplate,

.an.RFI

.tag.and.a.rea

der).

. en

.the.ope

rator

.spe

cies

.the.req

uired

.tes

seq

uences

.and.the.sch

edule.

.Fro

.thi

.mom

ent

.on,.the.Bio

Robot

.pla

tform

.ope

rates

.auto

matically

.by.

hav

ing

.MAs.col

lecting

.and.tra

nsporting

.sam

ples

.bet

ween

.sys

tem

.mod

ules

.(SC

ARA

.rob

ot,

.inc

ubator,

spe

ctrophotometer,

.etc

.),

.unt

.the.sch

eduled

.tes

.seq

uences

.are.com

pleted.

.Dur

ing

.thi

.pro

cess,

.sam

ples

are.tra

cked

.by.the.RFI

.tag

.embe

dded

.in.cli

nical

.mod

ules.

. e.Bio

Robot

.pla

tform

.emp

loys

.Blu

etooth

tec

hnology

.for.sup

porting

.com

munications

.amo

.MAs.and.a.cen

tral

.uni

.(PC

.whi

.ena

bles

.the.pro

vision

.of.upd

ated

.MA.sta

tus

.inf

ormation

.(po

sition,

.sam

ples

.bei

.car

ried,

.etc

.and.the.tra

nsmission

.of.

sup

ervisory

.co

mmands

.to.MA

.use.of.rob

ots

.in.dom

estic

.set

tings

.is.als

.bec

oming

.pop

ular.

.For.exa

mple,

.Den

gler

.et.al..[39

]

pre

sent

. a. fam

ily

. of. rob

ots

. (Ro

bertino)

. all

owing

. the. sup

port

. and. the. mai

ntenance

. of. sma

. hom

30-12 Industrial Communication Systems

communication.networks,.providing.environment.and.inhabitant.monitoring.and.locating.frequently.

lost.obje

cts.

. is.syst

.is.also.supp

orted

.on.Blue

tooth

.commu

nication

.tech

nology.

. e.foll

owing

.sect

ion

pres

ents

.some.issu

.rega

rding

.the.appl

ication

.of.comm

unications

.in.heal

thcare

.envi

ronments,

.as.well.as.

the.cor

responding

.cha

llenges.

30.6 Issues and Challenges

Over.the.years,.standard.industrial.communications.have.been. integrated. in.healthcare.equipment.

for.netw

orking

.supp

ort.

.In.cons

equence,

.medi

cal

.and.indu

strial

.comm

unications

.shar

.a.signi

cant

rang

.of.feat

ures

.and.prob

lems

.in.area

.like.secu

rity,

.priv

acy,

.safe

ty,

.reli

ability,

.and.time

liness.

.Curr

ent

ende

avors

.in.the.stan

dardization

.of.die

rent

.medi

cal

.comm

unications

.are.also.expe

cted

.to.impr

ove

.the.

inte

roperability

.of.com

munication

.dev

ices

.fro

.di

erent

.man

ufacturers.

30.6.1 Security and Privacy

Nowadays,.security.and.privacy.are.two.critical.concerns,.not.only.for.the.direct.implications.of.their.

viol

ation

.but.also.beca

use

.thei

.supp

ort,

.in.many.heal

thcare

.appl

ications,

.is.an.open.rese

arch

.area

Wirel

ess

.comm

unications

.are.beco

ming

.very.popu

lar

.amon

.home.netw

orking

.appl

ications

.give

.thei

low-

cost

. inst

allation,

. aest

hetics,

. exi

bility,

. and. reco

nguration

. capa

bilities

. [46]

. Howe

ver,

. they. are.

more.exp

osed

.to.sec

urity

.and.pri

vacy

.bre

aches

.tha

.the

.wir

.cou

nterparts.

Bergstrom

.et.al..[47].stat

.that

.to.ensu

.secu

rity,

.a.netw

ork

.must.prov

ide

.con

dentiality,

.auth

en-

tication,

.auth

orization,

.and.inte

grity.

.Con

dentiality

.is.conc

erned

.with.the.poss

ibility

.of.thir

.par-

.bein

.able.to.read.the.tran

smitted

.mess

ages

.in.the.netw

ork

.whil

.auth

entication

.rela

tes

.with.

the.conc

ern

.that.some

body

.may.masq

uerade

.as.a.legi

timate

.oper

ator

.of.the.syst

em.

. e.syst

em’s

inte

grity

.can.be.corr

upted

.when.an.atta

cker

.modi

es

.syst

.data.or.comm

ands.

. is.can.occu

when

.for.exam

ple,

.a.mali

cious

.user.is.able.to.tamp

.with.data.by.gain

ing

.acce

.to.the.syst

usin

.fals

.or.pira

ted

.auth

orizations.

.Anot

her

.impo

rtant

.aspe

.is.priv

acy,

.not.only.from.the.trus

pers

pective

.[48].but.also.from.an.ethi

cal

.poin

.of.view.[49]

.i.e.

.pati

ents

.have.huma

.righ

.and.civi

libe

rties

.that.must.be.resp

ected.

.An.exam

ple

.illu

strating

.the.mult

iple

.dime

nsions

.of.priv

acy

.is.the.

moni

toring

.of.elde

rly

.peop

.wher

.priv

acy

.can.be.inte

rpreted

.in.a.pers

pective

.of.main

taining

.per-

nal

.data.secu

.(ina

ccessible

.to.thir

.part

ies)

.or.resp

ecting

.the.righ

.to.inti

macy

.of.elde

rly

.peop

le.

 ese.pers

pectives

.shou

.be.take

.into.acco

unt

.in.the.deve

lopment

.of.legi

slation

.conc

erning

.the.

prot

ection

.of.priv

acy.

30.6.2 Safety and reliability

 e.support.of.safety.in.healthcare.environments.is.a.domain.oen.regarded.as.solely.relying.on.security.

and.the.prot

ection

.of.priv

acy.

.Howe

ver,

.it.is.depe

ndent

.on.a.broa

der

.spec

trum

.of.scen

arios:

.syst

.mis-

se,

.sow

are

.bugs

.hard

ware

.malf

unctions,

.inte

rference

.on.comm

unications,

.etc..If.a.user.has.the.abil

ity

to.perf

orm

.a.give

.set.of.acti

ons

.(com

mands),

.amon

.them.comm

ands

.that.requ

ire

.huma

.inte

rvention

for.comp

letion

.or.cont

inuous

.oper

ation,

.he/s

.may.util

ize

.the.syst

.impr

operly

.and.caus

.dama

not.only.to.the.equi

pment

.but.also.to.hims

elf

.or.some

one

.near

.(e.g

.pati

ent).

.Anot

her

.scen

ario

.aris

from.so

ware

.bug

.or.har

dware

.mal

functions.

.In.thi

.cas

.the.sys

tem

.has.no.pre

dictable

.beh

avior

.and.

can.dama

.the.medi

cal

.equi

pment

.and.inju

.its.user

.Sinc

.a.lot.of.heal

thcare

.equi

pment

.use.buse

for.comm

unicating

.data

.they.may.work.on.unpr

edictable

.stat

.due.to.netw

ork

.malf

unctions

.caus

by.elec

tromagnetic

.inte

rference

.(EMI

)

.from.near

.equi

pment

.[50]

.In.orde

.to.impr

ove

.the.reli

ability

of.wire

less

.medi

cal

.devi

.netw

orks

.(WMD

N),

.Gehl

.and.Sloa

.[51].prop

ose

.a.WMDN.veri

cation

and.vali

dation

.toolk

.(V2T).that.allo

.warr

anting

.safe.and.reli

able

.WMDN.oper

ation.

.Howe

ver,

.due.

to.the.broa

.rang

.of.comp

onent

.manu

facturers,

.devi

.mode

ls,

.and.user.con

gurations,

.the.supp

ort

.of.

universally.safe.and.reliable.WMDN.systems.is.still.in.an.early.stage.of.development.

Communications in Medical Applications 30-13

30.6.3 Standardization

Standardization.promotes.the.avoidance.of.duplicate.research.eorts,.the.improvement.of.technical.

sup

port,

.an.inc

reased

.vol

ume

.pro

duction

.lea

ding

.to.a.red

uced

.per.ite

.cos

.a.bro

adening

.of.the.app

li-

cation

.mar

ket,

.etc

.To.har

ness

.the

.ben

ets

.in.hea

lthcare

.env

ironments,

.spe

cic

.pro

tocols

.add

ressing

int

eroperable

.bed

side

.dev

ices

.(IS

O/IEEE

.110

.[53

])

.and.BAN

.(IE

.802

.15.6

.[54

])

.hav

.bee

.pro

posed.

.ISO

/IEEE

.110

.fam

ily

.of.sta

ndards

.spe

cies

.the.nom

enclature,

.the.abs

tract

.dat

.mod

el,

.the.

ser

vice

.mod

el,

.and.the.tra

nsport

.for.int

eroperable

.bed

side

.dev

ices

.and.aim

.to.“pr

ovide

.rea

l-time

.plu

and-play

.int

eroperability

.for.pat

ient-connected

.med

ical

.dev

ices

.and.fac

ilitate

.the.ec

ient

.exc

hange

.of.

vit

.sig

.and.med

ical

.dev

ice

.dat

.acq

uired

.at.the.poi

nt-of-care,

.in.all.hea

lth

.car

.env

ironments”

.[56

Cur

rently,

. onl

. two.tra

nsport

.sys

tems

.hav

.bee

. app

roved:

. cab

.con

nected

. and. inf

rared

.wir

eless.

How

ever,

.an.app

roved

.dra



.ver

sion

.of.a.set.of.gui

delines

.for.the.use.of.RF.wir

eless

.tec

hnology

.as.tra

ns-

port

.in.IS

O/IEEE

.11

073

.sy

stems

.is.av

ailable

.sin

.Ju

.20

08.

.the.lat

ter

.par

.of.200

.the.IEE

.802

.15

.Tas

.Gro

.6.(BA

.was.for

med

.to.dev

elop

.a.com

muni-

cation

.sta

ndard

.opti

mized

.for.low

-power

.dev

ices

.ope

rating

.in.(or.aro

und)

.the.hum

.bod

.(bu

.not.

lim

ited

.to.hum

ans),

.add

ressing

.med

ical

.hea

lthcare

.app

lications

.(e.

g.,

.phy

siological

.mon

itoring),

.con

sumer

.ele

ctronics

.inc

luding

.ent

ertainment

.(e.

g.,

.wir

eless

.hea

dphone),

.and.oth

.app

lications.

.Besi

des

the.uni

que

.cri

teria

.de

ned

.by.Tas

.Gro

.6.[58

.iss

ues

.reg

arding

.can

didate

.wir

eless

.tec

hnologies

.hav

bee

.int

roduced

.[57

.How

ever,

.a.dra



.rea

.for.the.spo

nsor

.bal

lot

.is.onl

.sch

eduled

.for.the.end.of.200

whi

.wi

.sig

nicantly

.de

lay

.th

.st

andard

.ad

option.

Although

.not.spe

cically

.des

igned

.envi

saging

.hea

lthcare

.envi

ronments,

.the.IEE

.145

.[52

]

.has.the.

potential.to.become.a.contender.in.medical.monitoring.applications.. is.standard.was.initially.spon-

sored

.by.the.IEE

.Ins

trumentation

.and.Mea

surement

.Soc

iety

.and.tar

gets

.ind

ustrial

.wir

.and.wir

eless

dis

tributed

.mon

itoring

.and.con

trol

.app

lications.

. e.IEE

.145

.fam

ily

.of.sta

ndards

.de

nes

.a.set.of.open,.

com

mon,

.net

work-independent

.com

munication

.int

erfaces

.for.con

necting

.tra

nsducers

.(sen

sors

.or.act

ators)

.to.mic

roprocessors,

.ins

trumentation

.sys

tems,

.and.con

trol/eld

.net

works

.[55

.Sma

.tra

nsducer

int

erfaces

. for. sens

ors

. (an

. act

uators)

. empl

oying

. wir

eless

. com

munication

. pro

tocols

. (Wi

-Fi,

. Zig

Bee,

Blue

tooth,

.and.LoW

PAN)

.are.sta

ndardized

.sin

.200

.and.are.alr

eady

.com

mercially

.ava

ilable

.[59

Despite

.the.exi

stence

.of.sta

ndards

.spe

cically

.add

ressing

.com

munications

.amo

.med

ical

.dev

ices

.in.

hea

lthcare

.env

ironments,

.com

mercial

.mod

ules

.sup

porting

.tho

.sta

ndards

.are.sti

.sca

rce,

.thu

.hin

der-

ing

.the

.app

lication

.in.rea

.dep

loyments.

.Als

.sta

ndards

.sho

uld

.be.desi

gned

.to.red

uce

.fea

ture

.red

un-

dancy

.an

.in

compatibility,

.wh

ich

.wo

uld

.fo

ster

.in

teroperability.

30.6.4 timeliness

 e.occurrence.of.high.delays.and.jitter.in.medical.communication.systems.has.a.direct.impact.on.

the.qua

lity

.of.ser

vice

.pro

vided

.by.the.ass

ociated

.equ

ipment.

.For.exa

mple,

.a.var

ying

.(hi

gh)

.lat

ency

.in.

rea

l-time

.pat

ient

.vit

.sign.com

munication

.can.int

erfere

.wit

.com

puterized

.and.hum

.int

erpreta-

tion,

.inc

reasing

.the.pro

bability

.of.mis

diagnosis

.and.ris

king

.the

rapeutic

.int

erventions.

.Mor

eover,

.del

ays

can.ori

ginate

.spu

rious

.ala

rms,

.suc

.as.“le

ad-loss”

.or.“oi

.pat

ient,”

.whi

.red

uce

.sys

tem

.tru

.and.

inc

rease

.co

mplaints

.(a

.in

vestigations)

.fo

.“n

o-problem-found”

.ev

ents.

Because

.sec

urity

.and.pri

vacy

.are.main.req

uirements

.in.hea

lthcare

.com

munications,

.the.use.of.sta

dard

.enc

ryption

.mec

hanisms

.is.hig

hly

.des

irable

.as.it.all

ows

.sec

uring

.dat

.and.gua

ranteeing

.com

patibility

and.con

tinuous

.imp

rovement

.of.the.tec

hnology.

.How

ever,

.sin

.mos

.med

ical

.dev

ices

.emb

.smal

.pow

mic

roprocessors,

.the.del

.ass

ociated

.wit

.the.enc

ryption/decryption

.pro

cedure

.can.be.sig

nicant.

Many

.of.the.afo

rementioned

.med

ical

.com

munications

.emp

loyed

.in.loc

alization,

.mon

itoring,

.and.

auto

mation

.app

lications

.hav

.not.bee

.ful

.ass

essed,

.i.e

.sta

ndard

.pro

tocols

.are.emp

loyed

.for.dat

com

munication

.wit

hout

.any.exp

erimental

.or.the

oretical

.eva

luation

.of.lat

ency

.and.jit

ter.

. is.app

roach

is.ina

dequate

.and.hig

hly

.cen

surable

.for.med

ical

.app

lications

.wit

.saf

ety-critical

.rea

l-time

.com

munica-

tion

.re

quirements.

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