Волынец М.М. Профессия: оператор. Учебное пособие для студентов ВУЗов
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B
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aBHxeHHH,
oflHaKO
no
qbopMe Bceraa
paanHHHw.
ApHTMHMHbi 6erymHe
o6jiaKa,
apHTMHneH ropaiuHH
oroHb.
Ha
BOJT-
HW,
o6aaKa
H
oroHb
Mbi MoxeM
CMOTpeTb
oneHb noiwo
HMCHHO
noTOMy,
HTO
3aecb Bce MeHaeTCH Kaxnoe
MrHOBeHHe.
PHTM
—
OMeHb MOlUHblH HHCTpyMCHT B03iieHCTBHH Ha
3pHTeafl,
OCO-
6eHHO
PMTM B
AHHaMHKe.
npHBeaeM HeKOTopwe
npHMepw.
•
npeacTaBHM MapujHpyioiuHH Ha napaae 6aTanbOH conaxr
—
20
paaoB
no
20
ne^oBeK
B
uiepeHre.
PHTMHMHO
nenaTaa
mar,
OHH
npoxozurr
no
6pycnaT-
Ke
KpacHOH
njiomaoH.
BnenaTaeHHe
MOIUH
nepeaaeTca
3pHTeaflM,
H
ropaocTb
3a
apMHio Hano^HneT Hauie
cepaue.
A
Tenepb
npeacTaBHM,
HTO
no
imomaaH,
T3K
xe
neTKO nenaTaa
uiar,
uiaraeT...
OAHH
cojmaT...
•
BaneT «Jle6eflHHoe
03epo»,
TaHeu ManeHbKHX
nefeaeii.
HeTbipe
6ane-
pHHbi KaK
oaHa,
B
Taicr,
ncnojiHHioT npeKpacHbift
TaHeu.
A
ecan 6bi
STOT
TaHeu HcnoaHJina oaHa TaHuoBiuHua?
Boo6me
KHHO
H TB
HMCIOT
MHoro
o6mero
c
My3biKOH.
PHTMM
My3MKH
H
H3o6paxeHH«
aerKO
noaaaioTCfl
cHHxpoHH3auHH.
My3MKaabHOMy
KpemeH-
ao MoxeT
cooTBeTCTBOBaTb
H3o6pa3HTeabHoe (B
KHHO
H
Ha
TB)
KpemeHao,
My3MKajibHOMy aHMHHysnao
—
H3o6pa3HTeabHoe
aHMHHyaHao.
no3TOMy H3o6paxeHne TaK
aerKO «aoxHTca»
Ha
My3MKy
H MOHTHpy-
eTca
noa
My3MKaabHbifl
PHTM.
OnepaTopy
Heo6xoanMO 3HaTb
H
nyBCTBOBaTb
My3MKy.
My3MKaabHMH
PHTM B
aaHHHbix cteMOHHbix
naaHax H
PHTM
aBHxeHHH KaMepM
aoaxHM
coBnaaaTb.
Hcnoab3yH npneM «cy6i>eKTHBHOH»
KaMepM,
HyxHO
TOHHO
nyB-
CTBOBaTb
PHTM
My3MKH
H
nepeaaBaTb
ero
B
aHHaMHKe
KaMepM.
Eme HecKoabKo npnMepoB ncnoab30BaHHH pHTMa
(PHTMHHCCKHX
no-
BTOpOB)
B
aHHaMHKC
•
noa TeMHbiMM CBoaaMH xpaina o6aaneHHbiH
B
nepHyio cyTaHy
c
Kanio-
UIOHOM,
cor6eHHbiH,
co
cBeHKoii
B pyKax
MeaaeHHo uiecTByeT
MOHax. Co3aa-
CTCJI
onpeaeaeHHoe
BnenaTaeHHe.
TaM
xe
aBHxeTca aaHHHbin p$m
MOHaxoB.
Bce
OHH
B
cyraHax
c
KanioiuoHaMH,
Bce
OHH
cor6eHHbi
H y
Bcex
B
pyKax
CBeHKH.
BnenaTaeHHe
MHoroKpaTHo
ycanHBaeTCH.
23
Pa3aeji
I.
KoMno3niiHH
T^y6HHa
npocTpaHCTBa
Ha
ruiocKOM jiByxMepHOM
3KpaHe
•
HejioBeK
nn^HT
6peBHO.
PHTMHHHO
—
BBepx-BHH3
— flBHxeTca
ero
pyKa
c
HOXOBKOR.
3TO
OAHoo6pa3Hoe ABHxeHMe
HaM
6HCTPO
HanoeaaeT.
OHO MO-
HOTOHHO,
OHO
ycbiruisieT.
•
TaK
xe
PHTMHWHO
—
BBepx-BHH3
—
RBUXCTCH
pyKa
nanana.
OH
TOHHT
HOX.
y
ero
xepTBbi,
o6peweHHoro
Ha
CMepTb
nejiOBeKa,
MHCJIH,
KaKHMH
6bi
OHH
HH
6buiH,
BecbMa
.naneKH
OT
MOHOTOHHOCTH.
• TaK
xe
PHTMHHHO
— BBepx-BHH3
—
ABHxeTCH
pyxa
KaccHpa.
OH
BbmaeT
HaM
3apruiary.
3Ta
MOHOTOHHOCTb
Moma
6bi
/uiHTbca
6ecKOHeHHO.
OHa
6bi
HaM
He
Hanoe.ua.
KaK
BHUHM,
aaxe
o^HHaKOBbie
no
pHTMy
H
HanpaaneHHio
.aBuxemifl
Bbi3MBaioT caMbie npoTHBopewHBbie
wyBCTBa.
Eme
6anee
HaniRaHo
STO
MOXHO
na6moaaTb
B
3nH30,ae
ncuxunecKoii
amaicu.
•
PHTM
aTaKH
—
6apa6aHHbiH
6OH
—
npoH3BOHHT
/iBOHKoe
B03neHCTBne
Ha
HacTynaioiuHx
H
o6opoH$nomHXCH.
C
QUHOH
CTOPOHW,
STOT
PHTM
BHyiuaeT
HacTynaiomHM
a6co;iiOTHyio
yBepeHHOcTb
B HX
HeH36exHoft
no6eae.
C
apyrow
CTOPOHW, TOT
xe
caMbiH
PHTM
(noflMHHflflCb
KOTopoMy
ixiaraioT
cTpoeM
BOHC-
Ka,
CMbiKaflCb npH 3aMeHe
norH6uiHx)
CHJibHeftujHM
o6pa30M
B03^eHCTByeT
Ha
ncHXMKy
O6OPOHHIOIUMXCH,
Bbi3biBaa
naHHKy
H
omymeHHe
HeoTBpaTHMO-
CTH
nopaxeHHH.
PaKypc
B onepaTopcKOM
o6Hxo^e
Mbi
o6o3HanaeM
CJIOBOM
«paKypc»
ToiKy
cieMKH.
Mbi
roBopHM:
«BepxHHM
paKypc»,
«HHXHHH
paKypc»,
«B paKyp-
ce».
TepMHH
«paKypc»
nepeBOflHTca
KaK
coKpameHHe.
CoKpameHHe
o6i>eKTa
.HeMCTBHTCribHO 3aBHCHT
OT
TOHKH
CbeMKH.
BbicoKaa TOMKa
cteMKH
noaHHMaeT^HHMK)
ropn30HTa,
«npHXHMaeT»
repoa
K
3eM^e,
KaK
6bi
npMHHxaeT
ero
H
coKpamaeT
ero
pa3Mepbi.
HH3Kan
TowKa
cteMKH
onycKaeT
JIHHMO
ropH30HTa,
«npnno.aHHMaeT»,
MOHyMeH-
TanH3HpyeT repoa
M
TOXC.
coKpamaeT
ero
pa3Mepbi.
PaKypc —
CH^bHoe
cpcacTBo
B
apceHa^e
onepaTopa.
Heo6biwHaa
TOM-
Ka
cieMKH
ycH/iHBaeT
Bbipa3HTejibHocrb
Kaapa,
HO
jierKO
MoxeT HCKa-
3HTb,
H3ypoiiOBaTb
o6i>eKT
cieMKH,
6ynb
TO
apxHTeKTypHoe
coopyxeHHe,
(pwrypa
ne/ioBeKa
HJIH
ero
JIHUO.
HacTo
npn
cieMKe
MHTepBbio
BcrpeMaeTCH
TaKaa
ouiH6Ka:
KaMepa
HaxoaMTca Bbiixie
cmmnero
repoa
H
BHAHT
ero
HecKo/ibKo
cBepxy.
npn
STOM
xypHanHCT,
6eceayioiHHH
c
repoeM,
CH/IHT
Ha
CTyjje
paaoM
c
KaMe-
poH
H
Ha
OHHOM
ypoBHe
c
HHTepBbioHpyeMbiM.
B
pe3y/ibTaTe
KaMepa,
Ha-
xoaamaHca
Bbiixie
6ece,ayiomHX,
«npHXHMaeT» repoa
K
nony
KpoMe
Toro,
3pHTe^b
He
BHaHT
ero
rjia3.
ripH
Bbi6ope oGteKTa cieMKH
onepaTop
onpe.ae/iHeT
TPH
KoopaHHaT-
Hbie
TOHKH
una
VCT3HOBKH
KaMepbi:
24
<J)poHTajibHO,
cnpaBa
HJIH
I
Puc.
11
1)
paccroHHwe
no
o6ijeKTa
CbeMKH;
2)
nojioxeHHe
KaMepw
no
ropH30HTanH
cneBa
OT
o6T.eKTa;
3)
nonoxeHne
KaMepw
no
BepTHKann:
HopMa^bHaa,
BepxHHJi
miH
HMXHHH
TOHKa
cbeMKH,
T.e.
paKypc.
Ha
PHC
11
Mbi
BH^HM
H3o6paxeHHH
(pwrypbi
M
yjiHUbi
npn
HopMa^b-
HOH
—
a,
BepxHefi
(BMCOKOH)
— 6
H
HHXHCH
— e
TOMKax
cieMKH
(JIT
—
JIHHHH
ropw30HTa).
B
STOM
naparpacpe
6bi^H
paccMOTpeHbi
HecKOJibKO
onpe^e^eHHH,
BXO-
flatUHx
B
iiHCUHn^HHy
«KoMno3HUHH»:
ycTOMMHBan,
HeycTOHMHBaa
KOM-
no3HUHH,
CMMMeTpna,
acMMMeTpHH,
KOHTpaCT,
PMTM,
paKypc.
IlpaKTHKa
noKa3biBaeT,
MTO
JWQQOVI
onepaTopcKHM
npweM
—
6yflb
TO
Bbi6op
TOHKH
CbeMKH,
CHMMeTpHH
H^M
acMMMeTpHH,
onpefle^eHHe
TeMnopHTMa H Toro
H^H
HHoro KOHTpacTa
—
Bceraa
HB^HCTC«
H
aj\n
pexnccepa
HHCTpyMeH-
TOM
SMOUHOHa^bHOrO B03fleHCTBHfl
Ha
MyBCTBa
3pHTe^en.
OTCioiia
noHHTHa Heo6xoaHMocTb
nocToaHHoro
TBopnecKoro
KOHTaK-
Ta
Mexay
pexnccepoM
H
onepaTopoM.
Tjiy6piHa npocxpaHCTBa
Ha
njiocKOM ^ByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
HII/M-I
nepcneKTMBM
Te^esKpaH
06/iaaaeT
TCMH
xe
HeaocTaTKaMH,
MTO
H
KHH03KpaH,
no-
JIOTHO
XHBonncua
H^H
dpoTorpacpHH.
FIoaoSHO
CBOHM
«npeaKaM-npeimie-
CTBeHHHKaM»
r
OH
nJlOCKHH,
AByXMepHblH.
Ho 3TO BOBCe
He
03HawaeT,
HTO
25
Pa3,aeji
I.
KoMno3HiiHa
Puc. 12
y onepaTopa
HeT
BO3MOXHOCTH
npeoaoneTb,
npopBa-n.
3Ty aByxMepHOCTb
H
co3flaTb
y
3pHTe;iH BneMaT^eHHe rjiy6HHbi
npocTpaHCTBa,
TpexMepHoc™
aeMOHCTpnpyeMoro
MHpa.
JXna aocTHxeHHa
3TOH
UCTIH
y onepaTopa
HMe-
eTca uejiuft apceHan
cpeacTB.
Ho
ripn
HX
Hcnojib30BaHHH onepaiop Bceraa
AOJixeH
noMHHTb^
HTO
nocTpoeHHe TpexMepHoro npocTpaHCTBa, nepc-
neicrHBa
H
ruiacTHKa,
xecTbi
H
.nBHxeHHe
B
Kaape —
Bee
STO
npHo6peTaeT
KOMn03HUHOHHOe 3HaHeHMe TOJlbKO
B
CBH3H
CO
CMblOriOM
npOH3BefleHHH.
JlHiicMiiaH
ncpciicKTMBa.
Te,
KOMy aoBQUHjiocb Ha6jiK)flaTb
pa6oTy xy-
.aoacHHKa-XHBonHcua
npn
co3aaHHH
Kapnini.i,
HaBepHaxa
3aMeTHjw,
KaK
MHoro
CHJI
OH
3aTpaMHBaeT,
BbicTpaHBaa KOMno3Hujnio 6yaymero
npoH3-
BeaeHHa.
Bee KOMno3HUHOHHbie sjieMeHTbi 6y/ryuieH KapTHHbi xynoxHHK
noasHHaeT 3aKOHOMepHOCTHM Haiuero BocnpnaTHa OKpyxaiomero
MHpa.
Haiu
rjia3,
aBJiaacb onTHMecKon
CHCTCMOH,
npH
noMouxH xoaa
CBCTO-
BHX
Jiynefi
noBTopaeT H3o6paxeHHe
npcuMeTOB
H
npocTpaHCTBa Ha
CBoen
ceTnaTKe.
npw
STOM
npe/iMeTbi,
yMeHbiuaacb
B pa3Mepax no Mepe
yjiajie-
HHa
OT
nia3a,
noaMHHaioTca 3aKonaM
JIHHCHHOH
nepcneKTHBbi.
M3o6paxeHHe npcaiweTa Ha ce™aTKe nia3a nojiynaeTca TeM
MeHbuie,
neM najibme
OT
nia3a HaxoaHTca
STOT
npcuvieT
(PMC.
12).
3TO
Kaxyuieeca
c6jiMxeHHe yxoaaiunx Bjiarib napaajienbHbix
JIHHMH
H
yMeHbiueHHe
npcn-
MeTOB
no
Mepe
HX
yaaneHMa
— OCHOBHOH
3aKon
nepcneKTMBbi. MOXHO
npcacTaBMTb
ce6e npe/iMeTbi M
w H KaK TcnerpacpHbie CTon6bi (o^Horo
pa3Mepa),
Haxonafuneca
Ha
painHHHOM yaaneHHH
OT
rjia3a.
Ha
ceTnaTKe
Harjia^Ho
BHOHO
HX
nepcneKTMBHoe
coKpameHHe.
XyaoxHHK
Ha
JIHHHM
ropH30HTa, KOTopaa
HaxoziHTca
Ha ypoBHe rcia3
(HJIH
KaMepw),
onpe/xejiaeT TaK Ha3biBaeMyio rjiasHyio TOHKy
exoaa,
me
coeaHHaiOTca Bee
JIMHHH
cxo/ia.
CoraacHo
STHM
JIHHHHM
BbicTpaHBaioTca nepcneKTHBHbie
coKpame-
HHa Bcex
s^eineHTOB
KOMIIO3HHHH
(pnc.
13).
OnHaKo
pa6oTa
xyaoxHHKa
no
co3aaHHio npaBjaMBOH
nepcneKTHBbi
3HaqHTejibHO
c/ioxHee.
ynHTbiBaa 6MHOKy.napHOCTb Hauiero
3peHHa,
B
Kap-
THHy BBoaaTca
He
mnbKO Te
npeaMeTbi,
KOTopue nonaaaioT
B
nojie
HaH-
jiyHixiero
3peHHa,
HO H
6/iHxaHuiee
K
HeMy
oKpyxeHne,
BH/iHMoe TaK
Ha-
26
Puc. 13
Jir —
;IHHHH
ropH30HTa;
TC
— DiaBHaa TowKa
exoaa,
icyaa cTpeM«Tc« Bee
JIHHHH
exofla
3MBaeMbiM GoKOBbiM
3peHHeM.
OTCiOfla
—
noaBjieHHe HecKOJibKHx
TOHCK
exoaa npn
n3o6paxeHHH,
Hanpnviep,
(ppoHTanbHoro
HHTepbepa
(pnc.
14).
Puc. 14
A
npH
pa6oTe
Haa yrjioBbiM
HHTepbepoM HJIH npn
cteMKe aByx
paexo-
AauiHxca yjiHU noaBJiaiOTca
TOHKH
exoaa,
Haxoaamneca BOo6me
3a npe-
fltnaMH KapTHHbi
(pnc.
15
H
16).
XyaoxHHKy Heo6xonHMo yiueHHe
cTpoHTb
npaMbie yraw
B
paanHHHbix
HanpaujienHHX
(pnc.
17),
co3aaBaTb nepcneKTHBHMH pncyHOK
napKeTHoro
nojia
(pnc. 18)
H
Bcex npeaMeTOB,
BKjnonaa (pHrypw
jnoaeft.
riepeHHCJieH-
Hbie 3flecb cxeMbi
—
^HiiJb Ma^aa Aojia GecMHC^eHHbix BapnaHTOB
nep-
cneKTHBHbix
nocTpoeHHM,
KOTopwMH
B
coBepiueHCTBe non)KtH
B^aaeTb
XyflOXHHK.
OoTorpacpbi
H
onepaTopw,
K
cnacTbio,
ocBo6oxaeHbi
OT
3TOH
HacTH
cnoxHeHuieH TBopnecKOH pa6oTbi
—
Ha noMOuib npnxoAHT
OnTMKA. Ho
B3aMen oHa cTaBHT
apyrne,
He
MeHee TpyjHbie
3aaaMH.
3TH
3aaaHH
MOXHO
o6o3HanHTb
TaK:
Bbi6op onTHManbHOM
TOHKM
CbeMKM
c
TBOpnecKMM Mcnonb30BaHMeM
onTM-
KH
Ann co3AaHHq Han6onee Bbipa3MTenbHOM
KOMno3nu,nM.
27
Pa3;ie;i
I.
KoMno3HUHfl
DiyGnHa
npocTpaHCTBa Ha
rmocKOM iiByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
Puc. 16
KaK 6bijio
CKa3aHO,
TOHKa
CT>CMKH
Bbi6npaeTCH
c
yneTOM
Tpex
KOOD-
AHHaT:
•
paccTOHHHa
no
o6T>eicra;
•
norcoxeHHH Kaiwepbi
no
ropH30HTajin
no
OTHOUICHHIO
K
o6T>eicry;
•
nojioxeHHH xaMepbi
no
BepraKajiH
(t.e.
paicypca).
Puc. 17
.
28
Puc. 18
B
noncKax onraManbHon
TOMKH
CT>CMKH
npaBmibHbin Bbi6op
onTHKH
HMeeT pemaiomee
3HaHeHne.
Bbi6npa$i nna
CICMKH
O6T^KTHB
C
TCM
HHH
HHHM 4>oKycHbiM
paccTOHHHeM,
Heo6xoflHMO noMHHTb oneayiomee
npaBHJio:
riepcneKTHBa ormiHecKoro M3o6pa>KeHHH
B
KaApax,
cHBTbix pa3nHMHbiMH
o6i>eKTHBaMH,
HO c
OJIHOH
TOHKH,
ocTaeTCH
oAHHaKOBOM,
He
MeHnercn.
IlpHHHTO
CHHTaTb,
MTO
06l>eKTbI,
CHHTbie
KOpOTKOCpOKyCHOH OnTH-
KOH,
HMeioT 6anee 3KcnpeccHBHO BbipaxeHHyio ;iHHeHHyio
nepcneKTHBy.
Ha caMOM
jjejie omHouienue Macutma6oe u3o6pa.ycenuu nepcaHero
H
nanb-
Hero
nnaHOB npn cieMKe
c
OZIHOH
TOHKH OT
npnMeHeHHH
OGICKTHBOB
C
pa3JIHHHbIMH (pOKyCHblMH paCCTOHHHHMH He
MeHJtemCH.
A HMeHHO
3TO
OT-
HOlJjeHHe onpcaejiHeT
nepcneKTHBy
H3o6paxeHH$i.
Ha
PHC.
19
noKa3aHbi
flBe
cpnrypbi,
ctmmbte
c
odnou momcu pa3HbiMM
o6i>eKTHBaMH
(28
MM-OH
135
MM
— 6).
PaccTOHHne
no
6jwxHeH
cpnry-
pw
— 50
MM,
no
aanbHen
— 60
MM.
Jinn
Toro
HTO6M
o6T>eKTHBOM
28 MM
CHHTb
6;IHXHIOIO
(pnrypy TaK
xe
KpynHo,
KaK o6i>eKTHBOM
135
MM,
Heo6xoaHMO noflOHTH
K
o6T>eKTy
ro-
pa3iio
6;inxe,
HanpHMep
Ha
paccTOHHne
B 2 MeTpa.
Tenepb Ha
pnc.
196
H
20
6;IHXHHH
(Jwrypa HMeeT oflHy
H Ty xe Kpyn-
HocTb,
oaHH
H TOT xe
Macurra6.
Ho
Ha
pnc.
196
paccTOHHne no
6JIHXHCH
(pHrypu
— 50,
no
flajibHen
—
60
MeTpoB,
T.e. OTHOuieHne 5:6, a Ha
pnc.
20
paccTOHHHe no
6JIHXHCH
(pnrypbi — 2 MeTpa, no
.aajibHen
— 12
MCTPOB,
T.e.
OTHOuieHne paccTOAHnn
1:6.
ECTCCTBCHHO,
MTO
aanbHHH cpnrypa
Ha
pnc.
20
pe3KO yMeHbineHa
n
nepcneKTHBa 6o.nee
HPKO
BbipaxeHa.
TaKHM o6pa30M,
OCOGCHHOCTH
H3o6paxeHHH,
nanyMeHHoro npn
cteM-
Ke
KOpOTKOCpOKyCHOH
OnTHKOH,
06lHCHHK)TCH
TeM,
MTO CbeMKa B
3THX
cnyMaax
BCHCTCH
c
6onee 6m3Koeo paccmoHHun n
OTHOuieHne
MacujTaGoB
nepeflHero n .aajibHero njiaHOB pe3KO
oTJiHMaeTCH,
nepcneKTHBa
craHo-
BHTCH 6o/iee
SKCnpeCCHBHOH.
CeroflHa cteMOMHaH
annapaTypa o6ecneMeHa
COJIMAHMM
Ha6opoM
oGieKTHBOB
c
caMbiMH pa3^HMHbiMH yniaMH «oxBaTa»
npocTpaHCTBa
29
Pa3.ae.ri
I.
KoMno3HUHH
Mo
6AUMCHeu
(pueypbi—
50
M.
MO
dcuibneu—
60M.
OmnouieHue paccmoitHuu —
5:6
Puc.
19
Mo
OAUMCHCU
(pueypbi—
2 M. MO
danbHeu—
12M.
OmHouieHue paccmoHHuu
= 1:6
Puc. 20
(puc.
21),
Hxo no3Bo;iflex
onepaxopy
xBopnecKH ncno;ib30Baxb onxHKy win
HaM6oflee Bbipa3Hxe;ibH0M nepeaaHH
nepcneKXHBbi
B
Kaape.
3xo o6cxoHxe;ibcxBo HarjiflflHO noaxBepxaaexcji npn cbeMKe pa3HWMH
o6i>eKXHBaMH
(25
MM
H 200
MM)
yxoa$njJHx Bnajib pejibcoB xe;ie3HOH
RO-
porH
M
npn6^H)Kaioiuerocji noe3aa
(pnc.
22).
CbeMica eedemca
c
odnou
moHKu.
I~Ioe3fl
Haxoanxca
B
flByxcxax
Mexpax
ox
XOMKH
cteMKM,
npoxoanx nepBbie
50 M 3a 5 c
M
OKa3biBaexcs
B cxa
naxH^ecflXH
Mexpax ox
KaMepbi.
EejibiH npjiMoyro^bHHK — Hawano
flBMxe-
HHfl
(200
M),
HepHbiw
—
cnycxfl
5
ceKyna
(150
M
ox KaMepbi).
B Kaape
N° 1 noKa3aHO
M3o6paxeHHe,
noayHeHHoe npw cx>eMKe
o6i>eK-
XHBOM
F
m
25
MM.
PaCCXOHHHe
—
OX
200
M
flO
150
M,
BpeMfl
flBHXeHHH
5 c.
B Kaape
No
2,
CHHXOM
o6i>eKXHBOM
F = 200 MM C
mou 3Ke
moHKu,
noe3fl,
npoftaH
50
M,
3aKpbieaem
eecb
Kadp,
HO
pa3HHua
B
pa3Mepax
noe3/ia
(coomnouteHue 6enoeo
u
nepiweo npjjMoyroabHMKOB)
ox
Hawa^a ABHxeHHH
30
DiyoHHa
npocxpaHCXBa Ha
IXTIOCKOM
AByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
7,5
MM
Puc.
21
noeaaa
(200 M) AO
KOHIUI
CT>CMKH
(150
M)
oduhaKoea
y o6oux
o6beKmueoe:
25 MM H 200 MM.
OHa
BecbMa
HeB&nHKa,
x.e.
BnenaxjieHHe
CKOPOCXH
ABH-
xeHHH
H
Bbipa3HxejibHOcxM
nepcneKXHBbi
oanHaKOBO cfla6oe KaK
B Kaape
JMe
1,
xaK
H B Kaape
Ne
2.
Jinn
xoro
HXO6W
npn cbeMKe o6i>eicxHBOM
F = 25 MM
nanyHHXb
H3o6-
paxceHHe noeaaa xaKOH
ace
KpynHocxn,
KaK
B
Kaape Ne 2,
Koraa noeaa
3a
5 c
.ABHxeHHH 3aKpbieaem
eecb
BKPQH,
Heo6xo.aHMO 6yaex ycxaHOBHXb
na-
Mepy
npHMepHO
B 10 Mexpax ox
KOHua nyxn
noeaaa.
CooxHouieHHe
pac-
CXOHHHH
BO BxopoM Kaape
(o6i>eKXHB
F= 200 MM) — 150
:
50,
HJIH
3:1.
50
M
^
5c
5c
150
J
H
V
10
M
*
F=
25
MM
F= 25
MM
F
=200
MM
Kaap
N°
1 Kaap J* 2 Kaap
Ne
3
Puc.
22
31
Pa3aea I.
KoMno3HUMH
T^y6HHa
npocTpaHCTBa Ha naocKOM aByxMepHOM
3KpaHe
Puc. 23
Puc. 24
CooTHouieHHe pacCTOHHHM
B Kaape
N°
3
(o6T>eKTHB
F = 25
MM)
—
10:50,
HJIH
1:5, nepcneKTHBa
Bbipaxena
6oaee
3aMeTHO,
aBHxeHne
noe3-
aa
omymaeTca
ropa3ao
cnabHee.
CpaBHHBaa
cooTHomeHne 6ejioro
H
wep-
Horo
npsMoyro^bHHKOB
B
Kaapax N°
2 H
N°
3,
BHanM,
HacKOJibKo
3Kcn-
peccHBHee nepcneKTHBa
H
omymeHHe aBHxeHMa
noe3aa npn
cteMKe
o6fceK-
THBOM
F= 25
MM
c
6onee 6nu3Koeo
paccmoHHun.
JXna cieMKM nefnaxeft
H
apxHTeKTypHbix
coopyxeHHft Heo6xoaHMo
Haft™
Bropyio KOopannaTHyio TOMKy
cteMKM,
T.e.
noaoxeHMe KaMepw
no
ropH3onTa^H.
H
B 3TOM
cayqae
y onepaTopa Bceraa ecTb
B03MOXHOCTb
Bbi6opa.
MOXHO
CHATb o6i>eKT
(ppoHTaabHO,
Koraa
6oKOBbie
CTCHW
3aa-
HHH
He
BHiiHbi
(pHC.
23).
MOXHO
onpeaeaHTb TOMKy cieMKH jieBee
nan
npaBee
H
noayHHTb 6o/iee o6T>eMHoe
H3o6paxeHHe coopyxeHHa
(PMC.
24).
ripHMeHflH KopoTKoqboKycHyio
onTHKy, He caeayeT
3a6biBaTb,
MTO
apKO
BbipaxenHbift
paKypc — TpeTba
KoopaHHaTHaa TOMKa KttfSpbl
— MOxeT
CHJlbHO HCKa3MTb 06l>eKT
CieMKH.
Ha
pnc.
25
M3o6paxeHa
cxeMa
cteMKH 6auJHH
c
pe3KO BbipaxeHHoft
HHXHeft T04KH
paCnOaOXeHHa KaMepbl
H
HCn0^b30BaHHeM
KOpOTKOtpO-
KycHoro
o6T>eKTMBa.
PaccroaHHe
OT
KaMepw
ao 6aHXHeft
nacTH 6ainHH
paBHO L, a ao BepxHeft
—
L+L
r
Orcioaa pa3Hbie MacuiTa6bi H3o6paxeHiia
6aaiHH.
CrpoftHaa
6aniHa npeBpamnacb
B
ypoaaHBoe
coopyxeHne.
I oiia.ii.iiaa (mixiyiiiiiaH)
nepcneKTHBa.
HBaeHHa B03ayuiH0ft
nepcneK-
THBbi o6-bHCHHioTCH
TeM,
MTO
B03ayx — cpeaa
He a6conioTHO
npo3pa4Haa,
oco6eHHO ecan
OH
Hacbiwen HacTimaMH
anarn,
nuan
nan
abiMa.
3T3
cpeaa
TeM MeHee
npospaMHa,
neM 3HaHHTeabHee
ee
Toaiua,
—
HHUMH
caoBaMH,
weM aaabiue o6i>eKT
OTCTOHT OT
Haiunx
raa3 nan OT KaMepw.
B
3aBHCMMOCTM
OT
paCCTOHHHfl aO o6ieKTa
H OT
njlOTHOCTH B03flyiIJHOH
abiMKH MeHHKvrcH H
TOHa
npe^MeTOB.
FlosTOMy
3TOT
BHa nepcneKTHBbi
HepeaKO Ha3biBaiOT
TOHaabHoft.
B Kaapax, rae
npncyTCTByeT B03ayuiHaa
awMKa,
Ha nepBOM
naane
TOHa
cosHbie,
KOHTpacTHbie,
HacbimeHHbie,
Ha
BTOPOM H
TpeTbeM
naa-
32
Puc. 25
Hax
—
Bee
6oaee
Manoie,
aKBapeabHO-nacTeabHbie.
06teKTbi Ha
aaabHHX
ruiaHax coBepuieHHO
pa3Mbi™e,
pacnabiBHaTbie.
MeHee
MCTKHMH
CTaHO-
BflTCH anHMH
H
rpaHHUbi
npeaMeTOB.
BbiHBaeHHio B03ayiuHoft abiMKH
cnoco6cTByeT
ocBemeHHe.
JIO6OBOH
CBeT cojiHixa nouTH He BbiaBaaeT
abiMKy.
Xopouio HHTaeTca npncyTCTBHe
B03ayujHoft awMKH
H, caeaoBaTeabHo,
ycnaeHHe
TOHaabHoft nepcneKTH-
Bbi npn 6OKOBOM,
3aaHe-6oKOBOM
H KOHTPOBOM noaoxeHHH
coaHua.
Mbi pa3aHMaeM
naTb
BnaoB
abiMKH:
•
MoAeKynnphaa duMKa
(cHHe-roay6aa).
PacceaHHe
MoaeKyaaMH
BO3-
ayxa KOPOTKHX
BoaH CBeTa
(440-480 HM).
•
3epKaAbHan dbiMKa
(6eaecaa).
ChpaxeHHe CBeTa
OT
HHHX
cpea —
Boaw
(aoxab,
TyMaH),
cHera, abaa (rpaa).
•
M,U(p(f>y3Han
dbiMKa
(cepaa,
xeaTO-KopH4HeBaa,
MepHa«,
KpacHaa).
PacceaHHe
CBeTa MacTHuaMH
nbian,
awMa,
Baarn
H
T.n.
(UBCT
3eM-
an,
MHHepaaoB,
ocTaTKOB
TonanBa).
I
* OnmunecKaa
dbiMKa.
Pa3Hbie naoTHOCTH
caoeB
B03ayxa
Haa Mop-
CKOH
nOBepXHOCTbK).
Pa3MbIBaHHHH
T0pH30HTa.
•
Mapeeo.
CTpyauxneca
noTOKH Tenaoro B03ayxa,
noaHHMaiomHeca
OT
HarpeTOft
3eMan,
ropaMero
accpaabTa,
KaMHa
B
6e3BeTpeHHyio
noroay.
Haa co3aaHHa B03ayiuHOH
nepcneKTHBbi
onepaTopu npHMeHaioT Ha
HaType H B
naBiiabOHe
HCKyccTBeHHoe
3aabiMaeHHe cieMOHHoro
npo-
CTpaHCTBa.
3aMe4aTeabHbift oneparap Cepreft YpyceBCKHH npn cieMKax (pnabMa
•KaBaaep
3oaoToft
3Be3abi»
Hcnoab30Baa
aaxe HCKyccTBeHHoe
3anwae-
H
ne.
npn cieMKe aBHxyiueroca
no
npoceaoHHoft
aopore 0603a
OH
npHBa-
3biBaa
K ocaM Teaer
BCHHKH,
MeTyiune
aopory H
noaHHMaioiUHe cToa6w
33
Pa3aea I.
KoMno3HUHH
fay6HHa
npocxpaHcxBa Ha naocKOM
aByxMepHOM 3KpaHe
nbiaw.
OweHb Bbipa3HxeabHo 6wao
nepeaaHO
owymeHHe
noJiHoro 6e3Bex-
pHH
M
H3HypHiomeH
xapbi.
OIUHMCCKUH
nepcneKTHBa.
Ham
rjia3,
ocMaxpHBaa npocxpaHCXBO,
nepeBoaa B3raaa c oaHoro npeaMexa Ha
apyron,
nocxoaHHO MeHaex
«qbo-
KycHpoBicy».
HaBoaKa Ha
(poKyc B
HaiueM
opraHe 3peHHa
ocymecxsaaexca
Mmo-
BeHHO,
6aaroaapa
H3MeHeHHK> KpHBH3Hbi xpycxaaHKa
—
«o6i>eKXHBa»
raa3a.
ripouecc H3MeHeHHH dpoKycMpOBKH
raa3a
Ha3biBaexca
aKKOMoaauneH.
Onepaxop
BO
BpeMa
noaroxoBKH K
cieMKe xaioKe
ocymecxBaaex Ha-
BOflxy Ha
cpoKyc.
06MMHO
(J)OKyc HaBoawxca
Ha
raaBHbin o6i>eKx
B
Kaape.
BTopocxeneHHbie o6teKXbi
B
Kaape
ocxaioxca
B
MeHbuueH
pe3KOcxn,
MeHb-
ujeH qexKocxH M3o6pa>KeHHa nan aaace
BOBce
B
pa3Mbixocxn.
npoTHBonocxaaneHMe pe3KO H3o6paxaeMoro
raaBHoro
o6x>eKxa
H
He-
pe3Koro (poHa
H
BxoponaaHOBbix saeMeHxoB
Kaapa co3aaex
—
c
noMombio
onxMKH
—
scpcpeKX ray6nHbi
npocxpaHcxBa.
3xo
H
ecxb
onxwwecKaa
nepc-
neKXHBa.
EcxecxBeHHO,
HXO
aaHHHoqboKycHaa
onxHKa,
HMeioiuaa MeHbiuyio
ray6HHy pe3Ko
H3o6paxaeMoro
npocxpaHcxBa, no3Boaaex
B
6oabineH
cxe-
neHH «pa3Mbixb» Bxopwe
M
xpexbH
naaHbi.
riosxoMy npeanonxHxeabHee
cHHMaxb nopTpexu
—
KaK Ha
Haxype, xaK H B
naBHabOHe
—
onxHKoii
aaHHHocpOKycHOH,
xaK
KaK
naacxHKa
nmia,
Bbipa3HxeabH0CXb
nopxpexa
ycHawBaexca.
OaHaKo
B
SXOM
caywae HMeexca
onacHocxb
«noxepaxb
reo-
rpatpHio»
Mecxa
aencxBHa,
cpeay, Ha
cpoHe
Koxopoii
npoHcxoawx
cieMKa.
MHoraa
B
sqbnpe
MOXHO
Ha6aioaaxb
xaKofi,
HanpHMep, Kaap: Ha
(pOHe
yaHUbi
CXOHX KoppecnoHaeHx H
coo6iuaex HaM HeKHe
HOBOCXH.
Haxoaa-
tuneca Ha
BXOPOM
M
xpexbeM naaHax aoMa,
aioaH,
aBHxywHHca
xpaHc-
nopT HacxoabKO
Hepe3KH,
ao
xaKoii cxeneHH
pa3Mbixw,
HTO
Kaxexca,
6yaxo
3xo cbeMKH
B
aKBapnyMe.
3xo
03Haqaex,
MXO
CBexa
6wao HeaocxaxoHHo
H
onepaxop HacxoabKO
oxKpwa awacpparMy
o6i>eKXHBa,
MXO
3aaHne naaHbi
coBepineHHO
noxepa-
JIH
peaabHbie
onepxaHna.
KpoMe
xoro,
BO3MOXHO,
Hcnoab30BaaacbaaHH-
HOcpoKycHaa
onTHKa.
CHHMaa
nopxpex
Ha
HaType,
pa3MbiBaa BxoponaaHOBbie
H
xpexbe-naa-
HOBbie
o6i>eKXbi,
Heo6xoaHMO
noMHHXb,
HXO
H
ocxaabHbie naaHbi 3xoro
3nn3oaa
(ana
nocaeayiowero MOHxaxa) npnaexca CHHMaxb
c
XOH
xe
cxe-
neHbio pa3MbixocxH
(|>OHOB.
A
Ha
O6UIHX
H cpeaHMx
naaHax, rae
npHMeHa-
exca
KopoxKoqboKycHaa
onxHKa,
sxo
caeaaxb caoxHee.
MJ\»
nopxpexHbix cieMOK
Ha Haxype
MOXHO
Hcnoab30Baxb
H «Hop-
MaabHyio»
onxwKy,
HO
npw
SXOM
xeaaxenbHo
pa6oxaxb
npw 6oabiuoM
ox-
HOCHxejibHOM oxBepcxHH o6i>eKXHBa
(1:2,8; 1:4).
TaKHM
o6-beKXHBOM
— c
oawHaKOBOH anacpparMon
—
MOXHO
CHaxb
Becb
3nH3oa
—
o6mne,
cpeaHne
H
KpynHbie
naaHbi.
Rnsi
xoro
4xo6bi
«cpe-
34
33Tb» aHUJHee KoawqecxBO
CBexa — a
Ha
Haxype
nacxo
xpe6yexca
awaqb-
parMa
1:11;
1:16,
—
Heo6xoaHMO
Hcnoab30Baxb
HenxpaabHO-cepbie
cpHJib-
rpbi.
Toraa
MM
noayHHM
H
sexKoe
H3o6paxeHHe
aHU
Ha nopTpexax,
H
CjierKa
pa3MbixbiH,
co
cMarneHHOH
uBexonepeaaneH,
<poH.
^HHaiMinecKaa
nepcneKTHBa. B
cxaxMHHOM
Kaape,
KaK oxMewaaocb
BWiiie,
Ha
aHHHM ropH30Hxa cymecxByex monica
cxoda,
K Koxopoii cxpe-
M«TCH
Bce BOo6paxaeMbie
AUHUU
cxoda.
ToHKa
cxoaa HenoaBHXHa;
Bce
npeaMexw,
«noannHaacb» 3aKOHaM aHHeflHow
nepcneKXHBbi,
yMeHbina-
Krrca
B
HanpaBaeHHH sxoii
XOHKM.
KaK xoabKo KaMepa
caBHHyaacb
B naHopaMe BnpaBo
waH
BaeBo,
He-
MeaneHHo nepeMecxnaacb
H
xoHKa
cxoaa
Ha
ropH30Hxe,
H3MeHHaacb
H
BCH
CHCxeMa
aHHeHHo-reoMexpHqecKoro nocxpoeHHa
Kaapa. Tenepb npea-
cxaBHM,
4T0
KaMepa
deuxcemcn
no
onpeaeaeHHoii,
3apaHee
npoayMaHHoft
ropH30HxaabHOH
xpaeicxopHH,
Haxoaacb
Ha
xeaexKe,
Ha aio6oM BHae
xpaHC-
nopxa,
Ha naeqe
onepaxopa H x.a.
M3MeHeHne
npocxpaHCXBeHHoro
noaoaceHMa KaMepu
nocxoaHHO Me-
Haex
nocxpoeHHe
nepcneKXHBHbix KOHCTpyKUMfi
B
Kaxawfi
MOMCHX
cieM-
KM,
xaK
KaK moHKa
cxoda u
AUHUU
cxoda Haxoaaxca B nocxoaHHOM
aBHxe-
HHH.
Boaee xoro,
ecaw
KaMepa
Haxoawxca Ha
KpaHe, x.e.
HMeex
BO3MO)K-
Hocxb BepxHKaabHoro
nepeMeiueHHa,
xo B Kaape 6yaex
nponcxoanxb
aBHxemie
M
caMOH aHHHH
ropH30Hxa, Ha
Koxopoft
Haxoawxca
xoMKa
cxo-
aa.
TaKHM
o6pa30M,
B03HHKaex
HOBoe
KaqecxBO ouiymeHHa
nepcneKXH-
Bbi
—
y
3pnxeaa noasaaexca B03M0>KH0cxb yBHaexb npoHcxoaamee H3
pa3-
aHMHbix npocxpaHCXBeHHbix
noaoxeHHH.
3qb(peKx aHHaMHMecKOH nepcneKXHBbi xaoce
noMoraex co3aaxb
wi-
aio3Hio ray6HHbi
H3o6paxeHna.
HBCTOBUH
nepcneKTHBa. KaK H3BecxH0,
6eabiii
CBex
npH pa3ao>KeHHH
pacnaaaexca
Ha
ceMb
UBCXOB
paayrw:
KpacHbiH,
opaHxeBbiw,
xeaxbiii,
3eaeHbifl,
roay6oH,
CHHHH,
qbHoaexoBbiH.
B
HBexoBOM
Kpyre
(pnc.
26) cnpaBa Haxoaaxca xaK
Ha3biBaeMbie
Ten-
Jiwe
uBexa:
KpacHbiH,
opaHxeBbifi,
xeaxbiii, caeBa —
xoaoaHbie
uBexa:
<pHoaexoBbiH,
CHHHH, roay6oH. UBexa BepxHKaabHoro
anaMexpa,
aeaa-
utero HBexoBOH
Kpyr nonoaaM, —
nypnypHbin
n
3eaeHbiH
— Moryx OXHO-
CHxbca
KaK
K
xenabiM,
xaK H
K
xoaoaHbiM
UBexaM.
3xo 3aBHCHx
ox
o6mero KoaopncxHqecKoro
pemeHna.
ncnxo(pH3HO-
JionmecKH
MH
BoenpHHHMaeM metiAbie
u,eema
KaK 6bi ebicmynaiouiUMu
Ha
nepBbiH
naaH, a
xoAodnbie neema
—
omcmynaiouiUMU
B ray6b npocx-
paHcxBa.
XyaoxHHKH erne HecKoabKo
BCKOB
Ha3aa
3Haaw
SXH
cBoflcxBa
qeaoBeqe-
CKHX
oiuymeHMH.
B
XMBonwcHbix
noaoxHax
BeaHKHx
MacxepoB PeHeccaH-
,
B
paSoxax xyaoxHHKOB
XVII1-XIX
BB.
nexKO npocaexnBaexca yMeHwe
35
bte
: