Telo M. European Union and New Regionalism. Regional Actors and Global Governance in a Post-Hegemonic Era

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sustainable economy. In order to reach the latter purpose the AU launched the New

Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).

http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/index/index.htm

Members

Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,

Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,

Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,

Nigeria, Rwanda, Western Sahara (SADR), São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania,

Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe

CEUCA: Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa, 1966

Purposes

CEUCA, in French Union douanière et économique de l’Afrique Centrale

(UDEAC) is a free trade area and a customs union with a common external tariff

for imports from other countries. It aims to establish an ever-closer union among

member states so as to reinforce sub-regional solidarity, to promote the gradual and

progressive establishment of a Central African common market, and subsequently,

through establishment of this sub-regional grouping, to participate in the creation

of a true African common market and the consolidation of African unity. CEUCA

signed a treaty for the establishment of a Economic and Monetary Community of

Central Africa (CEMAC) to promote the entire process of sub-regional integration

trough the forming of monetary union with the Central Africa CFA franc as a

common currency.

http://www.cemac.cf/

Members

Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea,

Gabon.

COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, 1994

Purposes

Successor to Preferential Trade Area of Southern African States which was

established on 22 December 1981. The aims of COMESA are the following:

attain sustainable growth and development of member states by promoting

a more balanced and harmonious development of production and marketing

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structures; promote joint development in all ﬁelds of economic activity and

the joint adoption of macro-economic policies and programmes in order to

raise the standard of living of the peoples in, and to foster closer relations

among, member states; cooperate in the creation of an enabling environment

for foreign, cross-border and domestic investment, including joint promotion

of research and adaptation of science and technology for development;

cooperate in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member

states in order to enhance the economic development of the region, cooperate

in strengthening the relations between the Common Market and the rest of

the world and adopt common positions in international forums, contribute

towards the establishment, progress and the realization of the objectives of

the African Economic Community.

Nine of the member states formed a free trade area in 2000, with Rwanda and

Burundi joining the FTA in 2004 and the Comoros and Libya in 2006.COMESA is

one of the pillars of the African Economic Community.

http://www.comesa.int/index_html/view

Members

Angola, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt,

Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan,

Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Botswana and South Africa are under

conditions stipulated by the members.

Former Members

Lesotho (quit in 1997), Mozambique (quit in 1997), Tanzania (quit on September

2, 2000), Namibia (quit in May 2004).

EAC: East African Community, 2001

Purpose

The EAC is a customs union in East Africa, originally founded in 1967. It was

disbanded in 1977. In January 2001 the EAC was revived. The new EAC treaty

paved the way for an economic and, ultimately, political union of the three

countries. A further treaty signed in March 2004 set up a customs union, which

commenced on 1 January 2005. Under the terms of the treaty, Kenya, the richest

of the three countries, will pay duty on its goods entering Uganda and Tanzania

until 2010. A common system of tariffs will apply to other countries supplying

the three countries with goods. EAC is one of the pillars of the African Economic

Community.

htt://www.eac.int

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Members

Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.

ECCAS: Economic Community of Central African States, 1983

Purposes

ECCAS, in French Communauté Économique des États d'Afrique Centrale

(CEEAC), is an organisation for promotion of regional economic co-operation

in Central Africa. It ‘aims to achieve collective autonomy, raise the standard of

living of its populations and maintain economic stability through harmonious

cooperation’. ECCAS was established on by the CEUCA and ECGLC members

(see below). Angola became member on 1999. It started functioning in 1985, but

was inactive for several years because of ﬁnancial difﬁculties and the conﬂict in the

Great Lakes area. The war in the DR Congo was particularly divisive, as Rwanda

and Angola fought on opposing sides. ECCAS has been designated a pillar of the

African Economic Community, but formal contact between the AEC and ECCAS

was only established in October 1999 due to the inactivity of ECCAS since 1992.

The AEC again conﬁrmed the importance of ECCAS as the major economic

community in Central Africa at the third preparatory meeting of its Economic

and Social Council (ECOSOC) in June 1999. The headquarters of the ECCAS

are situated in Livreville, Gabon. The working languages of the Community are

French, Spanish, and Portuguese.

http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/recs/eccas.htm

Members

Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic

Republic of Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe.

ECGLC: Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries, 1976

Purposes

ECGLC, in French Communauté Économique des Pays de Grands Lacs (CEPGL),

is a sub-regional organization. It aims to establish a customs union. It got a series of

specialized agencies for common development: in the banking, energy, agronomy

and animal technology sectors.

http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Communaute+Economique+Des+Pays

+Des+Grands+Lacs Members

Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda.

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ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States (CEDEAO in French),

1975

Purposes

To become a common market. To promote cooperation and development in economic

activity, particularly in the ﬁelds of industry, transport, telecommunications,

energy, natural resources, trade, monetary and ﬁnancial questions and in social and

cultural matters, for the purpose of raising the standard of living, of increasing and

maintaining economic stability, of fostering closer relations among its members

and of contributing to the progress and development of the African continent.

The ECOWAS Secretariat and the Fund for Cooperation, Compensation and

Development are its two main institutions to implement policies. The ECOWAS

Fund was transformed into the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development in

2001. ECOWAS is one of the pillars of the African Economic Community.

http://www.ecowas.int/

Members

Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Green Cape, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory

Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.

Former Members

Mauritania (quit in 2002).

MRU: Mano River Union, 1973

Purposes

The MRU is an international association established 1973 between Liberia and

Sierra Leone. In 1980, Guinea joined the Union. It aims to establish a customs

union, to expand trade, encourage productive capacity, and progressively develop a

common policy and cooperation as regards harmonization of tariffs and regulations

related to customs, qualiﬁcations and postal services. It also aims to promote

joint development projects (hydroelectric construction, telecommunications,

maritime activities) and to secure a fair distribution of the beneﬁts from economic

cooperation.

Due to conﬂicts involving the countries (Sierra Leone civil war and Liberian

civil war) the objectives of the Union could not be achieved. However, on May 20,

2004, the Union was reactivated during a presidential top.

http://manoriverwomen.afrikart.net/index.htm

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Members

Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone.

SACU: Southern Africa Customs Union, 1969

Purposes

SACU is a customs union among the countries of South Africa. It is the oldest

Customs Union in the world. It entered into force in 1970 replacing the Customs

Union Agreement of 1910. Its aim is to maintain the free interchange of goods

between member countries. It provides for a common external tariff and a common

excise tariff to this common customs area. SACU is developing external relations:

by late 2004 it was negotiating a Free Trade deal with the United States.

http://www.sacu.int/

Members

Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.

SADC: Southern African Development Community, 1992

Purposes

Replaced the SADCC (Southern African Development Coordination Conference)

which was established in 1980. The main purposes of this customs union are:

deeper economic cooperation and integration, on the basis of balance, equity

and mutual beneﬁts, providing for cross-border investment and trade, and freer

movement of factors of production, goods and services across national borders;

common economic, political and social values and systems, enhancing enterprise

and competitiveness, democracy and good governance, respect for the rule of law

and the guarantee of human rights, popular participation and alleviation of poverty;

strengthened regional solidarity, peace and security, in order for the people of

the region to live and work together in peace and harmony. Particular concerns:

human resources, science and technology, food security, natural resources and

environment, infrastructure and services, ﬁnance, investment and trade, popular

participation, solidarity, peace and security.

http://www.sadc.int/

Members

Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzanie, Zambie

and Zimbabwe.

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Former Members

Seychelles left on 1 July 2004. However, in 2006, it appeared that the Seychelles

would apply to rejoin.

WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union, 1994

Purposes

The WAEMU, in French the Union économique et monétaire oust-africaine

(UEMOA), replaced WAMU (West African Monetary Union), which was

established in 1959. The WAEMU is a customs union and monetary union between

some of the members of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

The WAEMU aims to make the economic and ﬁnancial activities of member states

more competitive in the context of an open market based upon free competition,

to set up a multilateral surveillance procedure to harmonize national legislations

(particularly ﬁscal) and coordinate economic policies. To set up a common market

and a common external tariff.

http://www.uemoa.int/

Members

Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo.

1.2 Americas (The)

ALADI: Latin American Association for Development and Integration, 1980

Purposes

The ALADI (by the English acronym LAIA) replaced the ALALC (Latin American

Association of Free Trade). The Montevideo Treaty signed on August 12, 1980, is

the global legal framework that establishes and governs ALADI. It is preferential

trade area based in Montevideo. Its main purpose is to become a common market.

The ALADI has contributed to transforming economic structures and creating

the conditions for integration in countries where they were less favourable. It

has contributed to establishing bilateral and multilateral relations among member

states. ALADI is open to all Latin American countries and regional integrations as

well as to other developing countries or their respective integration areas outside

Latin America.

http://www.aladi.org/

Members

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay,

Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.

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Observers: China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,

Italy, Nicaragua, Panama, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland.

CAN: Andean Community of Nations, 1969 (previously Andean Pact)

Purposes

The CAN, in Spanish Comunidad Andina de Naciones, was established in 1969

with the Cartagena Agreement. The CAN established the conditions for a common

market within ALALC–ALADI (see below). Since 1995, the member states have

been working on a customs union. From January 1, 2005, the citizens of the

member states can enter the other Andean Community member countries without

the requirement of visa. The passengers should present the authorities their national

ID cards. The CAN together with MERCOSUR comprises the two main trading

blocs of South America. In 1999 these regional organizations began negotiating a

merger with a view to creating a South American Free Trade Area (SAFTA). On

December 8, 2004 it signed a cooperation agreement with MERCOSUR and they

published a joint letter of intention for future negotiations towards integrating all of

South America in the context of the South American Community of Nations.

http://www.comunidadandina.org/endex.htm

Members

Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Chile who was a founder member, withdrew

in 1976. Venezuela who joined the CAN in 1973, announced in 2006 its withdrawal,

claiming the FTA agreements signed by Colombia and Peru with the USA caused

irreparable damage to the community.

Observer Members

Chile, Mexico and Panama

CACM: Central American Common Market, 1960

Purposes

The CACM, in Spanish Mercado Común Centroamericano (MCCA), is a regional

trade organization which collapsed in 1969 with the ‘Football War’ between

Honduras and El Slavador. The CACM was reinstated in 1991. Its main purpose is

to establish a customs union and a political integration as a federation of Central

American states. However, it has not achieved the goals yet. With the proposal of

the Free Trade Area of the Amercias, it is possible that this new organization will

replace the CACM (or make it redundant). Further, the implementation of the DR-

CAFTA which is planned for 2006, may render this common market redundant.

http://www.mcca.com/

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Members

Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.

CARICOM: Caribbean Community, 1973

Purposes

The CARICOM was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas and replaced the

1965-1972 CARIFTA (Caribbean Free Trade Association), which had been organized

to provide a continued economic linkage between the English-speaking countries of

the Caribbean following the dissolution of the West Indies Federation (1958–62).

The CARICOM has established a common external tariff and common market. A

Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas establishing the Caribbean Community including

the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) was signed by the Heads of

Government of the Caribbean Community on July 5 2001. Part of the revised treaty

includes the establishment and implementation of the Caribbean Court of Justice.

http://www.caricom.org/

Members

Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas (member of the Community but not of the

common market), Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica,

Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,

Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago.

Associate members

Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos

Islands.

Observer countries:, Aruba, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Dutch Antilles,

Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela.

DR-CAFTA: Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement, 2005

Purpose

Originally, the agreement encompassed the United States and the Central American

countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and

was called CAFTA. In 2004, the Dominican Republic joined the negotiations, and

the agreement was renamed DR-CAFTA. The goal of DR-CAFTA is the creation of

a free trade zone, similar to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

which currently encompasses the US, Canada, and Mexico. DR-CAFTA is a

stepping stone towards the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).

http://ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/CAFTA/Section_Index.html

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Members

Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Dominican

Republic.

Grupo de los Tres: The Group of the Three, 1995

Purposes

The G3 is a free trade agreement that came into force in 1995. The agreement

aims to liberalize goods, investment and services, and to facilitate public purchase.

Venezuela decided in May 2006 to quit the trade bloc due to differences with its

two partners.

http://www.edomex.gob.mx/tlcs/grupo3.htm

Members

Colombia and Mexico.

Former Members

Venezuela.

MERCOSUR: Southern Common Market, 1991

Purposes

The MERCOSUR, in Spanish Mercado Común del Sur and in Portuguese

Mercado Comun do Sul, was established with the Treaty of Asunción signed on

March 26, 1991. Before the establishment of MERCOSUR, the biggest member

states, Argentina and Brazil, passed through two important stages. The PICE

(Integration and Cooperation Program, 1986) established the ﬁrst link between

them in pursuit of further economic integration. In 1989 the two countries reached

a new agreement: the PICAB (Integration, Cooperation and Development Treaty),

which aimed to abolish tariffs barriers and coordinate policy in some speciﬁc

areas (customs, science, technology) as well as macroeconomic policy. In 1990

new modiﬁcations were introduced with the Acta de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires

Act), which aimed to facilitate the setting up of the common market in 1994. One

year later the Treaty of Asunción extended the Buenos Aires Act to Paraguay and

Uruguay established MERCOSUR. The former was later amended and updated

by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro Preto which created new institutions and gave it to it a

legal status in international law. MERCOSUR came into force on 1 January 1995.

Its aims are both political and economic: to stabilize democracy, to develop the

economies in the region, to provide global insertion of national economies and to

reinforce the power of the members in the international system. An important aim

of MERCOSUR is to be a mechanism for ‘open integration’. The development

of MERCOSUR was arguably weakened by the devaluation of the brazilian

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currency on January 1999 following by the collapse of the Argentine economy in

2002. It has still seen internal conﬂicts over trade policy. It has not achieved two

important goals yet. The free trade area and the customs union are still unachieved.

In spite of internal problems, MERCOSUR has been enlarged: Venezuela signed

its membership agreement on 17 June 2006, and became a full member on 4 July

of the same year. The organization has a South and Andean American integration

vocation. In December 2004 it signed a cooperation agreement with the Andean

Community and they published a joint letter of intention for a future negotiations

towards integrating all of South America. MERCOSUR has developed interregional

trade links with the EU; contacts in the ﬁeld of trade have been made with, China,

India and APEC; member states are taking part to the negotiations of a Free Trade

Area of the Americas and are also planning a South American Free Trade Area

(ALCSA or SAFTA.

http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/

Members

Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela.

Associated members: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994

Purposes

NAFTA, in Spanish Tratado de Libre Comercio de America del Norte (TLCAN)

and in French Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA), is more than a

simple free trade agreement of goods. It aims to liberalize movement of goods,

capital and services. It aims to abolish more than 20,000 barriers to trade by 2010;

to promote conditions of fair competition and increase investment opportunities;

to provide adequate provision for intellectual property rights and environmental

protection; to establish effective procedures for implementing and applying the

Agreement and for resolution of disputes; to encourage further trilateral, regional

and multilateral cooperation. Unlike other free trade agreements in the world,

NAFTA is more comprehensive in its scope. It also was complemented by the North

American Agreement for Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North

American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). While different groups

advocate for a further integration into a North American Community, sensitive

issues have hindered that process. The three countries have pursued different

trade policies with non-members making the possibility of creating a customs

union hard to attain. Security issues and sovereignty are also a controversial topic.

Nonetheless the three countries have complemented NAFTA with the Security and

Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP). The later was born on March 23,

2005, in order to take new steps to address the threat of terrorism and to enhance

the security, competitiveness and quality of life of their countries’ citizens.

http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/DefaultSite/index.html