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a6cojnoTHoro Hy;ia

npeBpaTHTca B

MeTaan HEPHOrO

UBeTa,

T.e. B

aGconiOTHO wepHoe

Te.no.

ToMKa a6co;iiOTHoro Hy;ia aanaeTca

TOWKOH

oTcne-

Ta

uBeTOBbix

TeMnepaTyp.

UlKa/ia UBeTOBbix

TeMnepaTyp

rpaaynpoBaHa

B

Kejib-

BMHax.

UBeTOBaa

TeMnepaTypa,

TaKHM

o6pa30M,

Bbipa>KaeTca

untppon,

Ha

273

6o;iee

BMCOKOH,

weM

Ta

xe

TeMnepaTypa,

Bbipa>KeHHaa

B

rpaaycax

Ue^b-

CHH.

HanpHMep, TeMnepaTypa 4000°C paBHa UBCTOBOH TeMnepaType

4273K.

npHMeHHTcnbHO

K

cteMOMHOMy npoueccy DiaBHbiM npcacTa&riaeTca

cooTHOiueHHe CHHen

H

KpacHofi cocTaB^aioiunx

B

H3JiyweHHH Toro

M/IM

HHOrO MCTOHHHKa

OCBdUeHHa,

TaK KaK

OT

3TOrO

B

3HaWHTe^bHOH

CTeneHH

3aBHCHT

xapaicrep

H3o6paxeHna.

HeM 6o;ibUie KpacHoro

B

H3JiyweHMM,

Te\i

HHJKe UBeTOBaa

TeMnepaTypa. HanpHMep,

uBeTOBaa

TeMnepaTypa

ruiaMeHii

ropaiuen

CBCMH

paBHa

I800K.

06bi<iHaa ;iaMna HaKannBaHHa HMeeT

UBCTO-

Byio

TeMnepaTypy,

paBHyio

2650K,

ranoreHHaa jiaMna HaKannBaHHa

—

3200K.

npn

3T0M MomHocTb HCTOMHHKa cBeTa

He HMeeT

HHKaKoro

3Ha4eHH«.

Bom

MW

nepcu ziaMnon HaKarwBaHna MouiHOCTbio

200 BT

C

UBCTOBOH

TeMnepa-

Typon

3200K nocTaBHM ro.ny6oH KOMneHcaunoHHbin (puribTp

H

TCM

caMbiM

«noaHHMeM» UBeTOByio

TeMnepaTypy

3Toro HcroqHHKa no

5500K,

TO

MOIU-

HocTb^aMnu

He

H3MeHnTCa.

5500K

—

o6iueynoTpe6nTe;ibHaa

uncppa,

npn-

MeHHeMaa

B

noBce,aHeBHou

npaKTnKe

npn

oueHKe

UBCTOBOH TeMnepaTypbi

Ha HaTypHbix

cbeMKax.

Untppa

5500

—

HCHTO

cpeaHee Mexay

UBCTOBOH TeM-

nepaTypon

npHMoro co^HeHHoro CBeTa (4800K) H

UBCTOBOH TeMnepaTypon

pacceHHHoro

nacMypHoro

ocBeiueHHa

(6500K).

IllKana

UBCTOBUX

TeMnepaTyp

(B

K) BecbMa

mnpoKa:

0

1700

1800

2650

3050

3200

4800

5500

6500

800/10

000

20 000

22

000

—

TeMnepaTypa

a6cojnoTHoro Hy;ia

—

(—273°C)

—

n;iaMfl

cnnHKn

—

n/iaMfl

CBenn

—

JiaMna

HaKarwBaHna 100

BT

—

npoxeKTopHaa

jiaMna,

HaKajiHBaHna

500

BT

—

rajroreHHaa ;iaMna Haxa^nBaHna

—

npaMOH COJIHeHHblH CBCT

—

ayra nHTeHcnBHoro ropeHna

(/IMT)

— nacMypHoe

ocBeweHne

(cepoe He6o)

—

cepo-ro/iy6oe

He6o

—

CMHe-ro/iy6oe

He6o

—

cnHee He6o

(B

ropax)

80

MTO

TaKoe

CBCT

PacnpocrpaHeirae cBera

B

oziHopoiiHOH cpeae

CBCT

pacnpocrpaHaeTca

npaMOJiHHenHo.

3TOT

(paicr

^erKO npoBepaeTca Ha^nMneM

TCHH,

OT6pacbiBaeMon Jiio6biM npeziMeTOM

•H

HarjianHo

noKa3biBaiomeH,

4TO

Jiynn CBeTa

—

npaMbie.

QaHOBpeMeHHO

|c

nocTynaTejibHbiM

flBuxeHneM

no

npaMon

nponcxoaaT nonepeMHbie

KO-

jie6amiH DJieicrpoMarHHTHoro

xapaKTepa.

C

=A.-

v,

rae

C — CKopocTb

CBeTa

n

apyrnx 3JieKTpoMarHHTHbix

BO;IH;

X —

;uiHHa

BO^HW

(jiaM6aa);

v

—

nacTOTa Ko^e6aHnn

(HIO).

TaK

KaK

C=

300 000

KM/C

H

STO

Be^n

i

mHa nocroaHHaa win

Bcex

BHiiOB

•aneiopoMarHnTHoro

H3jryMeHna,

TO H

k •

v

—

BcnHHHHa

nocToaHHaa.

C^eiio-

BaTejibHo,

ne.M Kopowe /uiHHa

BO^HM,

TeM Bbiuie nacTOTa

K0^ie6aHHH,

TaK

KaK npon3Beaenne X •

v

AOA>KHO

6biTb Bceraa

paBHO 300 000 KM/C.

HacTOTa

KO^e6annn ceemoeoeo nomoKa

paBHa

npnMepHO

10

14

.

Ko^e6aHna

nponc-

\

xoaaT,

KaK yxe

ynoMnHanocb,

B

HanpaB^eHHH,

nepnenanKy^apHOM

Ha-

npaB^eHnio pacnpocTpaHeHna

CBeTa.

Vx

Puc.

39

Ha

pnc

39

noK33aHa

ocb

XY—

HanpaaneHne

pacnpocTpaHeHHa

CBeTa,

.

we

a

—

aMn/WTy,aa

Ko^e6aHnn;

X

—

annHa

BO^HW;

X/J

~

nojioBHHa

JUIH-

Hbl

BO^Hbl.

Ko^e6aHna

OHHOH

iuiHHbi

BO^HH

nponcxoaaT

B

RAOCKOCTH

ABCD,

npyron

—

B

OIOCKOCTH

A

t

B

t

C,

Z),

H

T.H.

(pnc

40).

TaKnx

ruiocKocTen,

npoxoaauinx 4epe3

ocb XY,

6ecHnc;ieHHoe

MHOXCCTBO.

Kaxaaa iuiHHa

BO^HU

B

Ka>icaon

n^ocKocTH

cooTBeTCTByeT KaKOMy-^n6o UBeTy

H^H

OT-

5HKy

UBeTa.

Puc.

40

81

•5413

Pa3fleji

II. Pa6oTa onepaTopa co

CBCTOM

HTO

TaKoe

CBCT

c,

c

A/

D>

c

2

/YX

Ds

'<k

D

Puc. 41

ECHH

CMOTpeTb H3

TOHKH

KB

CTopoHy

T04KH

X,

TO

jiHHHa XY6yaeT

Bbir^ajieTb KaK

TOMKa,

a

naocKOCTH

{ABCD

H

r.n.) npeBpaTaTca

B

orpoM-

Hoe

KO^HMecTBo npoxoiiflmHx qepe3 3Ty

TOHKY

;IHHHH

(PHC.

41).

PaccMOTpHM

CBeTOBOH noTOK

OT

TOMeiHoro HCTOMHHKa

cBeTa,

Hanpn-

Mep,

JiaMnu HaKajiHBaHHa

c

CHJIOH

CBeTa

(J),

pacno;ioxeHHOH

B

TOKKC

P

(puc.

42).

CBeTOBOH

nOTOK H3MepfleTCH B

^K)MeHaX.

JIHIMCH

—

3TO CBeTOBOH

no-

TOK,

Hi^yMaeMbiH

c

noBepxHocTH a6caniOTHO sepHoro T&na njiowaabio

0,53

MM

2

npn TeMnepaType 3aTBep.aeBaHHa onaTHHbi

(2046K).

Earn MM

HanpaBHM (poTosaeMeHT 3KcnoHOMeTpa

B

CTopoHy

HCTOMHHK3

CBeTa

(B

aaHHOM

cjiywae

B

TOHKy

P),

TO

6yaeM 3aMepaTb

ocBemeHHocTb.

OcBemeuHocTb (E)

—

3TO

noBepxHocTHaa anoTHOcrb cBeTOBoro

no-

TOKa,

naaaiomero Ha ocBeiuaeMyio

noBepxHocTb.

kbMepaeTca

B

jnoKcax.

JIMKC

—

3TO

ocBeuxeHHOCTb noBepxHocTH

n/iomaabK)

1 M

2

,

KOTOpaH

nojiynaeT oaHHaKOBo pacnpe,ae.neHHbiH

no

Hen

CBCTOBOH

noTOK B

1

;no-

MeH.

ECJIH

*e

MM

HanpaBHM

(poTOSJieMeHT SKcnoHOMeTpa

B

CTopoHy

jjaH-

HOH

noBepxHocTH,

TO

TaKHM

o6pa30M 6yaeM

3aMep«Tb apKocrb

(B).

flp-

KocTb

H3MepaeTCH

B

anocTHJib6ax.

AnocTHJibf)

—

3TO

apKOCTb a6co;noTHo 6e^oH aH(p4>y3HO oTpaacaiomeii

nOBepXHOCTH,

HMeiOlUeft OCBdUeHHOCTb

B

1

JHOKC.

QuHaKO

npH

OAHOH

H

TOH

*e ocBemeHHocTH MepHbin

6apxaT

TeMeH,

TaK KaK oTpa^aeT

Bcero

1-4%

naaaiomero Ha

Hero

CBeTa,

a

6e/iaa

6yMara

CBeTJia,

H6O

OTpaxaeT

70-90%

naaaiomero

CBeTa.

TaKHM o6pa30M, ap-

KOCTb nOBepXHOCTH 3aBHCHT

He TOJIbKO

OT

OCBeUieHHOCTH,

HO

H

OT OTpa-

/KaiejibHoii

CIIOCOGIIOCTH

—

aab6eao

(a) —

STOH

noBepxHocTH:

B = £• a.

143 (pOpMyjlbl

BHilHO,

HTO

flpKOCTb

(B) HB^aeTCH CpyHKUHeH

ocBemeH-

HOCTH (£). TaK

KaK

a/ib6e.ao

Bceraa

MeHbiue caHHHuu (nojiHocrbio

Becb

cBeT

He

oTpaxaeT

HH

o.nHa

noBepxHocTb),

TO H

npoH3BeaeHHe

E

•

a 6yaeT

MeHbiue,

ieM

E.

MHWMH

caoBaMH,

apKocrb

aaHHon

noBepxHocTH Bceraa

MeHbiue ee

ocBemeHHOCTH.

82

<

H

i^r

1

l*

;- •

W

\

D,

Puc. 42

BejIHHHHa OCBemeHHOCTH 38BHCHT TaiOKe

OT

paCCTOHHHH

flO

HCTOHHH-

xa CBeTa (/)•

JXn%

6ojiee no;iHoro noHHMaHHa H3MeHeHHa

ocBemeHHocTH

no Mepe

yaaneHHa

OT

HCTOHHHKa CBeTa paccMOTpHM

jiyn,

BbiaejieHHbiii H3

Bcero CBeTOBoro noTOKa

HCTOHHHKa

H

3amiioHeHHbiH BHyrpn nnpaMHau

c

BepuiHHofi

B

TOKKe

P

H

HMeiouxeH ocHOBaHHe

ABCD (Ha

paccroaHHH

I M

OT

BepiiJHHbi,

co cTopoHOH, paBHOH I

M,

H

ruiomaabio,

paBHOH

1

M

2

);

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BTopoe ocHOBaHHe

A

l

B

l

C

l

D

l

Ha paccroaHHH 2

M OT

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l

D

l

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TaK

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no

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TO

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A

K

D

S

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Ciie;ioBaTe;ibHO,

B

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l

B

l

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l

D

l

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/I^C,/),

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2

.

3HaHHT,

ocBemeHHocTb (noBepxHOCTHaa njioTHocTb

CBCTO-

Boro noTOKa,

naaaiomero

Ha

ocBemaeMyio

noBepxHocTb)

pacnpeaejiHTca

Ha

n^omaab,

B

4 pa3a

6o^biuyio,

npn paccTOHHHH, KOTopoe

yBe^HHRfiocb

Bcero B 2 pa3a.

OTCioaa BbiBOflHTca npaBHjio «KBaapaTOB

P3CCTOHHHH».

OcBeineHHocTb

nnocKOCTM,

nepneHAMKynjipHOM HanpaBneHMto

CBeTa,

npq-

MO

nponopuMonanbHa

cure

CBeTa HCTOHHHKa

M

o6paTHo

nponopuMOHa/ib-

Ha

KBaApaiy

paccTOdHmi:

E=J/l

2

,

me

J —

cnna

cseTa.

A

TaK KaK

B = E • a,

TO

npn oAMHaKOBbix

noaepxHo-

CTSIX

M

c

oAHHaKOBbiM

a

nonyHMM

B

=

J/I

2

.

B

HcroHHHKax pacceHHHoro CBeTa Tnna

«CBCT-500»,

«CBCT-1000»

H HM

noao6Hbix

noTOK

CBeTa no^HOCTbio

«noa4HHaeTCH»

STOH

4>opMy^e.

Ero

HHTeHCHBHOcTb

na-

aaeT o6paTHO nponopunoHanbHo KBaapaTy paccToaHHa

(PHC.

43).

ripH6opbi Hanpaa^eHHoro

CBeTa,

CHa6)KeHHbie «aHH3aMH

cppeHeaa»,

co6npaioT pacceaHHbiH

CBCT

^aMnbi

B

ayn,

peryaHpyeMbin

no

uiHpnHe

B

83

L-

r

Pa3ne;i

II.

Pa6oTa onepaTopa

co

CBCTOM

onpeae^eHHbix

npcaejiax.

3TH

npn6opM

KSK

6M

HecKanbKo Hapyuiaior

npaBH.no,

nocTyjinpyeMoe (popMyjiofi

E =

J/l

2

.

JXeno

B

TOM,

HTO

y

JiyneBMx npn6opoB HanpaBjieHHoro ocBemeHHfl

cy-

mecTByeT TaKoe

noHaTHe,

KaK «ziHCTaHUHa odpopMJieHHa

Jiyna*

(pnc.

44).

ZlHCTaHUHH o<J)opM^eHna jiyna

X

Puc.

44

3Ta

flHcraHUHH

HeoaHHaKOBa

y

npH6opoB

pa3JiHMH0H

MOIUHOCTH.

Bax-

HO,

onHaKO,

TO,

HTO

noone ocpopMJieHHa ;iyqa

ero

HHTeHCHBHOcTb Ha

HeKOTopoM

paccToaHHH

— x —

nowTH He

H3MeHaeTca.

He6ojibiuoe

pac-

cToaHHe

x,

HeoflHHaKOBoe

y

npH6opoB

pa3Hofl

MOIUHOCTH,

AaeT TeM He

MeHee

B03M0XH0CTb

aKTepy

HJIH

repoK) aoKyMeHTaLHbHoro npoH3BeaeHH«

CBo6oiiHO aBHraTbca

B

onpcaejieHHbix

rpaHMuax.

3TO

6oJibiuoe

npeHMy-

mecTBO .nyHeBbix npn6opoB nepca npn6opaMH

pacceaHHoro

ocBemeHHa,

rae npH6/iHaceHHe

K

npnGopy

HAH

y/iaieHHe

OT Hero

MFHOBCHHO

oTpaxa-

eTca Ha ocBeiueHHOCTH o6ieKTa

cbeMKH.

I

Ioiie/jeii we citcra

Ha

rpaimnc

pa3#ejia flByx

cpe^

Orpa*eiiHe

CBt'Ta.

Orpa>KeHHe CBeTa BicnioqaeT

B

ce6a aBa

OCHOBHMX

nojioaceHna:

•

yro/i naaeHHa paBeH yniy

oTpaxeHHa;

•

ayv naaaiouuHH

H

nyn OTpaaceHHMH .nexaT

B OA-

HOH

n/iocKOCTH

c

HopMajibio

B

TOHKe

naaeHHa.

Pa3^HHHbie

noBepxHocTH

no-pa3HOMy

OTpaxa-

K)T

CBeTOBOH

nOTOK.

1.

3epKajio.

B

3epKajibH0H

noBepxHocTH

Toqeq-

HblH HCTOMHHK CBeTa

OTpa3HTCa

nOJlHOCTblO,

nOMTH

6e3 noTepb. B

OTpaxeHHH

MH

yBHOHM

HCTOHHHK

CBeTa.

3TO

nanpae/teHHoe,

lepxanbHoe ompaMcemie

(pnc.

45).

2.

IH.iH(poBaiiiiaa

noBepxHOCTb

(MCTO-XI,

aepe-

BO,

KepaMHKa

H

T.n.).

B

mjiH(poBaHHOH

noBepxHO-

CTH

(MeTaruia,

aepeBa

H T.n.

MaTepnanoB)

Toneq-

HMH HCT04HHK CBeTa

0Tpa3HTCa

B

BHfle CBeTJIOTO

pacn^biBqaToro

naTHa.

3TO

nanpaejienHO-paccenHHoe

ompaMceHue

(pnc.

46).

Puc.

45

Puc.

46

84

HTO

TaKoe

CBCT

3.

JIHCT

6ejioft BaiMancKOH

SyMam.

OrpaxeHHe

OT

MaTOBOH noBepxHocTH 6ejion 6yMarn 6yaeT

paB-

HOMepHblM

BO BCe

CTOpOHM.

TOHeHHOrO HCTOHHHKa

CBeTa

MM

He

yBHUHM

BOBCC

OrKyaa

6M

MM HH

CMOT-

pe/in Ha

6yMary,

ee

apKocTb

6yaeT

oaHHaKOBa.

3TO

.

du<p<py3Ho-pacce«HHoe ompaoKeHue

(pnc.

47).

Puc.

47

I

Ipe.ioMjieHHe

CBeTa.

Ha

rpaHHue

pa3,aejia AByx cpea oaHa nacTb CBeTa

|0Tpa3HTca,

apyraa,

npoiiaa

noBepxHOCTb

pa3,nejia,

H3MeHHT

CBoe HanpaB-

jieHHe

H

6yaeT npoaojiacaTb ABHaceHne

no

HOBOMy

nyrn.

3TO

OTKJioHeHne

CBeTa Ha3MBaeTca

nptnoMJieHHeM.

np&noM^eHHe CBeTa npoHcxoaHT

Bce-

raa,

Koraa

CBCT

nepexoziHT H3

OAHOH

cpeabi

B

iipyryio.

3aK0HM

npejioMJie-

HHa CBeTa (popMyjinpyioTca

TaK:

Jlyn

naAaKDLU,MM

M

nyq

npenOMneHHbiu ne>KaT

B

OAHOH

nnocKOCTM

c

HopMa-

nbto

K

noBepxHOCTM

pasAena

B

TOHKe

naAeHMfl

nyna.

OTHomeHMe CMHyca

yrna

naAeHMn

K

cMHycy

yrna

npenoMneHMn

—

BenHHM-

Ha

nocTooHHan

ripn

nto6oM 3ManeHHM

yrna

naAeHnn:

sina

sinP

•

= n

= const

noKa3arejib npejiOMJiennH

(sin

a/sin

P)

pa

iJiHMiiux cpea M3 nycTOTw

(pnc.

48)

Boiayx

1,0009

OprcTeioio

1,49

Creioio KpoH

1,51

KaHaacKHft 6ajib3aM

1,54

CTeKJIO (J)^HHT

1,61

TaxejibiM

KPOH

1,61

TaxejibiH

(J)^HHT

1,92

AflMa3

2,42

Puc.

48

Cpeiia OKa3MBaeT

TCM

6o^binee conpoTHaneHHe npoxoacaeHHio

CBe-

Ta,

qeM 6o^biue onTHwecKaa

n^OTHOCTb

cpeiiM

H

qeM BMiue qacTOTa

H3-

JiyqeHHa.

85

Paaoeji

II.

PaGcrra

onepaTopa

co

CBcroM

-:fr

Puc.

49

Puc.

50

Puc.

51

IIpouycKaiiHC

CBCTa:

1.

Oremio.

TOHCHHMH

HCTOHHHK

CBeTa

nan-

HOCTbio BHjjeH nepe3

CTeicno.

3TO

HanpaaneH-

Hoe

nponycKaHHe CBeTa

(PHC.

49).

2.

MaroBoc

CTCKJIO,

a pita

lo.ib,

AH(p<py3iio-

pacceHBammaH

TKaiib.

ToweMHbiH

HCTOHHHK

CBeTa BH^eH KaK CBexnoe

n«THO.

TOHKHH

AyH

HCTOHHHKa npeBpaTHJica

B

6ojiee

IUHDOKHH,

M»rKHM noTOK

CBeTa.

3TO

HanpaBJieHHo-pacce-

HHHoe

nponycKaHHe

CBeTa

(PHC.

50).

3.

MojiOHHoe

CTCK.IO,

6ejian xjionKOBaa

iKaiib,

creKJioTKaiib,

BaiMaiKKUH Gejiaa

6yiwa-

ra.

Bca

anocKocTb,

3aTHHyTaa TaKHM

MaTepn-

ajIOM,

CBeTHTCH

paBHOMepHO.

C

KaKOH 6bl

CTO-

POHM

HH CMOTpeTb

Ha Hee, ee

apKOCTb BCiOAy

oAHHaicoBa.

3TO

AH(p(py3HO-pacceaHHoe

npo-

nycKaHHe

CBeTa

(pnc.

51).

OyHKi^MM cBera

CBCT

H

renno

—

H3JiyMeHHH Hamen

3Be3AM,

COJIHUA,

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Волынец М.М. Профессия: оператор. Учебное пособие для студентов ВУЗов

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