Telo M. European Union and New Regionalism. Regional Actors and Global Governance in a Post-Hegemonic Era

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European Union and New Regionalism

George Howard Joffé served as Deputy-Director and Director of Studies at the

RIIA in London. He is afﬁliated to the Centre of International Studies at the

LSE and to the Centre of International Studies at Cambridge University. He also

teaches at the School of Oriental and African Studies at London University. His

publications include ‘The Middle East and the West’ in Robertson, B. A. ed.

The Middle East and Europe: The power deﬁcit (1998, Routledge) and ‘The

European Union and the Maghreb in the 1990s‘ in Zoubir, Y. ed., North Africa in

Transition: state, society and economic transformation in the 1990s (University

Press of Florida, 1999).

Pablo Medina Lockhart is researcher at the IGEAT-Université Libre de Bruxelles,

Institute of Geography and co-author (with Christian Vandermotten) of ‘Electoral

Geography of Europe’ in Le Vote des Quinze. Les élections européennes de juin

1999, Presses de Sciences Politiques, Paris.

Thomas Meyer is Professor at the University of Dortmund, Director of the

Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung, Bonn-Berlin and Director of Neue Gesellschaft. His main

research areas include: social democratic theory and practice, comparative research

on fundamentalism, theory of politics. Among his recent books is Fundamentalismus

in der modernen Welt, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, Identity Mania. Fundamentalism

and the Politicization of Cultural Differences, London: Zed, and with co-author,

Hinchman, Lew, Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity, 2007.

Pier Carlo Padoan is Professor of Economics at the University of Rome, La

Sapienza, and visiting professor at the College of Europe, Bruges. He is currently

Deputy secretary general of the OCDE, Paris. His main research areas include:

international economics, international political economy and European integration.

He has published more than 100 articles and books. He was executive director for

Italy at the IMF and director of the Fondazione Italianieuropei, Rome.

Sebastian Santander has a PhD in political science, is Assistant Professor at the

Department of Political Science and researcher at the Institut d’études européennes

of the Université libre de Bruxelles. His articles have appeared in journals such

as Journal of European Integration, European Foreign Affairs Review, Études

internationales (Québec), Annuaire Français des Relations Internationales (Paris),

Relazioni, Studia Diplomatica (Belgium), Revista de Derecho International y del

Mercosur (Buenos Aires). He published Globalisation, gouvernance et logiques

régionales dans les Amériques, Paris/Brussels, Cahiers du GELA-IS/L’Harmattan,

2004.

Alberta M. Sbragia is the Director of the Center for West European Studies as

well as the UCIS Research Professor of Political Science at the University of

Pittsburgh. She was Visiting Associate Professor at the Harvard Business School,

served as the Chair of the European Community Studies Association (1993–1995)

and as the co-chair of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in 1999.

She has published extensively on the institutional evolution of the EU, edited

Notes on Contributors

Euro-Politics: Politics and Policymaking in the ‘New’ European Community (The

Brookings Institution) and served on the editorial board of numerous journals in

the United States, Canada, and Europe. Her current work examines the role of the

European Union in global environmental politics.

Reimund Seidelmann is Professor for International Relations/Foreign Policy at

Giessen University/FRG, honorary professor at Renmin University in Beijing/

PRC and has an international chair at the Institut d’Etudes Européennes at the

Université Libre de Bruxelles. His main areas of research are European security and

integration, peace and conﬂict theory, EU-China relations and, more particularly,

Eastern Europe. He has directed a number of research projects (among them,

GARNET and NESCA, including European and East-Asian universities, 6th FP,

EU Commission) and published several books and scientiﬁc articles.

Fredrik Söderbaum is associate professor at the Department of Peace and

Development Research (Padrigu) and Director of Centre for African Studies (CAS)

at the School of Global Studies, Göteborg University, as well as research fellow

at the UNU-CRIS, Bruges. He is published, mainly on the topic of regionalism, in

journals such as Global Governance, New Political Economy, Journal of Modern

African Studies, Journal of European Integration, European Foreign Affairs

Review, European Journal of Development Research. Recent books include The

EU as a Global Player. The Politics of Interregionalism (co-edited with Luk van

Langenhove, Routledge, 2006), The Political Economy of Regionalism. The Case

of Southern Africa (Palgrave, 2004), The New Regionalism in Africa (co-edited

with Andrew Grant, Ashgate, 2003), and Theories of New Regionalism (with Tim

Shaw, Palgrave, 2003).

Mario Telò is President of the Institute for European Studies, Professor of Political

Science at the Université libre de Bruxelles and member of the Belgian Royal

Academy. He is honorary Chair Jean Monnet, coordinator of the GARNET PhD

school, and served as expert for the Presidency of the EU Council and the EU

Commission. Among his recent books, Europe: a Civilian Power? EU,Global

Governance and World Order, Palgrave, 2005, and L’Etat et L’Europe, Labor,

Brussels, 2005.

Göran Therborn is Professor of Sociology at the University of Göteborg and

Director of the SCASS (Swedish Academy of Advanced Social Studies), Uppsala.

As political sociologist, he particularly focuses his comparative research on the

Welfare State and unemployment in western Europe. Among his recent books is

European Modernity and Beyond. The Trajectory of European Societies, 1945–

2000, Sage, 1995.

Álvaro Vasconcelos is Director of the Institute for Security Studies, Paris and

Honorary President of IEEI, Lisbon and the main driver of the ‘Euro-Latino-

American Forum’. He also works on new regionalism in the international system

after the Cold War. He leads the Euro-Latino-American Forum which celebrated

European Union and New Regionalism

xii

its 15th anniversary in 2005. He recently co-edited (1998) La politique étrangère et

de sécurité commune. Ouvrir l’Europe au monde, Presses de Sciences Politiques,

Paris, and is coordinator of the network Euromesco, on Mediterranean EU policy.

Foreword

Regionalism – A New Paradigm?

George Howard Joffé

There is little doubt that the end of the Cold War has forced analysts of the state as

the vehicle through which international relations is expressed to reconsider their

assumptions of the basic paradigms involved. Although globalization has been

highlighted as the obvious alternative, particularly from the point of view of the

global economy and, latterly, in terms of the new knowledge economy, the reality

of the contemporary world seems to be better expressed in terms of regionalism. In

other words, the political, social and economic characteristics originally attributed

to states seem increasingly to be expressed through regional constructs in which

the traditional Westphalian state is now embedded.

Of course, this classic concept of the state – autonomous, sovereign and freed of

all constraint – never reﬂected the reality of the international scene, despite the role

it has played in realist and neo-realist theory for many decades. Indeed, some of the

contributors to this volume highlight the ways in which, over the past forty years

or so, new paradigms have emerged to account for the increasing restraints on the

freedom of action of states. In addition, since the Second World War, there has been

a growing momentum towards the creation of supra-state institutions that have a

normative role in contributing towards such developments. The balance of power

between the superpowers, however, prevented the emergence of genuinely new

political constructs designed to respond to the conditions created by the evolution

of international law and commerce.

Only in Europe – for quite speciﬁc reasons connected with a long and bloody

history of conﬂict between Germany and France – did such a structure emerge.

Yet, even here, the European Community emerged within the context of the Cold

War, in part as a pragmatic response to the superpower confrontation. It was only

in the 1990s that the profound theoretical implications of what European statesmen

had achieved over the previous thirty to forty years began to become apparent.

Furthermore, it has only been since 1990 that the implications of hegemonic

stability and the role of the United States could have become a central concern of

students of international relations, as a consequence of the end of the Cold War,

balanced by a new interest in the alternative concept of regionalism.

It is therefore, perhaps, no accident that the second major initiative in modern

regionalism took place in March 1991 when Mercosul-Mercosur was founded

as an experiment in common political and economic development involving

Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Drawing on the experience of the

European Union, it sought to encourage parallel initiatives in political evolution

and economic development and integration without engaging in a close federal

European Union and New Regionalism

xiv

structure to achieve its objectives. Yet other experiences in regionalist approaches

since then have emphasized the variety of different models that exist, alongside

the European experience. This study examines ﬁve of them – the European Union

itself, Mercosul-Mercosur, the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), the

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and African regionalism – some

of which predate the end of the Cold War, although all of them were only able to

develop their full potential after its end.

The novelty in the current concept of ‘New Regionalism’, unlike earlier

concepts during the Cold War period, resides in its potential as an alternative to

hegemonic stability, within a globalized context, in which the region becomes the

nexus of activity both at the state and the supra-state level. Without denying the

state and the cultural speciﬁcities associated with it, regionalism binds states – that

are usually contiguous – together through their voluntary derogation of sovereign

rights into a collective economic endeavour. Such an endeavour may also, should

the partners wish it, become a political project as well so that the collectivity retains

a signiﬁcant autonomy of political and economic action within the structures

created by economic globalism.

The success of the regional model is attested to by the vitality of the initiatives

that have been undertaken to date. The models discussed here are only the most

prominent of a far wider range of initiatives that have either been started or revived

during the past decade. Their continued vitality demonstrates that regionalism is

becoming a permanent and prominent feature of the contemporary international

system, providing a degree of theoretical order to a world that appeared to be

increasingly confused and confusing in the aftermath of the Cold War. Regionalism,

in short, may become the preferred response in a post-modern world through which

the threats and beneﬁts of globalization are mediated.

In this context, the role of the European Union is primordial. Not only is it the

vehicle in which many of the ideas that inform modern economic regionalism were

ﬁrst tested, it is also becoming an experiment in new forms of political cooperation.

Its formal structure as a network of sovereign states is being gradually transmuted

into a new political construction as states gradually cede sovereign power over

economic policy, monetary control and external foreign policy in a series of bold

constitutional initiatives. Quite where this experiment will lead is unclear. Will the

Union become a global competitor with the United States, as some fear? Or will it

become the ‘civil society of civil societies’ that many anticipate – a political and

social model for others to follow?

Whatever the outcome, there can be little doubt of the future role of regionalism

inside the future international system as a theoretical and practical construct. Nor

can there be any doubt that Europe will retain its particularity as the innovator in

ﬁnding solutions to the future relationship between state, nation and the individual

in a world in which the certainties of the past ﬁnd no echo.

This distinctive collection of original contributions by leading specialists stems

from an international and international multidisciplinary network coordinated by

Mario Telò with the aim to combine European studies and international relations.

On the one hand, it situates the EC/EU and its external relations in the framework

of the development of different forms of regional arrangements. This combination

Foreword

offers an original development of European integration studies and a vigorous

response to the conventional wisdom on European international identity, by

considering various scenarios for the evolving international identity of the EU: a

continental trading state, a new mercantilist fortress or a new civilian power. On

the other hand, it supplements the current literature in international relations by

dealing with regionalism as a possible new paradigm for international relations in

the contemporary world.

This innovative textbook provides a clear insight for graduate and undergraduate

students and researchers, ideal for courses that include issues of regionalism, world

governance, EUs evolving continental and global role.

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Preface to the Second Edition and

Acknowledgements

The essays included in this second edition trace an intellectual journey over the

course of ten years towards a mature and distinctive understanding of the contribution

provided by the European Union and other regional associations to global governance

and multilateralism. This is a new book which builds on the ﬁrst edition. All the

chapters have been updated and revised, some entirely rewritten, many extensively

by the authors. Furthermore, the book entails three new chapters, by Björn Hettne,

Fredrik Söderbaum and Richard Higgott. The volume actually results from two-

stages of international and multidisciplinary research networking. The edition of 2001

was the ﬁrst issue of a research project on ‘Europe, New Regionalism and Global

Governance (EUNRAGG)’ launched in 1997 by the Université Libre de Bruxelles,

Institute of Sociology (which sponsored the ﬁrst steps) and Institute for European

Studies (IEE), in cooperation with several international institutions including the

Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Oslo Centre of European and Asian

Studies (Business Institute), and the Institute for International and Strategic Studies,

Lisbon. The second stage started in 2001 at the ECPR Conference in Canterbury

and led to the current ‘GARNET Network of Excellence’, coordinated by Richard

Higgott, University of Warwick (in the context of the 6th framework programme of

the European Commission, DG research, 2005–10), focusing on ‘Global governance,

regionalization and regulation. The role of the European Union’.

The authors wish to extend their gratitude to all the scholars and students

who contributed as discussants to the research project, from the very beginning.

First of all, F. Cerutti (University of Florence), J. Nagels, P. Pierson-Mathy, F.

Nahavandi, E. Remacle, P. Winand, (ULB), G. Ross (Harvard CES), F. Attinà (Un.

Catania), G. Edwards (Oxford University), A. Viñas (European Commission).

The Canterbury Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research.

The project was possible thanks to the positive dialogue with further scholars and

scientiﬁc institutions, namely P. Leslie (Queens University, Canada), P. Guerrieri

(Rome, Sapienza), the PADRIGU (Gotheborg University), led by Björn Hettne,

and continued in cooperation with the UN-CRIS (Bruges) directed by L. Van

Langehove. In 2003/4, EUNRAGG merged within the ‘GARNET’.

Furthermore, the editor would like to thank the institutions which gave

him the opportunity to present drafts of his work in progress, and particularly:

the IEE, Centre of Excellence J. Monnet of Brussels; F. Laursen and the IPSA/

Mexican Political Science Association (Manzanillo Conference, 1998); the ECPR

Conferences of Canterbury (2001) and The Hague (2004), the UN-CRIS led by

L. Van Langenhove, the European–Japanese networks and namely the professors

of the Universities of Kyoto (I. Otake), Tokyo (Mori and Soji), Chuo (T. Furuki)

and the International Christian University (T. Ueta); the Institute of Social Science

European Union and New Regionalism

xviii

of New Delhi (A. Giri and A. Mathew), the Euro-Latino American Forum set

by the IEEI of Lisbon (A. Vasconcelos); the Institute Sorensen of São Paulo and

the INTAL, Buenos Aires (F. Peña); the Institute of European Studies of Macau

(Sales Marques and Ceu Esteves); the UNESCO, Caracas (F. L. Segrera); the

SDIC, University of Bologna (G. Antonelli and P. G. Ardeni); the Forum on the

Problems of Peace and War, Florence; the University of Florence, Political Science

(U. Gori) and the Institute Sant’Anna of Pisa (B. Henry, A. Loretoni); the Centre

d’Etudes Européennes, Institut d’Etudes Politiques, Paris (J. L. Quermonne); J. H.

H. Weiler; the Center for European Studies, Harvard and particularly the ‘Boston

Group’; the Center for European Studies, University of Berkeley (V. Aggarwal and

its network); the Geneva University/ECPR summer school (G. Nivat, N. Levrat, R.

Schwok, J. Caporaso, A. Moravcsik, R. Ginzberg and the students); the Garnet PhD

School, the European Commission (Action J. Monnet); the IPSA/RCEU network

led by P. Leslie and H. Wallace; and, ﬁnally, the Portuguese Presidency of the

European Union of 2000 (and particularly M. J. Rodrigues, special adviser to the

Prime Minister and responsible for the ‘progressive governance experts network’

as well).

Of course the editor and the individual authors are entirely responsible for what

is asserted in the chapters of the book.

We are particularly indebted to those who had a special role in the compiling

and amending of this book including G. Joffé, former Director of the Royal

Institute of International Affairs, M. May and her staff, J. Fitzmaurice, and last but

not least, Jeannine Lowy and Tiziana Telò, whose precious help in the editing of the

manuscript resulted in the ﬁrst and second edition of this volume, respectively.

Mario Telò,

Bruxelles,

January 2007

List of Abbreviations

ACC Arab Cooperation Council

ACM Arab Common Market

ACP African, Caribbean and Paciﬁc countries

AEC ASEAN Economic Community

AFTA/FTAA American Free Trade Area (or Free Trade Area of the Americas)

ALALC Latin American Association of Free Trade

ALADI Latin American Association for Development and Integration

AMU/UMA Arab Maghreb Union

APEC Asia-Paciﬁc Economic Cooperation

APT ASEAN + Three (China, Japan, South Korea)

ARF ASEAN Regional Forum

ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations

ASEM Asia–Europe Meeting

BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg

CACM Central American Common Market

CAEC Council for Asian Europe Cooperation

CAEU Council for Arab Economic Unity

CAO Eastern African Community

CAP Common Agricultural Policy

CARIFA Caribbean International Free Trade Association

CARICOM Caribbean Community

CCASG Council of Cooperation between Arab States of the Gulf

CEPAL Economic Commission for Latin America

CEEAC Economic Community of Central African States

CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries

CER Closer Economic Relationship

CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States

COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

CUSA Customs Union of Southern Africa

CUSFTA Canada–USA Free Trade Agreement

DG(s) Directorate(s) General

EAEC East Asian Economic Caucus

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EC European Community (subsequently EU)