Urry D.W. (Ed.) What Sustains Life? : Consilient Mechanisms for Protein-Based Machines and Materials

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626

Index

Peptides

amino acid structure and

hydrogen bond between

backbone groups of, 125

opoid, 511

sequences, 458

The Periodic Table of the

Elements, 71-72

The Periodic Table of the

Elements of Nature, 71-72

Perutz, M.E, 249, 252, 253, 261,

278,279, 324

Perutz mechanism, 278-279

contraction energy and, 8

insolubilization of fiber

formation enhanced by

low, 302

mechanochemical transduction

and length dependence

on,342-343

muscle contraction activated

by, 247, 425

Pharmaceuticals

AGflp and controlled release of,

563

positively charged polymer

delivery of negatively

charged, 513, 514,

515-516, 517

protein-based polymer

controlled release of,

510-524

Phase phanges

ice melting, 104-107

water vaporization, 104-107

Phase separation

characterizations, 105

gross visualization of product,

473,

483^84

hydrocarbon unit separation

from water and, 6

inverse temperature transitions

and characterizations of,

105

motion produced by polymer,

104

polymer, 104

purification by, 482-483,484

temperature interval and

protein, 104,105

Phlebitis

cusp of insolubility, 284

insolubility , excess and, 240

Phosphate bonds

pKa shifts, hydrophobic-

induced and, 349

standard free energies and

hydrolysis of, 347-349

Phosphates

assays, 532

Y-, p-ATP, 416-419

elastic-contractile model

protein machines,

synthetic to energize,

49-50

AGap produced by y-, 416-419

substrate's movable cusp of

insolubility temperature

lowered by release of

inorganic, 320

Phospholipid structure, 77-79

Phosphorylation

AGHA

and,

142-143,

350

hydrophobic association and

initiated dimerization of,

53,54

hydrophobic association

effected by, 530-532

oxidative, 354

Trdivide moving with, 117

unfolding driven by, 53, 54

Photochemical transduction, 166

Photomechanical transduction,

166,175

Photosynthesis, 43^5, 354-356

carbohydrate production,

354-355

energy conversion with, 44

expressions, 43

key molecular players change

charge in, 45

respiration as reverse of,

43^4

synthetic model protein

machine emulating energy

conversions of, 48-50

pKa, 9,10

pKa shifts, 185-195,344-346

charged group competition

with hydrocarbon units

and,

9-10,123

dielectric constant, low and,

345-346

hydrophobic dissociation and,

195

hy drophobic-induced,

187-191,

349

low dielectric constant v. AG^^

and,344-346

model proteins as primary

source of, 192-195

phosphate bonds and

hydrophobic-induced, 349

positive cooperativity, 188,

194-195

stretch-induced, 185-186

Plant starches, 76

Plant waxes structure/synthesis,

Plastics, 492. See also

Biodegradable plastics;

Smart plastics

Plastic surgery, 508

Polar groups. See Vinegar-like

groups

Poly(GVGVP), 126-128

Polymers

chemically synthesized,

476-477

mass spectra to determine size

of, 485^88

motion produced by, 104

phase separation of, motion

produced by, 104

size determination of, 485-488

Polypeptides, 29

Polytricosapeptides, carboxylate-

containing, 190

Population, sustaining, 70-71

Pressure-volume energy, 156-157

Prigogine, I., 1, 26, 542, 567, 569,

572,

573

Order Out of Chaos: Man's

New Dialogue with

Nature, 228-229, 234, 235,

569

Prion proteins

amyloid fiber, 298-300

diseases, 296

fiber propagation, 300

GSS causative related

mutations and, 301-302

infectious, 297

insolubility induced by, 240

peptide unit and amyloid fiber,

299-300

scrapie, 302-303

p-structure, 298-299

p-structure of scrapie, 302-303

Tt-based single residue plot,

300-303

Index 627

Proinsulin

hydrophobicity plots, single

and mean residue, 83, 85

structure, 83, 84

Proline, 321-322

Proscription, historical, 72-73

Protein-based machines. See also

ConsiUent protein-based

machines; Elastic protein-

based machines

action/reaction, 161

ATP binding energizes, 352

ATP-bound, 10-11

biological, 329-330

as catalysts for energy

conversion, 60

categories, 329-330

cell membrane role of, 79-80

consiUent mechanism and

developing, 547-548

consiUent mechanisms,

329-448

hydrophobic/elastic, 331-332

water required by, 11-13

consilient mechanisms for

diverse, 102-210

contractile, 5

contractile linear motors, 4-5

de novo-designed, 27nl8,

33-34,

239

designed set of diverse, 31

developing, 547-548

diverse, 31

diversity, complexity and

mutations in, 235

drug addiction intervention

with, 466

efficiency, 228

electron transport chain, 361

energy conversion by, three

primary classes of,

549-561

energy source for, 131-132

evolution,

31,

218-237

function of, hydrophobic

association and, 202

fundamental process, 102

inner mitochondrial

membrane, 80

input/output energy, 161

inverse temperature transition

endothermic/exothermic

components and,

335-336

inverse temperature transitions

and consequences of,

59-62

ions pumped into and out of

cell by, 79

Life's,

94-101

as materials, 5

model, 33-34

mutations, 224-228, 235

push and pull, 4-5

societal problems relieved by,

466-467

stereo view of, 11

three-dimensional visualization

of, 11

thylakoid membranes, 80

transitions, graphical

representation, 35-37

T, change and energy source

for, 131-132

vital force that sustains life

embodied in, 548-561

Protein-based materials. See also

Elastic model proteins

apphcations, 25-26, 461,

467-468

back pain, low improved with,

465

biocompatibility of chemical

synthesized, 478^82

biodegradable plastics, 25-26

chemical synthesized,

478^82

computer commercial success

and, 467^68

de novo design for intended

application of, 461

engineering of, 22-23

environmental improvements

with, 466-467

future of, 455-534

health care costs improved by,

461-462

health improved by, A61-A62

medical care device design

with, 24-25

nanosensor design, 26

nonmedical applications, 25-26

patent list, 462-464

as plastics, 467

synthesized, chemically,

478^82

ulcers, pressure improved with,

465

urinary incontinence improved

with, 465

vaccine delivery with, 465^66

Protein-based polymers, 456. See

also Elastic protein-based

polymers

advantages, 457^60

amino acid residue sequences

control by, 458

applications, 488-533

aqueous environment function

of, 459

biocompatibility of microbially

produced,489-495

biodegradable plastics

application of, 493, 533

biomaterial use of, 488-489

bioproduction cost, 459

biosensor applications of,

525-533

biosynthesis, A69-A16

breakdown products, in vivo,

460

cell transformation for

expression of, 472

chain lengths, 458

chemical synthesis, 476-482

chemical synthesis solution for

repeating sequence, 473,

477^78

compositions, 460

design principles, fundamental

for, 460^61

development, 457

drug addiction intervention

with, 513, 514-515

drug delivery, positively

charged by negatively

charged, 511-515

drug delivery with Tt-type,

510-524

elastic-contractile, 519

expressed, 474-475

expression, 472

eye applications of, 524

fermentation for biosynthesis

of, 472-473

gene construction,

469-471,

474-475

impurity levels in, 489-490, 491

injecting, 507-508

ion pair formation in, 344-345

low cost production, 474-476

medical apphcations, 488-533

628 Index

Protein-based polymers (cont.)

microbially produced, 489-^95

molecular machines function

of, 124

monomer diversity, 458

monomer gene preparation

and gene construction of,

470-471

multiple biosynthetic

approaches for producing,

474-476

nanoparticles composed of

elastic-contractile, 519

negatively charged, 511-515

PCR technique and gene

construction of, 470-471

peptide sequence introduction

by, 458

pharmaceutical controlled

release by, 510-524

pharmaceuticals, negatively

charged delivered by

positively charged,

513-517

physical characterization and

product integrity of Tt-

type,

473, 483-488

plastic, 23

plastic surgery and, 508

potential, 457-461

production, 468-482

protein loading/release and

transductional, 516-519

quantitative design principles

for, 459

recombinant DNA technology

for low cost production of,

474-476

renewable resource production

of, 459

repeating sequence, 473,

476-478,477-478

repeat set comparison in,

476-477

sequence, 476-478

soft tissue restoration, 497-509

sound absorption for hearing

protection and, 533

spinal surgery, 504-506

stereochemistry control by, 458

strabismus surgery and, 501,

502

tissue generation induced by

injecting, 507-508

transductional, 516-519

Tt-type, 482^88, 510-524

urinary incontinence and, 491,

506-507, 508

Western immunoblot

technique to demonstrate

impurity levels in,

489-490,491

Protein machines, 99-101

Proteins. See Allosteric proteins;

Clam-shaped globular

protein; Integral

membrane proteins; Prion

proteins

antigenic foreign, 490-492

assembling, 34-43

ATP synthase and structural/

functional roles in

subunits of, 398-399

biological, 50-51

biosynthesis and production of

varied sequence, 30-32

denaturation, cold of, 107-108

denaturation, heat of, 106,

107

electrostatics and structure of,

346

energy conversions catalyzed

by, 29

energy conversion to biology's,

50-51

energy required to produce,

100

energy sources, 34-43

entropy, inverse temperature

transitions and, 39-40

folding, 34-^3

function, 26nl0, 27n24,

34-43,

458-459

heating reversibly increases

order of, 37-38

insolubilities, 295-304

internal water presence, 27n24

inverse temperature transitions

and,107-108

loading, 516-519

machines, 99-100

medical problem of

insolubilities, 296

motor, 394^24

natural, 82-84

oil-like character increase in,

40,41

oil-like parts in, 103

100 residue, 94-95

formation of, 100

order increase of, 37-38

phase separation and

temperature interval in,

104,105

phase separation exhibited by,

1-2

phase transitions, 107-108

production, 99,100

properties, 459

protein-based polymers and

loading/release of,

516-519

release, 516-519

residue return to free amino

acids,

100

RNA translation of, 94, 98-99

as seed crystal, 300

structural diversity of, 95

structure, 26nl0, 82-84, 346

subunits, 398-399

synthesis, chemical, 82-84

transition temperature lowered

by increased oi-like

character of, 40

translation of RNA into, 94,

98-99

as transmissible infectious

agent, 297

Trdivide, oil-like character of,

132

uses,

459

vinegar-like parts in, 103

weight lifting with, 34, 35

Protein sequences

as biosynthetic construct,

95-99

control of, 100-101

unique, improbability of, 94-95

Protons

ATP production and gradient

of, 550-555

consilient mechanism for

transfer of, 375-383

consiUent mechanism for

transport of, at Qo and Qi

sites,

383

cytosol access of, from Qo site,

383-384

Fo-motor rotation and,

400-402

AGflp-controUed ingress of,

384-386

Index

629

gradient, 550-555

ingress, 384-386

key molecular player

relationship to, 46

mitochondrial membrane

and release/uptake of,

363-365

mitochondrial membrane and

translocation of, 549

model protein machines,

synthetic and reduction-

pumped, 48^9

prosthetic groups for release/

uptake of, 363-365

Qi sites of, 383

Qo sites of, 383-384

release, 363-365

transfer, 375-383

translocation, 389, 390, 549

transport, 383

sites of, 373-375

Trdivide, moving and adding

carboxylates and, 115

ubiquinone reduction and

ingress of, 386

uptake, 363-365

Prusiner, S.B., 295, 296, 326, 327

Rayment, I., 27, 330,432^33,

439,445,

449,453, 560,

572

Reaction side product, 1

Recombinant DNA technology,

84.

See also Unfolding

Reproduction, 28

Repulsion, 18. See also Apolar-

polar repulsion; Apolar-

polar repulsive free

energy; AG«p

acid base titration theory,

cooperativities integration

and, 195-202

ATP binding apolar-polar,

352-353

charge-charge, 195-202

electrostatic-induced, 200

energy conversion mechanism

resulting from, 61

hydrophobic-induced, 200

mechanisms, electrostatic, 61

Respiration, 43-45, 354-356

energy conversion with, 44-45,

expressions, 43

glucose oxidation by, 355-356

key molecular players change

charge in, 45

photosynthesis reversal and,

43-44

synthetic model protein

machine emulating energy

conversions of, 48-50

Responsiveness, 28

R-groups

amino acid residue, 116,132

apolar, 135

comparison, 135

oil-like character, increased,

134-135

oil-like, structure of water

surrounding, 176-177

polar, 135

Riboflavin structure, 82

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

bases,

DNA transcription into, 94,

97-98

messenger, 98

production, energy costs for,

protein translation of, 94,

98-99

sequence probability in terms

of equilibrium constant,

97-98

303 base sequences

improbability, 97

translation of, into protein, 94,

98-99

Ribosomes, 99

Rieske iron protein (RIP),

336-337

elastic contracting stretched

tether of, 382

FeS center of, 375-381

hydrophobic association in tip

of, 362

movable cusp of insolubility

and movement of, 386

movement, 386

tether, 375-383

tether dynamics, 382-383

Rigor in muscles

acid, 244,425

ATP bound states of cross-

bridge and near-, 433^39

calcium, 244,425

heat, 244-245, 425

hydrophobic association and,

243-245

muscle hydrophobic

association and states of,

425

near, 446^47

scallop muscle near,

AA6-AA1

states,

244-245, 425

Rigor mortis

ATP depletion and, 245

solubility-insolubihty

boundary, 3

RIP.

See Rieske iron protein

RNA. See Ribonucleic acid

Rodriguez-Cabello, J.C, 335,

450

Rotary engines, 175

Rotary motors, 5

Rotors

asymmetric, 405, 410

asymmetrically hydrophobic,

396

elastically deformable, 397

extramembranous, 398, 399

Fo-motor, 398

hydrophobic, 396

hydrophobically asymmetric

and elastically

deformable, 396

hydrophobic face of, 396-397

membranous, 398, 399

motor housings for, 397, 398,

399

paired diametrically opposed

subunit interaction with

asymmetric, 405, 410

rotation direction prediction

for, 397

y-rotors, 406-415, 419-420

fi-motor and, 410-412

AGflp between p-subunit and,

419^20

rotational direction, 420, 422

stereo top view of, 407,

412-415

Roy, Charles S., 34

630 Index

S. See Sulfur

San Biagio, P.L., 212

Scaffoldings, temporary

functional, 495, 497-499,

509

Schrodinger, E., 59, 542, 543-544,

567

Science, 456-457

Scientific method, 71

Sciortino, E, 109,212, 213

"Second secret of Life," 7, 21-22

fully charged state, 10

mechanistic assertion in terms

of, 9-11

Seitz, M., 214, 596, 608

Senior, R.M., 462

Sigler, P.B., 309, 327

Sheiba, L, 214,493, 533, 537, 596,

599,

608

Smart plastics, 62, 66

Soft tissue engineering

consiUent mechanism

approach to, 562

functional scaffoldings,

temporary, 562-563

Soft tissue restoration

abdominal site, 496,

498-501,

502

adhesion prevention,

postsurgical and post-

trauma, 498-506

functional scaffolding,

temporary, 497^98,

508-509, 510

plastic surgery, 508

protein-based polymer,

497-509

spinal surgery, 504-506

Spraggon, 6, 326

strabismus surgery, 501, 502

urinary incontinence, 491,

506-507, 508

Solar energy, 28,100

Solubility. See also Insolubility

CH2 units and water, 109-111

disease and, 239,240

excursions too far into, 3,239,

241,320-323

hydrophobic domain, 181-182

hydrophobic hydration and,

181-182

disappearance of, 119,

242-243

oxidative hydroxylation of

proline, 321-322

protein-based biological

systems presenting excess

of, 239-240

temperature raising and loss

of, 118

thermodynamic expression for,

112

Solubility-insolubility boundary

death and disease, 3

excursions back and forth

across, 3-4

excursions too far from, 3, 239

T^divide

between insolubility

and,109,112-113

water, 11

Sound absorption, 533, 565

Soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI),

517-518

Spinal surgery, 504-506

Spraggon, G., 326

Standard free energies, 347-349

Stengers, I., 228-229,234,235,569

Stereochemistry, 458

Steroid synthesis, 80-81

Sterol synthesis, 80-81

STL See Soybean trypsin

inhibitor

Stock, D., 400-402, 453

Strabismus surgery, 501, 502

Succinate dehydrogenase

function, 365

structure, 366-368

Succinate:ubiquinone, 365-366

Sulfur (S), 29,72

Swaim, S.E, 523, 529

Synthesis. See also Biosynthesis;

Chemical synthesis;

Cholesterol synthesis;

Photosynthesis

animal waxes, 81

beeswax, 81

biological, 457-458

biological structure, 76-90

candelilla wax, 81

carbohydrate, 76-77

carnauba wax, 81

cholesterol, 80

cortisone, 81

DNA, 89-90

elastic-contractile model

protein, 84-87

enzymatic DNA, 89-90

insulin, 82-84, 93nl4

lanolin, 81

nucleic acid, 87-90

plant waxes, 81

proteins, natural, 82-84

steroids, 80-81

sterols, 80-81

urea, accidental, 73

vitamins, 81-82

Szent-Gyorgyi, A.G., 32,448

T,, 449nl2

Tame, XR.H., 325

Temperature. See also Heat;

Inverse temperature

transitions; Thermal

energy

changing, 119-121

consilient mechanism effect

diagnostic with, 282

contraction and interval of,

154-156

contraction driven by,

156-158

contraction shortening and

raised, 37

cusp of insolubility interval of,

279

elastic-contractile model

protein transition of,

67n23

elastic protein-based machine,

147-148

Ei-ATPase raising of, 400

hemoglobin oxygen transport

and consilient mechanism

effect diagnostic with, 254

increased, 108-110

interval, 104,105,119-120

moving, 112-118,151-152

transition zone and, 151-154

model protein insolubility and

increased, 108,109

model protein order and

increased, 108-110

motion produced by, 119-122,

158,159

muscle contraction and raising

of, 246-247

oil-like character and, 40,162,

163

ordering, 40-42

Index 631

protein phase separation and

interval of, 104,105

raising, 37,118,400

solubility loss and raising, 118

thermal activation in muscle

and transition of, 246

transition, 40, 67n23,120, 246

Tensegrity principle, 63

Tetrapeptide, 124

Thales of Miletus, 70

Thermal energy

contraction, 35-37,120

contraction driven by, 35-37

de-mixing achieved by, 229,

230

mechanical work produced by,

150-151

motion produced by, 220

muscle contraction activated

by, 246-247,425

self-assembly achieved by, 229,

230

Thermodynamics

ATP synthase structure and,

400-404

inverse temperature transitions

and second law of,

543-545

model protein order, increased

temperature and second

law of, 108-109

molecular dynamics and, 545

protonation, 404

second law of, 108-109,

543-545

requirements for, 544

Thermoelasticity

experiments, 129

force changes at constant

length and, 129,130

Thermomechanical transduction,

120,172

Thermoplastics, 25

Thrombosis, cerebral, 3

Thromboxane synthetase,

522-523

Thrombus formation

control of, 284-294

cusp of insolubility, 284

Times arrow, 569

Tissue reconstruction

bioelastic matrices, 64-65

elastic-contractile model

protein, 64

model protein, 23-24, 62,

63-65

protein-based materials for,

23-24

tensegrity principle, 63

Tissues

engineering, 495^97

weight lifting with, 34

Titration

curves, 197-198

Henderson-Hasselbalch

equation comparison to

curves of, 197-198

oxygen binding affinity to

hemoglobin and, 253

theory, acid-base

generalized, 200-202

repulsion, apolar-polar and

charge-charge

cooperativity integration

into,

195-202

Toffler, A., 228-229, 569

Transduction. See also specific

transductions

elastic force development and

energy, 432-433

energy, 360,432^33

enzymatic cycle and free

energy, 360

free energy, 360

Transitions, 35-36. See also

Inverse temperature

transitions

assembly, 112

contraction, 121-122

disorder increase in, 39

elastic-contractile model

protein entropy and,

67n23

elastic-contractile model

protein temperature,

67n23

entropy, 67n23,104-105

entropy changes of phase,

104-105

heat, 184-185

heat changes of phase,

104-105

hydrophobic association, 170

inverse, 212nl7

inverted phase, 108-109

length change with increased

temperature, 35-36

model proteins, water, 104-108

model protein-water systems,

104-108

oil-like character of protein

increase and lower

temperature, 40

phase, 104-108, 455

phase, reversible, 104,106

plotted. 111

protein-based machines,

graphical representation,

35-37

protein phase, 107-108

reaction, 356

temperature, 35-36,40, 67n23,

120,246

temperature, hydrophobic

association free energy

calculation and, 137-138

thermal activation in muscle

and temperature, 246

T-R state, 258, 261

water-to-steam phase, 455

Transition zone, 154-156,162

contraction and, 154-156

hydrophobicity positions,

162-164

oil-like character and, 162-164,

167

temperature interval and,

151-154

Translational symmetry, 6-7

Transmissible spongiform

encephalopathies (TSEs),

296

Triglyceride structure, 77, 78

Triumvirate, enabling, 561-562

TSEs.

See Transmissible

spongiform

encephalopathies

T„ 449nl2

chain length and, 113

changing, 131-132, 337

concentration and, 113

drug delivery with, protein-

based polymer, 510-524,

563

AGHA

and

change

in,

143-146

hydrophobic hydration

determining value of,

182-184

hydrophobicity scale based on,

132-137,146-147

oxidation and effects of, 136

632 Index

T^ (cont.)

physical characterization and

product integrity of

protein-based polymers

based on, 473,483-488

point of view of greatest

simphcity and, 131

prion protein residue plot

based on, 300-303

protein-based machine energy

source and changing,

131-132

protein-based polymers based

on, 482-488

redox functional group

reduction and, 136

Trdivide

amino acid composition and

moving, 115

bound chromophore moving

of, 118

CH2 units and moving,

113-115

defining, 112-113

electrons added to bound

oxidized group for

moving, 115-117

inputs that move, 131-132

ion pairing moving of, 117

moving, 112-118,131-132

phosphorylation/dephosphoryl

ation moving of, 117

pressure increase moving of, 118

proteins on, oil-like character

of, 132

protons added to carboxylates

for moving, 115

V replacement and moving,

115,116

soluble and insoluble state,

109,112-113

solvent change moving of,

117-118

Tyrosine, 136

Ubiquinol

histidine, imidazole side chain

and, 392-394

oxidation, 373-375

ubiquinone reduction and

production of, 365-371

Ubiquinone. See also Succinate:

ubiquinone

cusp of insolubility movement

and reduction of, 386

histidine, imidazole side chain

and,392-394

proton ingress and reduction

of, 386

ubiquinol produced by

reduction of, 365-371

Ubiquinonexytochrome c

oxidoreductase, 371-386

composition, 371-372

structure, 371-373

Ulcers, pressure

bioelastic patches for

preventing, 522-524

protein-based materials for,

465

tissue necrosis prevention and,

523-524

Unfolding. See also Refolding,

hydrophobic

ATP-mediated, 308, 309

hydrophobic, 308-314

hydrophobicity, 308-314

phosphorylation, 53, 54

Urea, synthesis, 73

Urinary incontinence

prevention, 491, 506-507,

508

protein-based materials for,

465

tissue generation induced by

protein-based polymer

injection and, 507-508

V. See Valine

Vaccine delivery, 24,465-466

Val. See Valine

Valine (Val,V)

amino acids replacing, 115

Trdivide moving and

replacing, 115,116

Vallone, B., 325

Vascular smooth muscle cells cell

culture, 321

Vertebrates, lower animal

difference from, 90

Vinegar-like groups. See also

Charged groups

hydrophobic groups hydration

competition with polar,

338

oil-like groups' co-existance

with, 176

polar,

135,201,

214n39, 338,

415,416

Vinegar-like side chains, 341

Vitalist

challenge, 236

mechanist v., 235-237

Vitamins

B structure, 82

disease cased by deficiency in,

81-82

fat soluble, 81

structure, 81-82

synthesis, 81-82

thirteen essential, 81, 82

water soluble, 81

Volpin, D., 110-214

Walker, I.E., 415, 452, 453, 572

Wang, I, 311, 312, 327

Wang, N.-Z. 521-539

"Waters of Thales," 12, 271, 274,

311,

336, 367, 369, 383,

384,

391,

412, 413, 419,

423,424, 450, 553

consilient mechanism and, 336

demonstrating presence of,

275,

276,277

Fi-motor of ATP synthase,

19-20

Water-to-steam phase transition,

455

Watson, J.D., 89

Western immunoblot technique,

489-490

What is Life? (Schrodinger), 59

"What Sustains Life?"

applications assertion, 22-26

biological relevance assertion,

11-22

four principal assertions, 5-26

mechanistic assertion, 6-11

phenomenological assertion,

5-6

What sustains society?, 62-66

White, J.G., 280,328

Wohler, Frederick, 73

Wolinella succinogenes, 368-371

Wound repair, 321-322

Xu, Z., 306, 307, 309, 313,

315-319,324

Yang, Z., 285,287, 325

Zhang, Z., 375-378, 381, 451