Water Power and Dam Construction. Issue September 2010

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22 SEPTEMBER 2010 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

EUROPE

The report did not consider the full potential for larger high head

schemes as they may have greater environmental impact, and cannot

be readily identied using geographic information systems at the scale

employed in this project. Small-scale high head hydropower also lies

outside the remit of this work, but could be within the scope of future

projects. These schemes in particular may be attractive as they present

lower risks for sheries.

The EA is keen to point out that the project and data are not

intended to replace any part of an individual site assessment, which

is necessary for full scheme appraisals. Its aim is to inform and not

replace other assessments. Furthermore, the methodology used in the

report is not intended for use in individual site applications.

OPPORTUNITY KNOCKS

Once sites had been identied within the mapping project, hydro-

power opportunity was calculated using height and ow data. Then

shery and protected areas data was used to assess environmental

sensitivity. Almost half (46%) of barriers are classied as highly sen-

sitive, mainly due to the presence of migratory sh species such as

salmon and eel. About a quarter (26%) of the barriers are medium

and low, while the remainder are unclassied due to a lack of data.

However, there are considerably more environmentally compatible

opportunities when the EA assumes that a new scheme has a sh pass

built on it. As a separate exercise the EA identied what it calls ‘win-

win’ schemes. These are dened as providing a good hydropower

opportunity and, with the introduction of a sh pass, will increase the

status of sh population and improve sh passage. Over 4000 win-

win sites were identied, representing about half of the total power

potential (580MW). The EA believes that grants for such sh passes

could help to unlock this potential.

RESULTS

The opportunity maps showed clear clustering of hydro potential in

upland areas of England and Wales. Indeed all regions, except East

Anglia, show signicant potential. Wales has a theoretical potential

of 396MW with the most important English regions being the north-

west (196MW) and Yorkshire and Humber (179MW). Particular

concentrations of win-win opportunities are available along the

Rivers Severn, Thames, Aire and Neath.

Out of an assessment of 25,935 barriers there is a total estimat-

ed potential capacity of nearly 1200MW.This could provide up to

3660GWh/yr or 1% of the UK’s projected electricity demand in

2020. However, as the EA stresses, in reality the feasible potential

will only be a fraction of this gure due to access to local electricity

distribution networks and environmental constraints. The average

maximum power generation estimated on a barrier was 45kW.

In the conclusion to its report on the project work the EA says: “We

hope that the evidence this project provides will ultimately allow us to

develop a strategic approach to the deployment of small scale hydro-

power in England and Wales, that maximises energy generation whilst

ensuring the natural environment is protected and enhanced.”

David Williams, chief executive of the British Hydropower

Association (BHA), gave a nod of approval for the EA’s work. “The

sensitivity mapping report shows the Environment Agency’s commit-

ment to developing renewable energy whilst protecting the environ-

ment,” he said. “The BHA welcomes this stance and looks forward

to helping with the development of hydropower at all suitable sites, in

conjunction with the installation of sh passes where evidence shows

they are necessary.”

LIMITED BUT IMPORTANT

Although the Environment Agency believes that small hydro has a

limited role to play in renewable energy production, it is still none the

less very important. Despite what it calls small gures for theoretical

maximum power potential (1178MW), the EA believes hydro offers

a number of advantages: it is a reliable and proven technology and

is attractive to local communities. Indeed, hydro is also becoming

increasingly attractive to those committed to meeting green power

demands.

In order to meet ‘extremely ambitious’ government targets of gen-

erating 15% of UK energy supplies from renewables by 2020, it has

been suggested that 31% of electricity will need to be renewable.

“This means,” the EA says, “that we will need to exploit all available

renewable energy sources to their sustainable maximum.”

And this is where hydropower can prove its worth. As illustrated

by the EA’s mapping study, hydropower could theoretically produce

3% of the country’s renewable energy needs by 2020. In the scale of

things this may prove to be a small contribution, but it will pack a big

punch in the battle against climate change.

IWP& DC

Summary of hydro potential

mapping results for England

and Wales

Total number of barriers

– In England

– In Wales

25,935

21,823 (782MW)

4112 (396MW)

Maximum power potential/MW 1178

Average maximum power potential/kW 45

Number of potential win-win opportunities 4190

Number of low environmental sensitivity opportunities 1092

Number medium environmental sensitivity opportunities 5631

Number of high environmental sensitivity opportunities 12,040

British Hydropower Association:

deeply involved in UK

hydropower development

Hydropower in Britain has not enjoyed as much development for the last sixty

years as it is now. The Renewable Obligation introduced in 2002 and the new

feed-in-tariff for projects up to 5MW have provided the right incentive on which

energy generation, manufacturing and the provision of services can ourish.

The British Hydropower Association’s role in the UK’s hydropower

development has involved lobbying on policy and regulatory matters and the

development of good practice and guidance in the implementation of the

various policies and procedures. By far the largest area of work has been in

environmental issues especially in the protection of sh and sh stocks at

new and refurbished hydro installations and maintenance of water quality

under the terms of the European Water Framework Directive.

Perversely, the easier it has become to develop new hydro projects, the

more difcult and protracted the environmental regulation has become. All

three environment agencies in Britain – the Environment Agency (in England

& Wales), the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and the Northern

Ireland Environment Agency – have struggled to handle the increase in licence

applications which were virtually none-existent four years ago. This is now

more of a problem with the new national government’s cost-cutting exercises

which will inevitably lter down to the devolved governments and assemblies.

The BHA has been seeking to help via direct meetings and responses to

consultations designed to help streamline the consenting process. With

regard to sh protection and water quality and general ecological matters,

there has also been considerable dialogue with the agencies to dene actual

requirements, the need for further evidence testing and specic guidance for

all stakeholders to lead to clear regulation and its implementation.

The development of hydropower is seen as being signicant in the county’s

renewable energy mix. With a present installed conventional hydropower

capacity of approximately 1500MW (4920GWh) the Department of Energy and

Climate Change has issued a target for 2020 of 2130MW (6,360GWh) an

increase of 42%. Recent studies have indicated that there is remaining viable

potential well within this target – the challenge now is to build it in a highly

regulated sector. This is where the British Hydropower Association and its

members having expertise in all aspects of hydropower development will be

active in the forthcoming years.

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24 SEPTEMBER 2010 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

EUROPE

N the historic city of Wroclaw in south-western Poland, work is

under way to create one of the largest ood protection systems

in Europe. Since October 2009 Halcrow Group Ltd have been

working in partnership with Scott Wilson and BRL Ingenierie on

the detailed design of large scale improvements to the ageing system

of river channels and ood defences which provide protection from

the oodwaters of the River Odra that ows through the heart of

the city. The goal of the Wroclaw Regional Water Management

Authority’s project is to deliver a robust, reliable protection system

to reduce the risk of ooding to the city’s population of 630,000 to a

probability of less than 0.1% in any year.

Rising in the mountains of the Czech Republic, the River Odra has

a catchment area of over 20,000km

at Wroclaw. The residents of

Wroclaw have a long history of ghting oods from the Odra. The

construction of ood embankments along the Odra river valley dates

back at least 160 years following severe oods in 1854. Major oods

in 1897, 1902 and 1903 triggered the development of ood storage

reservoirs and channel canalisation works all along the Odra and a

system of large scale ood defences in Wroclaw itself.

The present Wroclaw Floodway System dates from around 1923

and provides a high level of protection to the city. The estimated

system capacity of approximately 2400m

/sec corresponds to the

0.5% annual probability ood. At the front line of the system are

two ood diversion structures on the River Odra at Bartoszowice,

at the upstream limit of the city. Up to 140m

/sec is transferred

from the Odra via a sheet-pile spillway and diversion channel to the

River Widawa, which ows around the eastern boundary of the city.

Around 700m

/sec can be diverted into the main Flood Channel

which runs through the eastern suburbs of Wroclaw. The River

Odra itself ows through the centre of the city where it divides into

two main channels, the Old Odra and the City Odra. The City Odra

divides into a network of picturesque channels and islands as it ows

through the historic Old Town. Up to around 700m

/sec of ood

ow can pass through the City Odra. The remaining ow is diverted

into the Old Odra channel via an inatable crested weir and re-joins

the Flood Channel on the eastern side of the city.

Construction work is currently underway

on the Wroclaw Floodway system in

Poland – one of the largest ood protection

systems in Europe

Modernization

of the Wroclaw

ﬂoodway system

Above: Schematic map of the Wroclaw Floodway System

Below: River Odra in the centre of Wroclaw

WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM SEPTEMBER 2010 25

EUROPE

The River Odra has long been an important transportation route for

coal and other goods. Although the volume of shipping has declined

in recent years, the river remains heavily regulated for navigation

purposes. In Wroclaw, water levels are controlled by ve separate

gated weirs or barrages with associated ship locks. Two dedicated

navigation canals run alongside the ood channel. In extreme ood

events these structures constrict ood ows, increasing water levels

in the channels and the risk of ooding. At least twenty major bridges

span the river and ood channels. The piers and abutments of these

structures further impede the passage of oods. Flow through the city

centre is also restricted by the weirs and gates at two low head, river

hydroelectric power stations on the City Odra.

SYSTEM INTEGRITY

The integrity of the oodway system and other river structures was

severely tested in 1997. On the night of the 11 July the largest ood

wave ever recorded in Wroclaw arrived at the city. The estimated

total ow upstream of the city was over 3500m

/sec, around 50%

greater than the capacity of the city’s substantial oodway system.

Over the next two days breaching and overtopping of the ood

defence embankments resulted in widespread ooding of the western

and eastern parts of the city. The diversion structure to the River

Widawa was destroyed together with training embankments resulting

in ooding of the eastern districts of the city. The historic Old Town

was saved from ooding only through the voluntary action of thou-

sands of the city’s residents in building temporary defences from sand

bags. Overall, around 35% of the city area was ooded. The ood

resulted in massive damages and widespread disruption all along the

River Odra valley and in other parts of Poland. Over 2500 towns and

villages were ooded, 480 bridges were destroyed, 5000km of roads

and railway were seriously damaged and 54 people lost their lives.

Nationally, estimates of damages run into several billion US$.

INVESTIGATING SOLUTIONS

In the years since the disastrous events of 1997, a range of solutions to the

problem of ooding in Wroclaw and along the River Odra valley

have been investigated. The preferred components for the mod-

ernization of the Wroclaw Floodway System were identied in a

feasibility study undertaken by Jacobs in 2005 and three comple-

mentary and interdependent projects are now underway, together

forming one of the largest ood protection schemes in Europe. A

185Mm

on-line ood storage polder will be constructed at Raciborz,

200km upstream of Wroclaw, by a team comprising CES Consulting

Engineers, Ekosystem and Royal Haskoning for the Gliwice Regional

Water Management Authority. The capacity of the diversion struc-

ture and channel to the River Widawa will be increased to 300m

/sec

in combination with improvements to embankments along the River

Odra in a project for the Lower Silesia Board of Land Reclamation

and Water Facilities in Wroclaw by a team including Grontmij and

Sogreah consultants. The Raciborz polder will provide protection

to the towns and villages along the River Odra valley upstream of

Wroclaw but will also attenuate the ood hydrograph in the River

Odra at Wroclaw, reducing the 0.1% probability ow by up to

around 30%. The improved diversion structure to the River Widawa

will allow up to 10% of the 0.1% probability ow to be transferred

away from Wroclaw.

The overall objective of the modernization of the Wroclaw

Floodway System is to allow the safe passage of the 0.1% annual

probability ood in the River Odra, including a 15% safety margin,

and meet the legal freeboard requirements for rst class ood defence

structures under Polish law. A freeboard of 0.1m is required for con-

crete structures and 0.3m for earth embankments. Allowing for the

attenuation provided by the Raciborz polder, this ‘control ood’ is

currently estimated as 3100m

/sec upstream of Wroclaw compared

Above: The inﬂatable weir at Szczytniki used to divert ﬂow into the Old Odra

river channel; Right, top: The barrage on the River Odra at Redzin, just down-

stream of Wroclaw; Right, bottom: The main ﬂow diversion structure into the

Flood Channel at Bartoszowice

Below: The Rozanka gated weir on the Flood Channel – capacity will be

increased by adding an extra weir bay

26 SEPTEMBER 2010 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

EUROPE

to the current system capacity of around 2400m

/sec. Providing suf-

cient additional system capacity is the key challenge for the team.

The objective will be met largely by increasing the conveyance of

the system rather than raising the levels of ood defence walls and

embankments. Flood water levels in the channels will be reduced by

increasing the capacity of the channels and reducing the obstruction to

ow at structures. Around 4Mm

of material will be excavated from

the Odra, the Flood Channel and the Old Odra. The transport and

disposal of this material will be a major exercise. The navigation facili-

ties of the river itself will be used to transport much of the material.

The ow area under seven major road and rail bridges will be

increased to reduce the afux at these structures. The integrity of the

bridge foundations and of the structures as a whole will need to be

maintained both during construction and on completion, requiring

specialist skills. The capacity of the Rozanka gated weir complex in

the Old Odra will be increased by adding an additional weir gate and

the capacity of the Redzin barrage just downstream of Wroclaw will

also be increased. The permanent, xed crest weir at the hydroelectric

power station in the centre of the city will be replaced with an adjust-

able ap gate structure. This will be lowered during oods to reduce

the upstream water levels. The City Navigation channel ood gates,

lock and the channel itself will be modied to allow ood water to

pass along the channel. At present the channel is closed during oods

but with these improvements will be able to provide an additional

ood ow route through the city. Repairs to existing ood defence

walls and embankments will be made and limited lengths of new

defences will be constructed at critical locations.

COMPLEX SYSTEM

The complexity of the oodway system means that assessing the

impact of each of the proposed improvements and their interaction

with each other and the two other components of the River Odra

ood protection scheme is not straightforward. To provide condence

in the performance of the scheme a hydrodynamic computer model

of the oodway system is being developed. This will allow the effect

of each component of the project to be tested during detailed design

and prior to construction, enabling ne tuning of the design if needed.

The model will also be used to understand and allow for the effect

of uncertainties in key design parameters on the project. On comple-

tion of the works the model will be used by the Wroclaw Regional

Water Management Authority to assist in the future management and

operation of the system and potentially for ood forecasting.

At the end of May 2010, just a few months into the project, devas-

tating oods once again swept across much of Poland. The ow in the

River Odra at Wroclaw peaked at around 2000m

/sec, close to the

current capacity of the system. In Wroclaw the ow was contained

within the Floodway system although emergency reinforcement of

many kilometres of embankments was necessary to prevent breaching

of the ood defences. In the Odra valley upstream of Wroclaw, towns

and villages were inundated. The ood did however provide the team

with a valuable opportunity to collect measurements of ood water

levels in the channels at key points around the city for verication of

the model of the system.

In addition to the engineering design and supervision of the con-

struction works, the team are also responsible for obtaining the

necessary environmental permits and acquiring land both for tem-

porary use during construction and for permanent acquisition, no

small task due to the large number of working sites and private

landowners involved.

Construction of the rst components of the scheme is due to start

in the middle of 2011 and work will continue for two to three years.

The team will supervise construction and provide support during

the initial maintenance period following completion. The project is

funded by the Polish Government, the World Bank and the European

Union Cohesion Fund.

For further information contact Gareth Heatley,

Halcrow Group Ltd, heatleyg@halcrow.com

IWP& DC

Top: Trzebnicki bridge over the ﬂood channel – ﬂow capacity will be increased

underneath this structure; Left: Islands in the River Odra in the centre of

Wroclaw; Above: Emergency reinforcement of ﬂood embankments after the

ﬂood in May 2010

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28 SEPTEMBER 2010 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

EUROPE

he South East Europe (SEE) Hydropower project is

based on the European Directive on the Promotion of

Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources (RES-e). The

three-year project started in June 2009 and is nanced

by the South-East Transnational Cooperation Programme of the

European Union.

The project has a strong focus on the integration between the

Water Framework Directive and the RES-e Directives in the countries

involved. Its objectives include the promotion of hydro production in

SEE countries in order to:

r Optimise water resource exploitation in a way which is compatible

with other water users.

r Preserve environmental quality.

r Take into account the environmental sustainability of natural

resources.

r Cope with climate change.

r Prevent the risk of ooding.

SEE Hydropower denes specic needs and test methodologies and

tools, in order to help public bodies make decisions about the plan-

ning and management of water and hydropower concessions, consid-

ering all multi-purpose use. Methodologies and tools will be tested in

the following pilot regions: Piave basin (Italy); Mur basin (Austria);

Ialomita - Prut basin (Romania); Serres region (Greece); and Drava

basin (Slovenia).

Competition between water users (for drinking, irrigation, indus-

trial processes, power generation, etc.) is becoming a serious problem,

and there is a strong need for more accurate planning and manage-

ment to optimise resources. Investigations are being carried out to

dene common strategies and methods for preserving rivers with par-

ticular consideration being given to aquatic ecosystems, considering

the required environmental ow, macro-habitat quality, migratory

sh and related environmental issues. Other problems addressed by

the project include the contrast between public administration and

environmental associations on the one side and hydropower produc-

ers on the other.

The organisations involved in the project are a well balanced mix of

public administrations, agencies ruling hydropower development and

water conservation, plus scientic institutions having the most advanced

Hydropower is the most important renewable resource for energy production in

Southeast European countries. However competition between water users is becoming

a serious problem. The South East Europe (SEE) Hydropower project has been

developed to nd a way forward for all water users and balance energy demands with

environmental and ooding considerations

Uniting

European

hydropower

Below: HaltFlood data input bucket model

SEE Hydropower organisations

Public administrations and agencies:

r ARPA Veneto (Italy)

r Province of Belluno (Italy)

r Government of Styria (Austria)

r Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (Slovenia)

r National Water Administration APELE ROMANE (Romania)

r Prefecture of Serres Province (Greece)

r Prefecture of Arta Province (Greece)

Scientiﬁc and research institutions:

r ERSE SpA (Italy)

r Graz University of Technology (Austria)

r University of Ljubljana (Slovenia)

r University Politehnical of Bucharest (Romania)

r Technical University of Moldova (Rep. of Moldova)

Observing partners:

r Verbund - Austrian Hydro Power (Austria)

r ELEM - Macedonian Power Plants (Rep. of Macedonia)

r ESHA - European Small Hydropower Association (EU)

r ASSOELE - National Association of Electric Utilities (Italy)

r ENERGAP - Energy agency of Podravje (Slovenia)

r APER - Association of Renewable Energy Producers (Italy)

r UNESCO-IHE – Institute for Water Education (The Netherlands)

r REGIONE DEL VENETO – Soil Defence Department (Italy)

Pilot case study: Mur basin (Austria)

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30 SEPTEMBER 2010 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

EUROPE

technology applied to water management and hydropower generation.

SOFTWARE TOOLS

Various software tools are going to be customised and applied in the

pilot areas under the auspices of SEE Hydropower.

HaltFlood is a tool to support the operation of hydropower

reservoirs for ood attenuation. It is capable of estimating ood

hydrographs entering the reservoir and propagating downstream

from the dam. It has mathematical modules relevant to the most

important data and processes such as meteorological conditions and

runoff estimates at the watershed scale.

The main modules included in the HaltFlood software are:

Physically based hydrological rainfall-runoff model, lumped over

many sub-basins; Reservoir ood operation model; and Flood rout-

ing model based on the Muskingum method.

Multi-criteria analysis: Decision support systems are helpful to deci-

sion makers faced with conicting interests, when it is not possible to

identify, from a technical point of view, which is the best alternative

to choose. In this case, the best thing to do is give stakeholders all the

information necessary to take the decision, helping them to reduce

the dimensions of the problem and making evident the presence of

conicts that have to be managed.

The multi-criteria analysis (MCA) appeared in the 1960s as a

decision-making tool. It is used to make a comparative assessment

of alternatives, on the basis of some evaluation criteria. The validity

of the results is strongly linked to the choice of the criteria that need

to be dened carefully, taking into account all the factors that could

affect the problem that is going to be analysed.

The method is designed to help decision-makers integrate the differ-

ent options, reecting the opinions of the actors concern. Participation

of the decision-makers in the process is a central part of the approach.

The results are usually directed at providing operational advice or

recommendations for future activities. Applications of the MCA to

water resource management and the optimisation of existing and

future water use conict will be carried out in the context of the SEE

Hydropower project.

VAPIDRO ASTE is a GIS integrated tool to calculate hydro-

power potential and identify promising small hydro plant sites,

through the evaluation and management optimisation of water

availability, considering geodetic head in the territory (at a region-

al and basin scale).

The tool takes into account the exploitation of existing water

resources with their geographical location and elevations, and the

limitation that this creates regarding potential energy patterns. The

software is based on topographic information (digital elevation

model) and isohyets maps, with a whole analysis of the catchment,

together with a regional evaluation of available discharges along the

river system.

Based upon a user friendly graphical interface, the tool is able to

split the river into hundreds of cross-sections, calculate the available

discharges and potential hydropower production, considering con-

straints like minimum ow, withdrawals and restitutions scheme. To

perform the optimisation, VAPIDRO ASTE makes an economical

and nancial analysis of small hydro plants (including green certi-

cates and eventual governmental subsidies).

SMART Mini Idro is an EXCEL tool to evaluate the main hydro-

power project parameters of a given hydropower project, considering

the ow duration curve, the available heads, the types of turbines to

be installed and the range of discharges to be used. The tool considers

the possibility of applying government incentives to the investment

as green certicates and nally is able to evaluate the cash-ow of the

investment. The tool helps the user as an initial approach to begin a

preliminary project, leading to a rst analysis of the economical and

nancial parameters of a new small hydro plant.

EXPECTED RESULTS

The main outputs and results from the SEE Hydropower project will be

in the form of reports published on the website. These will include:

r Reliable multi-criteria methodology to support water planning and

management for hydropower production.

r Tested dynamic reservoir management to improve power produc-

tion and mitigate ood risk.

r Guidelines of best practices to preserve river ecosystems, with spe-

cial concern given to environmental ow, macro-habitat and migra-

tory sh.

r Methods and strategies (GIS database, site public cadastre, soft-

ware) to improve eco-hydropower production by means of SHP.

r Communication among SEE countries concerning hydropower

production, contributing to the implementation and integration

between Water Framework Directive and RES-e Directives.

Furthermore, a series of seminars addressed to stakeholders, at least

one per partner country, and a nal transnational seminar, are part

of the agenda of the project.

Maximo Peviani, Julio Alterach, Andrea Danelli

ERSE SpA., e-mail: maximo.peviani@erse-web.it

Gerald Zenz, Gabriele Harb

Graz Univerity of Technology

e-mail: gerald.zenz@tugraz.at

Above: VAPIDRO-ASTE hydropower exploitation optimisation tool

References

1. ERSE SpA: SEE HYDROPOWER Application Form (revised version,

reference number SEE EoI/A/524/2.4/X, South-East Transnational

Cooperation Programme (EU), 28 October 2009

2. ERSE SpA: SEE HYDROPOWER Communication Plan (ver 02), (www.

seehydropower.eu), 1st December 2009

3. South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme, Protection and

improvement of the environment, Promote energy and resource efﬁciency,

(http://www.southeast-europe.net/en/)

4. Mancusi L., Mafﬁo A.: An integrated modelling methodology to support

operation of hydropower reservoirs for ﬂood attenuation 31 Italian

Conference of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Constructions, Perugia, Italy, 9th-

12th September 2008

5. Girardi P., Garofalo E., Brambilla P., Maran S.: Multi Criteria Analysis

for the deﬁnition of environmental ﬂow from hydroelectric diversions within

an IWRM framework, accepted for Environment & Hydro-électricité, 32è

Journées de l’Hydraulique Lyon - 6 - 7 October 2010

6. Alterach J., Peviani M., Davitti A., Vergata M. (ERSE), Ciaccia G. (AEEG)

and Fontini F. (University of Padova): Evaluation of the remaining hydro

potential in Italy – The international Journal of Hydropower & Dams (Volume

Fifteen, Issue 5, 2009)

7. Peviani M., Alterach J., Brasi O., Maran S.: Evaluation of small scale

hydroelectricity potential in Italy (32th IAHR Congress). Venice, July 2007